1. An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean. 2. Estuaries contain many habitat types, including marshes, mangroves, beaches, and seagrasses, and provide nurseries for many marine species. 3. They are economically and ecologically important, providing habitats for wildlife, fisheries resources, filtration of pollutants, and protection from floods and storms.

1. Estuaries
Zeeshan Akram
15211506-050
Plant Ecology-II (403)
Department of Botany

2. What are estuaries?
 An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water along the coast
where freshwater from rivers and streams meets and mixes
with salt water from the ocean. Estuaries and the lands
surrounding them are places of transition from land to sea and
freshwater to salt water.
 Although influenced by the tides, they are protected from the full
force of ocean waves, winds, and storms by such land forms
as barrier islands or peninsulas.

3. What are they like?
 Many different habitat types are found in and around
estuaries, including shallow open waters, freshwater
and salt marshes, swamps, sandy beaches, mud and
sand flats, rocky shores, oyster reefs, mangrove
forests, river deltas, tidal pools, and seagrasses.

4. Types
 Estuaries are divided into four types, depending on
how they are formed:
1. Coastal Plain Estuaries are formed by the sea
level rising and filling an existing river valley.

5. Types
 Tectonic Estuaries are caused by the folding or
faulting of land surfaces. These estuaries are found
along major fault lines, like the San Francisco Bay area
in California.

6. Types
3. Bar-built Estuaries form when a shallow lagoon or
bay is protected from the ocean by a sand bar or barrier
island.

7. Types
4. Fjords are U-shaped valleys formed by glacial
action. Fjords are found in areas with long histories of
glacier activity, like northern Europe, Alaska and Canada.

8. Biological importance
 Thousands of species of birds, mammals, fish, and wildlife
depend on estuarine habitats as places to live, feed, and
reproduce. And many marine organisms, including most
commercially-important species of fish, depend on estuaries at
some point during their development. Because they are
biologically productive, estuaries provide ideal areas for
migratory birds to rest and re-fuel during their long journeys.
Because many species of fish and wildlife rely on the
sheltered waters of estuaries as protected spawning places,
estuaries are often called the "nurseries of the sea."

9. Economical Importance
 Estuaries have important commercial value and their
resources provide economic benefits for
fisheries, and recreational activities. The
coastal waters of estuaries also support
tourism,
protected
important
public infrastructure, serving as harbors and ports vital
for shipping and transportation.

10. Other functions
Estuaries also perform other valuable
services. Water draining from uplands
carries sediments, nutrients, and other
pollutants to estuaries. As the water
flows through wetlands such as
swamps and salt marshes, much of the
sediments and pollutants are filtered
out. This filtration process creates
cleaner and clearer water, which
benefits both people and marine life.
Wetland plants and soils also act as
natural buffers between the land and
ocean, absorbing flood waters and
dissipating storm surges or Tsunamis.
This protects upland habitat as well as
valuable real estate from storm and
flood damage. Salt marsh grasses and
other estuarine plants also help

11. Thank You !

12. References
 Office of Naval Research, “ Habitats: Estuaries –
Characteristics”. Taken
from:http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/habitats/estua
ries1.htm
 United States Environmental Protection Agency, “
Water: Estuaries and Costal Watersheds”. Taken
from: http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/nep/about.cfm