This document provides instructions for measuring quantities of materials and works for construction estimating. It discusses the units of measurement for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works. It explains the long wall short wall method and centerline method for calculating quantities of items like earthwork and masonry. Tolerances for linear, area and cubic measurements are also specified. The document aims to standardize measurement practices for preparing accurate construction estimates.
Estimation and costing of a commercial buildinglckr117
This document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project. It defines estimation as calculating expected expenditures for a project based on drawings, specifications, and schedule of rates. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, invite tenders, control costs, and ensure funds are sufficient. The estimate preparation involves detailed measurements, unit rates, and an abstract of costs. Reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works are also discussed in terms of estimating quantities and rates.
1. The document discusses methods for preparing approximate estimates for civil engineering works without calculating actual quantities.
2. The key methods described are the plinth area method, cubical content method, service unit method, typical bay method, and approximate quantity method.
3. An example is provided for each method that demonstrates how to use project specifications like costs, areas, volumes, units, or bay details to determine a preliminary cost estimate.
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
The document provides an introduction to the role of quantity surveyors in construction projects. It discusses that quantity surveyors are responsible for financial aspects of construction and provide various services throughout a project, including preparing initial budgets and cost estimates, tender documents, valuations of work, and final accounts. It also describes the different stages of a project where quantity surveyors are involved, such as pre-tender, tender, and post-tender stages, and the tasks performed during each stage.
A quantity takeoff is a construction estimation of materials and labor needed to complete a project. It is developed during pre-construction and involves estimators reviewing drawings and specifications to measure quantities of materials. A quantity takeoff fulfills important functions for cost estimation by detailing materials needed and providing total material costs. It can be prepared manually or digitally using estimating software, with digital takeoffs providing benefits like reduced errors and faster adjustments.
The document discusses different approximate estimating methods used to prepare preliminary cost estimates for civil engineering projects. These include the service unit method, plinth area rate method, cubical content method, typical bay method, and approximate quantity method. Approximate estimates are prepared early in the project planning process to get a rough idea of probable costs and assess project feasibility before committing resources to detailed design and planning.
Estimation and costing of a commercial buildinglckr117
This document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project. It defines estimation as calculating expected expenditures for a project based on drawings, specifications, and schedule of rates. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, invite tenders, control costs, and ensure funds are sufficient. The estimate preparation involves detailed measurements, unit rates, and an abstract of costs. Reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works are also discussed in terms of estimating quantities and rates.
1. The document discusses methods for preparing approximate estimates for civil engineering works without calculating actual quantities.
2. The key methods described are the plinth area method, cubical content method, service unit method, typical bay method, and approximate quantity method.
3. An example is provided for each method that demonstrates how to use project specifications like costs, areas, volumes, units, or bay details to determine a preliminary cost estimate.
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
The document provides an introduction to the role of quantity surveyors in construction projects. It discusses that quantity surveyors are responsible for financial aspects of construction and provide various services throughout a project, including preparing initial budgets and cost estimates, tender documents, valuations of work, and final accounts. It also describes the different stages of a project where quantity surveyors are involved, such as pre-tender, tender, and post-tender stages, and the tasks performed during each stage.
A quantity takeoff is a construction estimation of materials and labor needed to complete a project. It is developed during pre-construction and involves estimators reviewing drawings and specifications to measure quantities of materials. A quantity takeoff fulfills important functions for cost estimation by detailing materials needed and providing total material costs. It can be prepared manually or digitally using estimating software, with digital takeoffs providing benefits like reduced errors and faster adjustments.
The document discusses different approximate estimating methods used to prepare preliminary cost estimates for civil engineering projects. These include the service unit method, plinth area rate method, cubical content method, typical bay method, and approximate quantity method. Approximate estimates are prepared early in the project planning process to get a rough idea of probable costs and assess project feasibility before committing resources to detailed design and planning.
The analysis of rates is determining the cost per unit of an item of work based on materials, labor, and other expenses. It involves calculating the costs of materials and labor, which vary by location, and determining the actual cost per unit. This is used to calculate the costs of extra work, revise rates due to cost changes, and ensure economical use of materials and processes. Factors that influence the analysis include material and labor costs, equipment, work conditions, specifications, and contractor profit.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
This document discusses rate analysis and valuation of properties. It provides information on:
1) Rate analysis is determining the cost per unit of work based on material, labor, and other costs. Rates vary by location. Rate analysis is used to determine actual costs, optimize efficiency, and revise rates due to cost changes.
2) Valuation estimates the fair price or value of a property based on type, location, quality, size, and other factors. It is used for buying/selling, taxation, rent calculation, loans, and more. Valuation considers cost, depreciation, income, expenses, and taxes to determine present value.
3) Key terms like market value, scrap value, salv
This document provides information about an estimating and costing course being taught at YBP Sawantwadi Institute. It includes details like the course code, name of the faculty teaching the course, academic year, units covered in the course, course outcomes, and syllabus. The key points are:
- The course is Estimating and Costing with code 22503, being taught in academic year 2020-2021 by faculty member Keshav Ramdas Manerikar.
- The course has 5 units covering fundamentals of estimating, approximate estimates, detailed estimates, rate analysis, and estimating for civil works.
- Upon completing the course, students will be able to prepare estimates, justify rates, use estimating
Construction Planning and Scheduling of Residential Building by MS Project by...Shabaz Khan
This document provides a project report for the planning, scheduling, and estimation of a residential building project consisting of a ground floor and first floor. It includes the project objective, various drawings of the site plan, floor plans, and elevations. It also provides details on the construction planning principles, estimation process, and a title abstract estimate with quantities and costs for various construction items.
Estimation involves working out the approximate cost of an engineering project before execution to determine feasibility and ensure adequate financial resources. It requires thorough knowledge of construction procedures, material and labor costs, as well as experience and good judgment. A detailed estimate involves carefully calculating the costs of each work item from detailed drawings after design is finalized to eliminate mistakes from the rough cost estimate. It is submitted for technical approval before tendering.
This document provides approximate estimates for flyovers constructed at four different locations. It summarizes the key details of each flyover project such as location, client, contractor, scope of work, cost, duration, progress, resources used, and per meter cost. The average cost per meter of the flyovers according to the estimates given is Rs. 5,37,635.
Types of Contract in Construction ManagementShahin MB
This document describes several types of construction contracts: lump-sum, cost plus fixed fee, cost plus bid fee, guaranteed maximum, negotiated, unit-price, design-build, and turn-key. Lump-sum contracts establish a fixed total price upfront, while cost plus contracts reimburse the contractor's costs plus a fixed or percentage-based fee. Guaranteed maximum contracts set a ceiling on costs. Negotiated, unit-price, design-build, and turn-key contracts vary in responsibilities and payment structures.
This presentation summarizes the Line of Balance (LOB) project scheduling technique. LOB was developed in the 1940s/50s for repetitive construction projects like highways, pipelines, and buildings. It uses a simple diagram to show the location and timing of work crews for each task. The key steps are: 1) creating a logic diagram of tasks, 2) estimating task durations, 3) selecting a buffer time, and 4) calculating targets to meet deadlines. LOB helps optimize resource usage and identifies potential issues. It provides clear visibility into work progress and allows easy schedule updating for repetitive projects.
This document contains questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It includes definitions of key terms like tender, contract, estimate, detailed estimate, abstract estimate, and quantity surveyor. It also provides examples of calculating quantities of materials for constructions like walls, roads, and culverts. Methods for measurement of quantities and types of estimates are described.
This document discusses the four types of resources (4Ms) required for construction projects - Money, Materials, Machinery, and Manpower. It provides details on each type of resource, including how money is managed, the different types of materials used, factors to consider when selecting machinery, and types of labor. Productivity standards for workers and establishing workers' production norms are also covered. The minimum wage laws and other relevant acts for the construction industry are outlined. Finally, common earthmoving equipment used for construction projects is classified and described.
This document provides information about estimating costs for construction projects. It discusses the importance of estimating, requirements for preparing estimates like drawings and specifications, types of estimates, and methods for taking quantities and measurements. Estimating involves calculating quantities of materials, labor, and expenses for individual work items. The document also covers estimating earthwork quantities, reinforcement in concrete, schedule of bars, and analyzing rates to determine costs.
The document provides an introduction to the concepts of estimation and quantity surveying in construction projects. It discusses the key steps and considerations in preparing different types of cost estimates, including preliminary, detailed, quantity, revised, and annual repair estimates. Various methods for preparing approximate estimates are described, such as the service unit method, plinth area method, floor area method, carpet area method, percentage method, and cubical content method. Requirements for preparing accurate estimates like drawings, specifications, and rate analysis are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
This document provides information about estimating and costing for construction projects. It discusses the need for estimation to determine project feasibility and cost, outlines the estimating process, and lists the key data required which includes drawings, specifications, and rates. Measurement rules and units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are also covered. The document emphasizes accurate measurement of work quantities as the basis for preparation of estimates.
In making an estimate, the goal is often most useful to generate a range of possible outcomes that is precise enough to be useful, but not so precise that it is likely to be inaccurate
The analysis of rates is determining the cost per unit of an item of work based on materials, labor, and other expenses. It involves calculating the costs of materials and labor, which vary by location, and determining the actual cost per unit. This is used to calculate the costs of extra work, revise rates due to cost changes, and ensure economical use of materials and processes. Factors that influence the analysis include material and labor costs, equipment, work conditions, specifications, and contractor profit.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
This document discusses rate analysis and valuation of properties. It provides information on:
1) Rate analysis is determining the cost per unit of work based on material, labor, and other costs. Rates vary by location. Rate analysis is used to determine actual costs, optimize efficiency, and revise rates due to cost changes.
2) Valuation estimates the fair price or value of a property based on type, location, quality, size, and other factors. It is used for buying/selling, taxation, rent calculation, loans, and more. Valuation considers cost, depreciation, income, expenses, and taxes to determine present value.
3) Key terms like market value, scrap value, salv
This document provides information about an estimating and costing course being taught at YBP Sawantwadi Institute. It includes details like the course code, name of the faculty teaching the course, academic year, units covered in the course, course outcomes, and syllabus. The key points are:
- The course is Estimating and Costing with code 22503, being taught in academic year 2020-2021 by faculty member Keshav Ramdas Manerikar.
- The course has 5 units covering fundamentals of estimating, approximate estimates, detailed estimates, rate analysis, and estimating for civil works.
- Upon completing the course, students will be able to prepare estimates, justify rates, use estimating
Construction Planning and Scheduling of Residential Building by MS Project by...Shabaz Khan
This document provides a project report for the planning, scheduling, and estimation of a residential building project consisting of a ground floor and first floor. It includes the project objective, various drawings of the site plan, floor plans, and elevations. It also provides details on the construction planning principles, estimation process, and a title abstract estimate with quantities and costs for various construction items.
Estimation involves working out the approximate cost of an engineering project before execution to determine feasibility and ensure adequate financial resources. It requires thorough knowledge of construction procedures, material and labor costs, as well as experience and good judgment. A detailed estimate involves carefully calculating the costs of each work item from detailed drawings after design is finalized to eliminate mistakes from the rough cost estimate. It is submitted for technical approval before tendering.
This document provides approximate estimates for flyovers constructed at four different locations. It summarizes the key details of each flyover project such as location, client, contractor, scope of work, cost, duration, progress, resources used, and per meter cost. The average cost per meter of the flyovers according to the estimates given is Rs. 5,37,635.
Types of Contract in Construction ManagementShahin MB
This document describes several types of construction contracts: lump-sum, cost plus fixed fee, cost plus bid fee, guaranteed maximum, negotiated, unit-price, design-build, and turn-key. Lump-sum contracts establish a fixed total price upfront, while cost plus contracts reimburse the contractor's costs plus a fixed or percentage-based fee. Guaranteed maximum contracts set a ceiling on costs. Negotiated, unit-price, design-build, and turn-key contracts vary in responsibilities and payment structures.
This presentation summarizes the Line of Balance (LOB) project scheduling technique. LOB was developed in the 1940s/50s for repetitive construction projects like highways, pipelines, and buildings. It uses a simple diagram to show the location and timing of work crews for each task. The key steps are: 1) creating a logic diagram of tasks, 2) estimating task durations, 3) selecting a buffer time, and 4) calculating targets to meet deadlines. LOB helps optimize resource usage and identifies potential issues. It provides clear visibility into work progress and allows easy schedule updating for repetitive projects.
This document contains questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It includes definitions of key terms like tender, contract, estimate, detailed estimate, abstract estimate, and quantity surveyor. It also provides examples of calculating quantities of materials for constructions like walls, roads, and culverts. Methods for measurement of quantities and types of estimates are described.
This document discusses the four types of resources (4Ms) required for construction projects - Money, Materials, Machinery, and Manpower. It provides details on each type of resource, including how money is managed, the different types of materials used, factors to consider when selecting machinery, and types of labor. Productivity standards for workers and establishing workers' production norms are also covered. The minimum wage laws and other relevant acts for the construction industry are outlined. Finally, common earthmoving equipment used for construction projects is classified and described.
This document provides information about estimating costs for construction projects. It discusses the importance of estimating, requirements for preparing estimates like drawings and specifications, types of estimates, and methods for taking quantities and measurements. Estimating involves calculating quantities of materials, labor, and expenses for individual work items. The document also covers estimating earthwork quantities, reinforcement in concrete, schedule of bars, and analyzing rates to determine costs.
The document provides an introduction to the concepts of estimation and quantity surveying in construction projects. It discusses the key steps and considerations in preparing different types of cost estimates, including preliminary, detailed, quantity, revised, and annual repair estimates. Various methods for preparing approximate estimates are described, such as the service unit method, plinth area method, floor area method, carpet area method, percentage method, and cubical content method. Requirements for preparing accurate estimates like drawings, specifications, and rate analysis are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
This document provides information about estimating and costing for construction projects. It discusses the need for estimation to determine project feasibility and cost, outlines the estimating process, and lists the key data required which includes drawings, specifications, and rates. Measurement rules and units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are also covered. The document emphasizes accurate measurement of work quantities as the basis for preparation of estimates.
In making an estimate, the goal is often most useful to generate a range of possible outcomes that is precise enough to be useful, but not so precise that it is likely to be inaccurate
This document provides information about estimating and costing for construction projects. It discusses the need for estimation to determine project feasibility and cost, outlines the estimating process, and lists the key data required which includes drawings, specifications, and rates. Measurement rules and units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are also covered. The document emphasizes accurate measurement of work quantities as the basis for preparation of estimates.
1. The document provides lecture notes on estimating and costing for civil engineering students. It covers topics such as introduction to estimating, measurement of materials and works, types of estimates, and detailed estimates for buildings.
2. Measurement units and methods for taking out quantities of various construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork and steelwork are explained. Long wall short wall method and center line method for quantity calculation are described.
3. Rules for measurement as per Indian Standard codes and data required for preparing estimates including drawings, specifications and rates are outlined. Components of a complete estimate including direct, indirect and lumpsum costs are listed.
A Course Material On Estimation And Quantity SurveyingClaire Webber
This document provides a course material on estimation and quantity surveying. It includes an introduction which outlines the objectives and units covered in the course. The document then discusses estimating of buildings, which includes calculating quantities for various building components and structures like arches. It also discusses estimating for other structures like septic tanks, roads, retaining walls, culverts and irrigation works. Specification and tender procedures are covered along with valuation methods. The document concludes with discussing principles of report preparation for estimates of different project types like buildings, roads and water supply schemes.
The document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project, including definitions, requirements, procedures, and methods used. It discusses the need for estimation to determine project feasibility and cost, the data required including drawings, specifications, and rates. It also outlines the process for preparing detailed and approximate estimates, including calculating quantities, developing rate analyses, and accounting for items like reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works.
This document contains lecture notes on estimation, quantity surveying, and valuation for a civil engineering course. It defines key terms like estimate, quantity survey, specifications, rates, and various types of plans. It discusses the requirements and procedures for preparing an estimate, including necessary data like drawings, specifications, and rates. It also outlines units of measurement, rules for measurement, and what a complete estimate includes beyond just materials and labor costs, such as lump sum items, contingencies, and other expenses.
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for various roles in civil engineering, including planning engineering, site engineering, design engineering, and measurement works. It discusses the key responsibilities and tasks involved in infrastructure site engineering, building site engineering, and design engineering. The document also provides details on the Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM), including its purpose and fundamental principles for preparation of bills of quantities, coding and numbering of items, and inclusion of method-related charges.
The civil engineering construction process involves three main steps: 1) Plans, which include drawings and specifications of the proposed structure; 2) Estimations, to determine the projected cost; and 3) Execution of construction according to the plans and estimations. Estimations require drawings, specifications, and rates to calculate quantities and costs of materials and labor. Different types of estimates include preliminary, detailed, revised, and annual maintenance estimates. Proper estimation is important for project planning, budgeting, procurement, and completion. Accurate measurements, units, and accounting of all items are necessary for a reliable cost estimate.
Design of RCC Beam By using C ProgrammingIRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a C program to calculate the reinforcement requirements for simply supported reinforced concrete beams. It discusses the methodology, design considerations, and steps involved. The C program is developed to automate the calculations required for beam design according to Indian standards, reducing time and improving accuracy compared to manual calculations. The program can design both singly and doubly reinforced concrete beams. Key inputs are entered and the outputs generated are reinforcement details and layout diagrams. The program aims to help civil engineers in structural design tasks.
The document discusses key aspects of quantity surveying and cost estimation for construction projects. It covers the need for and types of estimates, including rough and detailed estimates. It also describes methods for taking out quantities and preparing bills of quantities. Factors to consider in estimation and common units of measurement are outlined.
Unit 1 - General Items used for buildingHimani762003
This document defines several key technical terms related to building estimates, including:
1. Estimates provide anticipated costs before construction begins by calculating item costs.
2. Quantity surveys calculate and schedule all work items and quantities from drawings.
3. Specifications provide details on work quality, materials, and execution methods.
4. Rates of materials, labor, and transportation are needed to price out estimate items.
5. Plans show building locations, dimensions, and other site details.
The document provides information on various concepts related to construction estimating and costing. It defines key terms like estimate, quantity survey, specifications, rates, and different types of plans used in construction like site plan, line plan, index plan, detailed plan, and center line plan. It also discusses supplementary estimates, administrative approval, technical sanction, lumpsum items, plinth area, circulation area. It describes the process of preparing an estimate including required data, measurements and calculations of quantities.
This document is a project report on the estimation of a building submitted by a group of civil engineering students at Himalayan Institute of Engineering & Technology. It includes calculations of the volumes of concrete required for columns, beams, slabs, and footings. It also includes calculations of the quantities of brickwork and steel reinforcement required. The project was carried out under the guidance of a faculty member and aims to provide practical experience in building estimation.
This module aims to develop the ability to measure and specify civil engineering works and building works. Students will learn to interpret drawings, contracts, and specifications; identify costs and quantities; take measurements; analyze construction methods; and prepare bills of quantities and estimates. Key topics covered include introduction to quantity surveying, measurement standards, tender documents, contract types, scheduling rates and costs, estimating techniques, and taking off and measuring quantities for various construction elements.
Estimation is the process of calculating the approximate costs of an engineering project before work begins. It requires thorough knowledge of construction procedures, material and labor costs, and skills like experience, judgment, and foresight. There are two main types of estimates - rough cost estimates and detailed estimates. A rough cost estimate provides an initial approximate cost based on unit costs from similar past projects. It is used to assess the feasibility of a project and obtain initial approval. A detailed estimate provides a more accurate expected cost based on detailed plans and specifications by calculating the quantities of materials and hours of labor.
The document is a project proposal for the analysis and design of a three-star hotel in Pame, Pokhara, Nepal. It was submitted by five civil engineering students from Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Paschimanchal Campus. The proposal provides background information on hotels and seismic risks in Nepal. It outlines the objectives, scope, limitations and methodology of the project. The methodology includes planning the hotel layout, modeling and analyzing the structure in AutoCAD and ETAB, and designing structural components based on Indian and Nepalese codes. The expected outcomes are experience with structural modeling and analysis software, familiarity with planning and design processes, and an estimated construction cost.
General Estimation & Abstract Sheet of Royal CityIRJET Journal
This document presents an estimate and abstract sheet for the Royal City development project which includes several buildings - a hospital, hostel, school, college, row houses, apartments, and a mall. It describes the process of calculating quantities of work and determining costs. The estimate is done using standard rate schedules and includes labor costs. The total estimated costs are provided for each building component. The document also discusses different methods for approximate estimating and calculating quantities along with sample calculations.
By mastering conceptual estimating, steel fabricators can get involved in projects from their earliest stages. Conceptual estimating involves forecasting accurate costs based on limited design information, understanding project goals, and considering all steel-related costs from design through erection. It allows fabricators to influence design for efficiency and avoid change orders. Conceptual estimates become more refined as a project progresses through feasibility estimates, performance criteria estimates, and other stages, with contingencies decreasing at each stage.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Estimatingandcosting
1. Intermediate Vocational Course, 2nd Year : ESTIMATING & CONSTING
(FOR THE COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY)
Authors : B.N. Suresh, Editor : B. Harnath Reddy,
First Edition : 2006
State Institute of Vocational Education
Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
Printed and Published by
the Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad on behalf of the
State Institution of Vocational Education
Directorate of Intermediate Education
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
First Edition : 2006
Copies : .
All rights whatsoever in this book are strictly reserved and no
portion of it may be reproduced by any process for any purpose
without the written permission of the copyright owners.
Price : Rs. /-
Printed in India
Laser Typeset Reformatted by Chinmai D.T.P. Works, Chittor
TExt Printed at ........................................
Andhra Pradesh.
2. AUTHOR
B.N. SURESH
B.E.
J.L. in Construction Technology (Vocational)
Govt. Junior College for Girls
Guntur.
EDITOR
B. HARNATH REDDY
B.Tech.
J.L. in Construction Technology (Vocational)
New Govt. Junior College
Malakpet, Hyderabad.
3. INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.
01. Introduction to the subject 1 - 3
02. Measurement of Materials & Works 4 - 12
03. Types of Estimates 13 - 21
04. Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings 22 - 55
05. Analysis of Rates 56 - 73
06. Estimation of Quantities of Steel &
RCC Elements 74 - 80
07. Earth Work Calculations 81 - 95
08. Detailed Estimates 96 - 108
09. Appendex 109 - 115
4. 1 Estimation and Costing
INTRODUCTIONTOTHESUBJECT
1.1 DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING AND COSTING
Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the various
quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or
project.
In case the funds avilable are less than the estimated cost the work is
doneinpartorbyreducingitorspecificationsarealtered,thefollowingrequire-
ment are necessary for preparing an estimate.
a ) Drawingslikeplan,elevationandsectionsofimportantpoints.
b) Detailedspecificationsaboutworkmenship&propertiesofmaterialsetc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
1.2 NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Estimategiveanideaofthecostoftheworkandhenceitsfeasibilitycan
bedeterminedi..ewhethertheprojectcouldbetakenupwithinthefunds
availableornot.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arange
contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution
of work.
5. Estimatedecideswhethertheproposedplanmatchesthefundsavailable
or not.
1.3 PROCEDUREOFESTIMATINGORMETHODOFESTIMATING.
Estimatinginvolvesthefollowingoperations
1. PreparingdetailedEstimate.
2. Calculatingtherateofeachunitofwork
3. Preparingabstractofestimate
1.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawingsi.e.plans,elevations,sectionsetc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
Chapter
1
5. 2
1.4.1 DRAWINGS
Ifthedrawingsarenotclearandwithoutcompletedimensionstheprepa-
rationofestimationbecomeverydifficult.So,Itisveryessentialbeforeprepar-
inganestimate.
1.4.2. SPECIFICATIONS
a) GeneralSpecifications:Thisgivesthenature,quality,classandworkand
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no
formageneralideaofbuilding.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the vari-
ous items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials,
theirproportions,themethodofpreparationworkmanshipandexecution
of work.
1.4.3. RATES:
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are re-
quired.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. Thewagesoflabour,skilledorunskilledofmasons,carpenters,Mazdoor,
etc.,
1.5 COMPLETE ESTIMATE:
Mostofpeoplethinkthattheestimateofastructureincludescostofland,
cost of materials and labour, But many other direct and indirect costs included
and is shown below. The Complete Estimate
Cost of land P.s.and
contingencies
at 5%
Legal expenses
between owner
and contractor
Cost of Structure
Actual
cost of
land
Cost of
Surveying
Cost of
Verification
of deeds and
execution of
deeds
Brochorage
if any
Cost of
labour
Permit fees for
constrution water,
electricity from
concerned autorities
cost of
materials
Consulting
Engineers
fees
cost for
preparation
of plan,
estimate and
design
Cost of
supervision
Introduction to the Subject
6. 3 Estimation and Costing
1.6 LUMPSUM:
Whilepreparinganestimate,itisnotpossibletoworkoutindetailincase
ofpettyitems.Itemsotherthancivilengineeringsuchitemsarecalledlumpsum
itemsorsimplyL.S.Items.
ThefollowingaresomeofL.S.Itemsintheestimate.
1. Watersupplyandsanitaryarrangements.
2. Electricalinstallationslikemeter,motor,etc.,
3. Architecturalfeatures.
4. Contingenciesandunforeseenitems.
Ingeneral, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is alloted for the
above L.S.Items
Even if subestimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the
actual cost should not exceed the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
1.7 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled su-
pervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount alloted towards
theworkchargedestablishment.thatis,establishmentwhichischargeddirectly
to work. an L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
theworkchargedestablishment.
EXERCISE
Short Answer Questions
1. State the requirements of an estimate?
2. BrieflyExplainneedforestimation?
3. Whatisworkchargedestablishment?
7. 4
2.1 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:
Theunitsofmeasurementsaremainlycategorisedfortheirnature,shape
and size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of
unitsofmeasurementsnormallyconsiststhefollowing:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed
innumbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice,
fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in
runningmetres(RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like
plastering,whitewashing,partitionsofspecifiedthicknessetc.,are
expressed in square meters (m2
)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth
work,cementconcrete,MasonryetcareexpressedinCubicmetres.
[BASED ON IS 1200 REVISED]
Particulasofitem
Earthwork:
1. EarthworkinExcavation
2. Earthworkinfillinginfounda-
tiontrenches
3. Earthworkinfillinginplinth
Concrete:
1. Limeconcretreinfoundation
2. CementconcreteinLintels
3. R.C.C.in slab
4. C.C.orR.C.C.Chujja,Sun-
shade
5. L.C.inroofterracing
(thicknessspecified)
Sl.
No.
I
II
Unitsof
Measurement
cum
cum
cum
cum
cum
cum
cum
sqm
Unitsof
payment
Per%cum
Per%cum
Per%cum
percum
percum
percum
percum
persqm
MEASUREMENT OF MAMEASUREMENT OF MAMEASUREMENT OF MAMEASUREMENT OF MAMEASUREMENT OF MATERIALSTERIALSTERIALSTERIALSTERIALS
AND WORKSAND WORKSAND WORKSAND WORKSAND WORKS
Chapter
2
8. 5 Estimation and Costing
6. Cement concrete bed
7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified
Width&Hight
DampProofCource(D.P.C)
(Thickness should be men-
tioned)
Brickwork:
1. Brickworkinfoundation
2. Brickworkinplinth
3. Brick work in super struc-
ture
4. Thinpartitionwalls
5. Brick work in arches
6. Reinforced brick work
(R.B.Work)
Stone Work:
Stonemasonry
Woodwork:
1.Doorsandwindowsframes
or chowkhats, rafters
beams
2. Shuttersofdoorsandwin-
dows(thicknessspecified)
3. Doorsandwindowsfittings
(like hinges, tower bolts,
slidingbolts,handles)
Steel work
1. Steel reinforcement bars
etc in R.C.C. and
R.B.work.quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel
Reinforcement
3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, An-
chor bolts, Lewis bolts,
Holdingdownbolts.
4. Ironholdfasts
5. Iron railing (height and
typesspecified)
6. Irongrills
III
IV
V
VI
VII
cum
cum
sqm
cum
cum
cum
sqm
cum
cum
cum
cum
sqm
Number
Quintal
Quintal
Quintal
Quintal
Quintal
sqm
percum
1rm
persqm
percum
percum
percum
percum
percum
percum
percum
percum
persqm
pernumber
perquintal
perquintal
perquintal
perquintal
perquintal
per sqm
9. 6
Roofing
1. R.C.C. and R.B.Slab roof
(excludingsteel)
2. L.C.roofoverandinclusive
oftilesorbrickorstoneslab
etc(thicknessspecified)
3. Centering and shuttering
formwork
4. A.C.Sheetroofing
Plastering, points&finishing
1. Plastering-Cement or Lime
Mortar (thickness and pro-
portionspecified)
2. Pointing
3. White washing, colour
washing, cement wash
(numberofcoatsspecified)
4. Distempering (number of
coatsspecified)
5. Painting,varnishing(number
of coats specified)
Flooring
1. 25mm cement concrete
over 75mm lime concrete
floor(includingL.C.)
2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor
3. Doorsandwindowsills
(C.C. or cement mortar
plain)
Rain water pipe /Plain pipe
Steel wooden trusses
Glass pannels(supply)
Fixing of glass panels or
cleaning
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
cum
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
sqm
1RM
1No
sqm
No
percum
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per sqm
per RM
per 1No
per sqm
per no.
Measurement of Materials and Works
10. 7 Estimation and Costing
2.2 RULES FOR MEASUREMENT :
The rules for measurement of each item are invaribly described in IS-
1200. However some of the general rules are listed below.
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of
each item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and
plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape,
sizeandspecification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
3. Allworksshallbemeasuredsubjecttothefollowingtolerances.
i) Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
4. Sametypeofworkunderdifferentconditionsandnatureshallbemeasured
separately under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,
workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.
6. In case of masonary (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories
shall be measured separately and the heights shall be described:
a) fromfoundationtoplinthlevel
b) fromplinthleveltoFirstfloorlevel
c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
2.3 METHODS OFTAKINGOUTQUANTITIES:
Thequantitieslikeearthwork,foundationconcrete,brickworkinplinth
and super structure etc., canbe workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
a) Long wall-short wall method:
Inthismethod,thewallalongthelengthofroomisconsideredtobelong
wallwhilethewallperpendiculartolongwallissaidtobeshortwall.Togetthe
11. 8
lengthoflongwallorshortwall,calculatefirstthecentrelinelengthsofindividual
walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding
half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall
measuredintoinandmaybefoundbydeductinghalfbreadthfromitscentreline
lengthateachend.Thelengthoflongwallusuallydecreasesfromearthworkto
brick work in super structure while the short wall increases. These lengths are
multipliedbybreadthanddepthtogetquantities.
b) Centre line method:
Thismethodissuitableforwallsofsimilarcrosssections.Herethetotal
centrelinelengthismultipliedbybreadthanddepthofrespectiveitemtogetthe
total quantity at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join
with mainall, the centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each
junction.suchjunctionorjointsarestudiedcaefullywhilecalculatingtotalcentre
linelength.Theestimatespreparedbythismethodaremostaccurateandquick.
c) Partly centre line and partly cross wall method:
Thismethodisadoptedwhenexternal(i.e.,alroundthebuilding) wallis
ofonethicknessandtheinternalwallshavingdifferentthicknesses.Insuchcases,
centrelinemethodisappliedtoexternalwallsandlongwall-shortwallmethodis
usedtointernalwalls.Thismethodsuitsfordifferentthicknesseswallsanddiffeent
level of foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are
practicingthismethod.
Measurement of Materials and Works
12. 9 Estimation and Costing
P.B.-1: From the Drawing given below determine (a) Earth work exca-
vation (b) CC (1:5:10) Bed (c) R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6) (d)
Brick Work in C.M.(1:6).
Single Roomed Building (Load Bearing type structure)
Note: All Dimensions are in 'M'
13. 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
EarthWork excavation
for foundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
R.R.Masonry in CM
(1:6) for
a)Footings
i)Longwalls
ii)Shortwalls
b)Basement
i)Longwalls
ii)Shortwalls
BrickmasonarywithCM
(1:6)forsuperstructure
a)LongWall
b) Shortwalls
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.2
3.4
6.2
3.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.45
0.45
0.30
0.30
1.4
1.4
Total
15.264
8.568
24.192
3.348
1.836
5.184
3.54
2.22
5.76
3.105
2.079
5.184
10.08
7.20
17.28
L=5.3+.45+.45=6.2
D=0.3+0.5+0.6=1.4
L=4.3-0.45-0.45=3.4
L=5.3+0.3+0.3=5.9
L=4.3-0.3-0.3=3.7
L=5.3+0.225+0.225=5.75
L=4.3-0.225-0.225=3.85
L=5.3+0.15+0.15=5.6
L=4.3-0.15-0.15=4.0
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
Total R.R. Masonry for footings and Basement
= 5.76+5.184 = 10.94 m3
0.3
0.3
Total
0.5
0.5
Total
0.6
0.6
Total
3.00
3.00
Total
5.9
3.7
5.75
3.85
5.6
4.0
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Long wall - Short wall Method
Measurement of Materials and Works
14. 11 Estimation and Costing
1.
2.
3.
4.
EarthWork excavation
forfoundation
C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
R.R.Masonry in CM
(1:6) for
a)Footings
b)Basement
Brickmasany with
CM(1:6)forsuperstructure
1
1
1
1
1
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.45
0.3
1.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
Total
0.3
24.192
5.184
5.76
5.184
10.944
17.28
L=2(5.3+4.3)=19.2
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
Centre Line Method
5.3
4.3
m3
m3
m3
m3
15. 12
EXERCISE
I. ShortAnswer Questions
1. List the difference between centre line method and long wall-short wall
methodoftakingoutmeasurements.
2. Whataretherulestobefollowedwhiletakingthemesurements?
3. Mensiontheunitsforthefollowingitems.
a) flooring b) R.R.Masonry c) Plastering for pointing d) Damp proof
course e) R.C. sunshade (Sepcified width and thickness)
II. Essay type questions
1. From the Drawing given below determine (a) Earth work excavation (b)
CC (1:5:10) Bed (c) R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6) (d) Brick Work in
C.M.(1:6). by
(a)longwall-shortwallmethod
(b) Centre line Method
Measurement of Materials and Works
16. 13 Estimation and Costing
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
Chapter
3
3.1 DETAILED ESTIMATE:
Thepreparationofdetailedestimateconsistsofworkingoutquantitiesof
variousitemsofworkandthendeterminethecostofeachitem.Thisisprepared
in two stages.
i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth
work concreting, brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measure-
mentsaretakenfromdrawingsandenteredinrespectivecolumnsofprescribed
proforma.thequantitiesarecalculatedbymultiplyingthevaluesthatareinnum-
berscolumntoDepthcolumnasshownbelow:
Details of measurements form
ii)Abstract of Estimated Cost :
The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that
already computed in the detals measurement form at workable rate. But the
totalcostisworkedoutintheprescribedformisknownasabstractofestimated
form.4%ofestimatedCostisallowedforPettySupervision,contingenciesand
Unforeseenitems.
S.No.
Description
ofItem
No
Breadth
(B)
m
Depth/
Height
(D/H)m
Quantity
Explanatory
Notes
Length
(L)
m
17. 14
ABSTRACTOFESTIMATE FORM
Thedetailedestimateshouldaccompainedwith
i) Report
ii) Specification
iii) Drawings(plans,elevation,sections)
iv) Designchartsandcalculations
v) Standard schedule of rates.
3.1.1.Factors to be consisdered While Preparing Detailed Esti-
mate:
i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the re-
quirementofmaterialsismore.suchbulkvolumeofmateialswillbepur-
chased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce
damageorintransitduringloading,unloading,stockingofmateirals.
iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local laboures
areconsideedwhilepreparingthedetailedestimate.
3.2 DATA:
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called
as Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained
from current standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials
and labour required for one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book
(S.D.B)
Item No. Description/
Particulars
Quantity Unit Rate Per
(Unit)
Amount
Types of Estimates
18. 15 Estimation and Costing
3.2.1 Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item:
Therateperunitofanitemincludesthefollowing:
1) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of mateials are taken
strictly in accordance with standard data book(S.D.B). The cost of these
includesfirstcost,freight,insuranceandtransportationcharges.
ii) Cost of labour:The exact number of labourers required for unit of work
and the multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equip-
ment, tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated
cost is provided.
iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of
equipmentsalariesofstaff postage,lightinganamountof4%ofestimate
cost is allocated.
3.3METHODSOFPREPARATIONOFAPPROXIMATEESTIMATE:
Preliminaryorapproximateestimateisrequiredforstudiesofvariousas-
pects of work of project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in
caseofcommercialprojects,whetherthenetincomeearnedjustifiestheamount
investedornot.Theapproximateestimateispreparedfromthepracticalknowl-
edge and cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report duely
explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout plan.A
percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the meth-
ods used for preparation of approximate estimates.
a)Plinthareamethod
b) Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method.
a)Plinthareamethod: Thecostofconstructionisdeterminedbymultiplying
plinthareawithplintharearate.Theareaisobtainedbymultiplyinglengthand
breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth area rate, carefull
observationandnecessaryenquiriesaremadeinrespectofqualityandquantity
aspectofmaterialsandlabour,typeoffoundation,hightofbuilding,roof,wood
work, fixtures, number of storeys etc.,
As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the
plinthareaofbuilding.
19. 16
a) Areaofwallsatfloorlevel.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2
, lifts,
airconditionsingductsetc.,
c) Area of barsati at terrace level:
Barsati means any covered space open on one side constructed on one
side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy
season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include
a) Area of lofts.
b) Unenclosedbalconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Boxlouversandverticalsunbreakers.
b)CubicalContentsMethod:Thismethodisgenerallyusedformultistoreyed
buildings.Itismoreaccuratethattheothertwomethodsviz.,plinthareamethod
andunitbasemethod.Thecostofastructureiscalculatedapproximatelyasthe
totalcubicalcontents(Volumeofbuildings)multipliedbyLocalCubicRate.The
volumeofbuildingisobtainedbyLengthxbreadthxdepthorheight.Thelength
and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set.
The cost of string course, cornice, carbelling etc., is neglected.
Thecostofbuilding=volumeofbuildingsxrate/unitvolume.
c) Unit Base Method:According to this method the cost of structure is deter-
minedbymultiplyingthetotalnumberofunitswithunitrateofeachitem.Incase
schools and colleges, the unit considered to be as 'one student' and in case of
hospital, the unit is 'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual
expenditureincuredorcostofsimilarbuildinginthenearbylocalitybythenum-
berofunits.
Types of Estimates
20. 17 Estimation and Costing
Problems on PlinthArea Method
Example 3.1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with total
plinthareaofallbuilding is800sqm.andfromfollowingdata.
i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm
ii) Cost of water supply @7½%of cost of building.
iii) CostofSanitaryandElectricalinstallationseach@7½%ofcostof
building.
iv) Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.
v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.
vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost.
Determinethetotalcostofbuildingproject.
Solution :
Datagiven:
Plinth area = 800m2
.
Plinth area rate = Rs. 4500 per Sqm.
∴ Cost of building = 800 x 4500 = Rs. 36,00,000=00
Add the cost of the water supply charges @7½%
= 00000,70,2
100
5.7000,00,36
==
×
Add the Cost of Sanitary and electrical installation @ 15%
= 00000,40,5
100
15000,00,36
==
×
Add the cost of archetectural features @1%
= 00000,36
100
1000,00,36
==
×
Add the cost of Roads Lawns @ 5%= 00000,80,1
100
5000,00,36
==
×
Add the Cost of P.S. and contingencies @ 4%
= 00000,44,1
100
4000,00,36
==
×
Total Rs. 47,70,000=00
AssumeAdd supervision charges 8% on overall cost
= 00600,81,3
100
8
000,70,47 ==×
51,51,600=00Grand Total Rs.
21. 18
Example 3.2:Theplinthareaofanappartmentis500sqm.Deteminethetotal
costofbuildingfromthefollowingdata:
a) Rate of construction = Rs.1230/--per m3
.
b) The height of appartment = 16.25 m
c) Water Supply, Sanitary and Electrical installations each at 6% of
buildingcost.
d) Architectural appearance @ 1% of building cost.
e) Unforeseenitem@2%ofBuildingcost.
f) P.S.andcontingencies@4%ofbuilding.
Solution :
a) The Cost of building = cubic content x cubic rate
= 500 ×16.25 ×1230 = Rs. 99,93,750/-
b) Provision for water supply, sanitary and
Electrical installations water supply and sanitation each @ 6%
= −=
×
/875,98,17Rs.
100
18750,93,99
i.e total percent = 3×6 = 18% building cost
c)Architectural appearance @1%=
100
1750,93,99 ×
= Rs. 99,937/-
d) Unforeseen items @2% = Rs. 1,99,875/-
e) P.S. and contingenies @4% = Rs. 3,99,750/-
Total = Rs.1,24,92,187/-
Sundries 7,813/-
Total cost of the building project = Grand Total = Rs.1,25,00,000/-
Types of Estimates
22. 19 Estimation and Costing
Example 3.3: The plinth area and plinth area rate of a residential building are
100 sqm and Rs. 5000/- respectively. Determine the total cost of building as-
sumingsuitableprovisions.
Solution :
Cost of building = 100 x 5000 = Rs.5,00,000
Cost of water supply and
sanitary fittings @15% =
100
15000,00,5 ×
= Rs. 75,000
Cost of Electrification @7½% =
100
5.7000,00,5 ×
= Rs. 37,500
Cost of Roads & Lawns @5%=
100
5000,00,5 ×
= Rs. 25,000
Cost of P.S.& contingencies@4%=
100
4000,00,5 ×
= Rs. 20,000
Total Cost Rs. 6,57,500/-
Example 3.4 : Prepare an approximate Extimate of a proposed building from
thefollwoing?
Plinth area of the building = 226 sqm.
Cost of the structure = 2500 per sqm.
Water supply and sanitary arangements = 12½%
Electrification=7%
Fluctuation of rates = 5%
petty supervision charges = 3%
sol: CostofBuilding = 226x 2500 = Rs.5,65,000
Water supply & Sanitory arrangements @ 12½ %
=
100
5.12000,65,5 ×
= Rs. 70,000
Electrification@7% =
100
7000,65,5 ×
= Rs. 39,550
23. 20
Fluctuationofrates5% =
100
5000,65,5 ×
= Rs. 28,250
Pettysupervisioncharges3%=
100
3000,65,5 ×
= Rs.16,950
Total Cost Rs. = 7,19,750.00
Problem on Cubical content Method:
Example 3.5 : Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commertial comples
foramunicipalcorporationforthefollowingdata.
PlinthArea=500m2
/floor
Ht of each storey = 3.5m
No.of storeys = G+2
Cubical content rate = Rs. 1000/m3
Provided for a following as a pecentage of structured cost
a)watersupply&Sanitaryarrangement -8%
b)Electrification -6%
c)Fluctuationofrates - 5%
d) Contractors profit - 10%
e)Pettysupervision&contingencies - 3%
Sol : Cubical content = No.of storeys (PlinthArea x height of each storey)
= 3(500x3.5) = 5250m3
Structuralcost = Cubical content x cubical content rate
= 5250 x 1000 = 52.5 Lakhs
otherprovisons:-
a)Water supply and sanitation = 52.5x8/100 = Rs.4.2 Lakhs
b) Electrification = 52.5 x 6/100 = Rs.3.15 lakhs
c) fluctuation of rates = 52.5 x 5/100 = Rs.2.625
Total = Rs. 9.975 Lakhs
Structuralcost = Rs. 52.500 Lakhs
Total = Rs.62.475 Lakhs
d) P.S./& contingencies = 62.475 x 3/100 = Rs.1.874 Lakhs
e) Contractors Profit = 62.475 x 10/100 = Rs.6.247 Lakhs
Total Cost = Rs.70.596 Lakhs
Types of Estimates
24. 21 Estimation and Costing
Problems on Unit Base Method:
Example 3.6: Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of a
hospitalbuildingfor50beds.Thecostofconstructionaltogetherforeachbedis
Rs. 60,000/-. Determine the total cost of hospital building.
Solution:
No. of beds = 50
Cost of construction = Rs. 60,000/-
Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 60,000= Rs. 30,00,000/-
Example 3.7: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building which
accommodate150students.Thecostofconstructionincludingallprovisionsis
Rs. 15,000/- per student. Determine total cost of building.
Solution :
No.of students= 150
Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = Rs. 15,000/-
Total Cost of hostel building =150 x 15000 = Rs. 22,50,000/-
(Rupeestwentytwolakhs,fiftythousandsonly)
EXERCISE
I. SHORTANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. List the factors to be consider while preparing detailed estimate and
explainbreifly?
2. WhatarethedifferencesbetweenplinthareamethodandUnitbase method?
3. List the requirements of data preparation.
II ESSAYTYPE QUESTIONS :
1. Prepare the approximate cost of building project (group HOuseing)
i) No.of houses = 150
ii) Plinthareaofeachdwelling=600m2
iii) Plinth area rate = Rs. 5,000/-per m2
iv) Cost of water supply & sanitary arrangements @12½%
v) Electrificationat7½%ofcostofbuiling.
vi Cost of roads & Lawns @5%
vii) Cost of P.S.& contingencies @4%
2. Preparearoughcostestimateofacinematheatrewhichaccommodate1700
seats.ThecostofconstructionincludingallprovisionsisRs.6000/-perseat.
3. What are the methods of preparation of approximate estimates and explain
briefly.
25. 22
DETDETDETDETDETAIL &AIL &AIL &AIL &AIL & ABSTRAABSTRAABSTRAABSTRAABSTRACT ESTIMACT ESTIMACT ESTIMACT ESTIMACT ESTIMATESTESTESTESTES
OF BOF BOF BOF BOF BUILDINGSUILDINGSUILDINGSUILDINGSUILDINGS
Chapter
4
Single Roomed Building
(Load Bearing type structure)
Example 1: From the given figure below calculate the detailed and
abstract estimate for the single roomed building (Load
bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method (b) Centre Line Method
Note: All Dimensions are in 'M'
26. 23 Estimation and Costing
1.
2.
3.
4.
EarthWork excavation
forfoundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
R.R.Masonry in CM
(1:6) for
a)Footings
i)Longwalls
ii)Shortwalls
b)Basement
i)Longwalls
ii)Shortwalls
BrickmasonarywithCM
(1:6)forsuperstructure
a)LongWalls
b) Shortwalls
c)forparapetwall
a)LongWalls
b)Shortwalls
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6.2
3.4
6.2
3.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.45
0.45
0.30
0.30
0.2
0.2
1.4
1.4
Total
15.264
8.568
24.192
3.348
1.836
5.184
3.54
2.22
5.76
3.105
2.079
5.184
10.08
7.20
1.68
1.32
20.28
L=5.3+.45+.45=6.2
D=0.3+0.5+0.6=1.4
L=4.3-0.45-0.45=3.4
L=5.3+0.3+0.3=5.9
L=4.3-0.3-0.3=3.7
L=5.3+0.225+0.225=5.75
L=4.3-0.225-0.225=3.85
L=5.3+0.15+0.15=5.6
L=4.3-0.15-0.15=4.0
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
Total R.R. Masonry for footings and Basement
= 5.76+5.184 = 10.94 m3
0.3
0.3
Total
0.5
0.5
Total
0.6
0.6
Total
3.00
3.00
0.75
0.75
Total
5.9
3.7
5.75
3.85
5.6
4.0
5.6
4.4
m3
m3
m3
a) Long wall - Short Method
5.6
4.6
0.2
m3
m3
27. 24
5.
6.
7
8
9
Deductionsforopenings
a)Doors
b)Windows
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for
a)Roofslab
b) Lintelsover
i) Doors
ii)Windows
c)Beams
i)Longbeams
ii)shortbeams
Sandfilling for
basement
C.C.(1:4:8) for
flooring
Flooring with Mosaic
tiles
Plastering with CM
(1:6)for super structure
Inside
Forwalls
Out side
Forwalls
Basementoutside
Parapetwall
a)Inside
b)top
Deductionsforopeinings
Doors
Windows
1
3
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1x2
3x2
1.0
1.5
5.6
1.2
1.5
5.6
4.0
4.85
4.85
5.0
18.0
20.4
21.6
18.8
19.6
1.0
1.5
0.3
0.3
4.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
3.85
3.85
4.0
--
--
--
--
0.2
--
--
2.1
1.2
Total
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.3
0.3
Total
0.48
0.1
--
3.0
3.87
0.6
0.75
---
Total
2.1
1.2
0.63
1.62
(-)2.25
3.090
0.054
0.202
1.008
0.720
5.074
8.96
1.86
20.0
54.0
61.2
12.96
14.1
3.92
146.18
4.2
10.8
15.0
L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
B=4.0-0.075-0.075=3.85
L=2(5.0+4.0)=18.0
L=2(5.6+4.6)=20.4
H=3.0+0.12+0.75=3.87
(uptoparapetwall)
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
m2
m3
m2
Net Brick Masonry = 20.28 - 2.25 = 18.03m3
Net Plastering = 146.18 - 15.0 = 131.18
m2
m2
m3
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
32. 29 Estimation and Costing
Abstract estimate of single roomed building (load bearing structure)
S.No. Descriptionofitem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Earthworkexcaation
Cementconcrete(1:4:8)
RR.masonryinC.M.(1:5)
Sandfillinginbasement
Brickmasonryincountry
bricks of standard size in
CM(1:8)
R.C.C.(1:2:4)forlintels,
beams etc.
R.C.C.(1:2:4) for slabs,
Cement concrete (1:5:10)
forflooring
Supplyingandfixingof
country wood for doors.
Supplyingandfixingof
countrywoodforwindows
andventilators.
Plasteringtoallexposed
surfaces of brick work and
basement with C.M (1:5)
Whitewashingwithbest
shelllime
Flooringwithspartektiles
set in C.M (1:3)
Paintingwithreadymixed
enamelpaint
Povisionforwatersupply
andsanitaryarangements
@12.5%
Provisionforelectrification
@7.5%
Povisionforarchitectural
appearance @2%
Provisionforunforeseen
items2%
ProvisionforP.s.and
contingencies@4%
24.192
5.184
10.94
8.96
18.03
1.984
3.09
1.86
2.1
5.4
151.18
151.18
20
16.875
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
465
4545
1391
195.20
2291
6030
6030
1452
1650
2300
582
116
4230
335
10m3
1m3
m3
10m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m2
m2
10m2
10m2
10m2
10m2
1125.00
8009.30
15217.50
175.00
41306.73
11963.52
18633.00
2700.72
3465.00
12420.00
8798.70
1753.68
8460.00
565.31
134593.46
16824.18
10094.50
2691.86
2691.86
5383.73
172279.65Grand Total Rs.
Total
33. 30
Example :2 :-From the given figure below calculate the details and
abstract estimate for the double roomed building (Load
bearing type structure) by a) long wall & short wall method
(b) Centre Line Method
Room1
4x6m
Room2
3x6m
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
34. 31 Estimation and Costing
1.
2.
3.
EarthWork excavation
forfoundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
a)Longwalls
b)Shortwalls
Brick masanory for
footingswithCM(1:4)
firstfooting
a)Longwalls
b) Shortwalls
2ndfooring
a)Longwalls
b)shortwalls
ii)forbasement
longwalls
shortwalls
iii)forsuperstructure
longwalls
shortwalls
iv)Parapetwall
a) longwalls
b) Shotwalls
Deductionsforopenings
Doors
Windows
Lintelsoverdoors
windows
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
8.6
5.3
8.6
5.3
8.45
5.45
8.20
5.70
8.00
5.90
7.90
6.00
7.90
6.20
1.0
1.5
1.20
1.70
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.85
0.85
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.05
11.05
Total
0.2
0.2
Total
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.45
0.4
0.4
3.0
3.0
0.70
0.70
Total
2.1
1.2
0.10
0.10
Total
18.05
16.70
34.75
3.44
3.18
6.62
5.746
5.560
4.428
4.617
2.560
2.832
14.22
16.20
2.212
1.736
60.11
1.89
1.62
0.108
0.153
3.771
L=7.6+0.5+0.5=86
L=6.3-0.5-0.5=5.3
L=7.6+0.425+0.425=8.45
L=6.3-0.425-0.425=5.45
L=7.6+0.3+0.3=8.2
L=6.3-0.3-0.3=5.7
L=7.6+0.2+0.0=8.0
L=6.3-0.2-0.2=5.9
L=7.6+0.15+0.15=7.9
L=6.3-0.15-0.15=6.0
Net B.M.=60.11-377=56.34m3
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
7.9
6.6
0.2
m3
m3
36. 33 Estimation and Costing
b) Centre Line Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
Total centre line length
=(4.3+3.3)2+6.3x3=34.1m
Earth work excavation
C.C.(1:4:8)bedfor
foundation
Brickmasonrywith
CM(1:4)
a)forfoundation
i)firstfooting
ii)2ndfooting
b)forbasement
c)forsuperstructure
d)forparapetwall
Totalcentrelinelength
=2(7.7+6.4)=28.2
Deductionsfor
OpeningsDoors
windows
Lintels Doors
Windows
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
33.1
33.1
33.25
33.50
33.7
33.80
28.2
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.7
1.0
1.0
0.85
0.60
0.40
0.30
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.05
0.20
0.40
0.45
0.40
3.0
0.70
Total
2.1
1.2
0.1
0.1
Total
34.75
6.62
11.30
9.045
5.392
30.42
3.948
60.10
1.89
1.62
0.108
1.153
3.771
L=34.1-2x1/2=33.1
L=34.1-0.85=33.25
L=34.1-0.6x2/2
L=34.1-0.4x2/2
L=34.1-0.3x2/2
Net B.M.=60.11-3.771=56.34m3
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
4.3 3.3
6.3
QuantityofR.C.C.Roof,Plasteringforwallsandcealingand
flooring,WhitewashingissameasLongwall&Shortwall
method.
7.9
6.6
0.2
77
6.4
m3
m3
m3
37. 34
Abstract estimate of two roomed building (Load bearing type structure)
S.No. Descriptionofitem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Earthworkexcavation
Cementconcrete(1:4:8)
Sandfillinginbasement
Brickmasonryincountry
Bricksofstandardsizein
CM(1:8)
R.C.C.(1:2:4)forlintels,
beams etc.
R.C.C.(1:2:4) for slabs,
Cement concrete (1:5:10)
forflooring
Supplyingandfixingof
country wood for doors.
Supplyingandfixingof
countrywoodforwindows
andventilators.
Plasteringtoallexposed
surfaces of brick work and
basement with C.M (1:5)
Whitewashingwithbest
shelllime
Flooringwithspartektiles
set in C.M (1:3)
Paintingwithreadymixed
enamelpaint
Provisionforwatersupply
andsanitaryarrangements
@12.5%
Provisionforelectrification
@7.5%
Provisionforarchitectural
appearance @2%
Provisionforunforeseen
items2%
ProvisionforP.S.and
contingencies@4%
34.75
6.62
12.036
56.34
3.303
6.26
4.2
6.3
5.4
222.72
264.72
42
25.305
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
465
1545
195.20
2291
6030
6030
1452
1650
2300
582
116
4230
335
10m3
1m3
10m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m2
m2
10m2
10m2
10m2
10m2
1615.90
10228.00
235.00
129075.00
19918.00
37748.00
6098.40
10395.00
12420.00
12962.30
3070.75
17766.00
8477.17
128090.00
16011.25
9606.75
2561.80
2561.80
5123.60
163955.23GrandTotal
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
38. 35 Estimation and Costing
Example 3 :- From the given figure below calculate the details and ab-
stract estimate for the single Storeyed residential building
with no of rooms (Load bearing type structure) by Centre
Line Method
Centrelinediagram
Total centre line length =(3.3+3.8)3+3.8×3+4.3×2=41.3m
no of T Junctions = 4
3.3
3.8
3.8
4.3
7.1
42. 39 Estimation and Costing
Example 4:- From the given figure below calculate the details and ab-
stract estimate for the single storeid residential building with
no.of rooms (Framed Structured type) by Centre Line
Method
46. 43 Estimation and Costing
Example 5 :- From the given figure below calculate the details and ab-
stract estimate for the two storeoied residential building with
no.of rooms (Framed Structured type) by Centre Line
Method
GroundFloorPlan
First Floor Plan
47. 44
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
FirstFloor
R.C.C.(1:1.5:3)for
a) Columns
b) Slabs
c)beams
d)lintelsoverdoors
windows
B.M.withCM(1:8)inthe
firstfloor
Parapetwall
Deductionsforopenings
Doors
Windows
PlasteringwithCM(1:4)
forwalls
forparapetwallsides
ParapetwallTop
Deductions
Doors
Windows
FlooringwithCM(1:3)
8
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
6
1x2
1x2
1
1
6
1
0.3
7.40
40.7
1.2
1.4
28.6
30.4
1.0
1.2
30.4
30.4
30.4
1.0
1.2
6.8
0.30
8.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
--
--
0.3
---
--
7.8
3.0
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.1
Total
3.0
0.6
2.0
1.5
3.0
0.6
--
2.0
1.5
Total
---
2.16
9.324
3.663
0.036
0.252
15.435
25.74
5.47
-0.6
-3.24
182.4
36.48
9.12
-2.0
-10.8
215.2
53.04
53.04
Thequantitiesofvariousitemsofthebuildingforthe Ground floorissameasprevious
problem.HerethequantitiesofvariousitemsofthebuildingfortheFirstfloorismen-
tionedhere.
Net BM = 25.74+5.47-0.6-3.24 = 27.372
PlasteringforceilingwithCM(1:3)=SameasFlooring
Whitewashingorcolourwashing=sameasceiling&BM
=53.04+215.2=268.24
The estimation of a staircase is mentioned sepa-
ratelyinthenextproblem
m3
m3
m2
m2
m2
m2
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
48. 45 Estimation and Costing
Example6:- EstimatetheQuantitiesofthepicturedroofshowninfigure
a) Sizeofcommonrafter=80x40mm
b) Size of ridege piece = 120x 200mm
c) Size of eaves board = 20 x 300mm
230mmthickbrickwall
Common rafters at 450mm c/c
Rise = 1/3Span
500
5.46
a)LengthofCommonrafter=
2
2
22
3
46.5
73.2
32
+=
+
Spanlength
= 3.28m
b) Length of ridge piece = 7.0+0.23x2 +0.5x2 = 8.46 m
c) Length of Eaves board = 2( 8.46+5.46) = 27.84m
S.No Description No L B H Qty Remarks
1 Ridge piece 1 8.46 0.12 0.20 0.20
2 Eaves Board 1 27.84 — 0.30 8.35 Unit of eaves
Board in m2
3 Common rafters 40 3.28 0.08 0.04 0.42
49. 46
Example- 7: - Calculate the quantities of items of the stair case of the
figure shown in below.
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
51. 48
Example 8:- From the given figure below calculate the details esti-
mate for the Compound Wall
230
450
300
1800
230
500
800
150
G L
Note: 1) Brick Pillers of size 230x 230 size are built every 3 meters
2) The expansion joints are provided for every 6m length
Plot
15x 12
Cross Section of the compound wall
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
54. 51 Estimation and Costing
EXERCISE
ShortAnswer Questions
1. Theinternaldimensionsofasingleroomedbuildingare5.75x3.75m.
Find the Centre line length of room and parapet. If the wall thickness of
room and parapet are 300mm and 250mm respectively.
2. The internal dimensions of a room are 6.25 x 4.25m. find the quantity of
sandfillinginbasemet.theheightandthicknessofbasementare750mm
and450mmrespectivelythewallthicknessofroomis230mm.
Essay Type Questions:
1. The plan and section of one roomed building
Calculatethefollowingquantitiesbya)centrallinemethod b)Longwall
&shortwallmethod.
i) Earth work excavation .
ii)CementConcreteforfoundation.
iii)BrickinCM1:6forfooting.
iv)BrickinCM1:6forwallsexcludingopenings
55. 52
2) Forabuildingdrawingshowninfigurecalculate
a) BrickworkinCM(1:6)infoundationfooting.
b) 12mmthickplasteringthewallsurfaceswithCM(1:6)forallsuper
structurewallsbycentrallinemethod.
c) Earthworkexcavationforthefoundation.
3) Reparethedetailedestimateforthefollowingitemsofworkfor
thebuildingshowninfigure.
a) R.C.C.(1:1.5:3)incolumnsuptogroundlevelonly.
b) R.C.C.(1:2:4)inplinthBleams
c) R.C.C. (1:2:4) in slab.
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
56. 53 Estimation and Costing
4) Preparethedetailedestimateforthefollowingitemsofworkfor a
buildingshown.
a) R.R. masonry in CM 1:6 for footings and basement.
b) Brick work in CM 1:6 for super structure.
c) PlasteringforceilingwithCM1:3
5) From the Hipped roof shown in sketch, calculate
a) LengthofHiprafter
b) RidgePiece
57. 54
6) For an R.C.C. Stair case shown in fig. Calculate the following
contents.
a) R.C.C. (1:2:4) for base beam, waist slab,Top and intermediate
landings.
b) Brick work in CM(1:4) for steps.
Detail & Abstract Estimates of Buildings
58. 55 Estimation and Costing
7) Thesectionofstepsatthefrontofaresidentialbuildingisshownin
fig.Calculate
a) Volume of BM in CM (1:5) for all three steps. the length of steps is
2.1m
b) Plastering with CM (1:4) for all three steps.
59. 56
Definition : In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors
affecting the rate of that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is de-
cidedforthatitem.Thisprocessofdeterminingtheratesofanitemistermedas
analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rates of particular item of work depends on the following.
1. Specificationsofworksandmaterialabouttheirquality,proportionandcon-
structionaloperationmethod.
2. Quantityofmaterialsandtheircosts.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance
charges.
5. Overheadandestablishmentcharges
6. Profit
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the
transport local taxes and other charges.
PurposeofAnalysisofrates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing
theparticularsitem.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract
bond, but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and
labour or due to change in technique.
Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates
The labour can be classified in to
1) Skilled1stclass
2) Skilled IInd Class
3) unskilled
Thelabourchargescanbeobtainedfromthestandardscheduleofrates
30%oftheskilledlabourprovidedinthedatamaybetakenasIstclass,remain-
ing 70% as II class. The rates of materials for Government works are fixed by
ANANANANANALALALALALYYYYYSIS OF RASIS OF RASIS OF RASIS OF RASIS OF RATESTESTESTESTES
Chapter
5
60. 57 Estimation and Costing
thesuperintendentEngineerforhiscircleeveryyearandapprovedbytheBoard
of Chief Engineers. These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of
rates.
Lead statement: The distance between the source of availability of material
and construction site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of
convenayce of material depends on lead.
This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It in-
cludesfirstcost,convenayceloading,unloadingstacking,chargesetc.
Therateshownintheleadstatementareformettalledroadandinclude
loading and staking charges . The environment lead on the metalled roads are
arrivedbymultiplyingbyafactor
a) for metal tracks - lead x 1.0
b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1
c) For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4
Note: For 1m3
wet concrete = 1.52m3
dry concrete approximately
SP.Wt of concrete= 1440 kg/m3
(or) 1.44 t/m3
1 bag of cement = 50 Kg
Example1:-CalculatetheQuantityofmaterialforthefollowingitems.
a) R.C.C. (1:2:4) for 20m3
of work
b) R.C.C. (1:3:6) for 15m3
of work
a) Quantity of cement required =
)421(
1
++
x 1.52 ×20 = 4.14m3
x
50
1440
=119.26 bags
QuantityofSandrequired =
)421(
2
++
×1.52x20=8.28m3
Quantity of cource aggreate =
7
4
x1.52x20 = 16.56m3
b) Quantityofcementrequired=
10
1
×1.52 x 1.5 = 2.28m3
x
50
1440
=65.66
Quantity of sand required =
10
3
x 1.52x 15 = 6.84m3
QuantityofCA required =
10
6
×1.52x15= 13.68m3
Bags
61. 58
Example2:-Calculatethequantityofmaterialsforthefollowingitems.
a) C.M. (1:4) for 1m3
of work
b) CM (1:6) for 1m3
of work
Hint: Cement will go to fill up the volds in sand. So total volume was be 4
instead of 1+4=5
a) Quantity of Cement required =
4
1
×1=0.25m3
=0.25x
50
1440
=7.2bags
Quantity of Sand required =
4
4
×1=1m3
b) Quantity of cement required =
6
1
×1=0.16m3
=0.16 x
50
1440
=4.8bags
Quantityofsand required =
6
6
×1 =1m3
Example3:-CalculatetheQuantityofCementrequiredinbagsforthefollow-
ingitems.
a) B.M. in CM(1:3) for 15 cum of work using 0.2m3
of CM required for
1m3
of Brick work
b) RCC (1:2:4) for 20m3
of work
Sol : a) 1m3
of Brick work - 0.2m3
of CM(1:3)
15 m3
of Brick work = 15×0.2=3m3
Quantity of cement required in bags =
3
1
×3 ×
50
1440
=28.8bags
b) Quantity of Cement required in bags=
7
1
x 1.52×20×
50
1440
=125 bags
Example4:-CalculatethequantityofCementrequiredinbagsforthefollowing
itemsof
work.
a) C.C. (1:4:8) usy 40mm HBG metals for 30m3
of work
b) RR masanry in CM(1:5) very 0.34m3
of CM for 1m3
of masanry for
20mof work
sol : a) Quantity of Cement required =
13
1
×1.52×30×
50
1440
=101bags
b) 1m3
of RR masanry = 0.34m3
of CM (1:5)
20 m3
of RR masanry required = ? 20x 0.34=6.8m3
Quantityofcementrequired =
5
1
×6.8×
50
1440
=39.2bags
Analysis of Rates
64. 61 Estimation and Costing
Example 7:- Prepare a data sheet &calculate the cost of the following items
ofworks:
a) Plasteringwithcementmortar(1:4),20mmthickunit-10m2
0.21m3
C.M. (1:4)
0.66 Nos. Brick layer I class
1.54 Nos. Brick layer II Class
0.5 No.s Men Mazdoors
3.2 Nos. Womenmazdoors
L.S. Sundries.
b) R.R. Masonry in C.M. (1:6) -1m3
1.1 m3
Roughstones
0.34 m3
C.M. (1:6)
0.54 No.s Mason I Class
1.26 Nos. Mason II Class
1.40 Nos. Menmazdoors
1.40 Nos. Womenmazdoors
LS. Sundries.
Lead Statement of materials:
Labour Charges :
1. Mason / Brick layer I Class Rs.100=00 per day.
2. Mason /Brick layer II class Rs. 80=00 per day
3. Men mazdoor Rs. 60=00 per day
4. Women mazdoor Rs. 60=00 per day
5. Mixing charges of cement mortar Rs. 16=00perm3
S.No. Materials
Cost at
Source
Rs. -- Ps.
Per
Conveyance
Charges
per km
Roughstone
Sand
Cement
Leadin
Km
1
2
3
260=00
12=00
2100=00
m3
m3
10kn
or
1tonne
18
25
Local
5=00/m3
4=00/m3
-
65. 62
Lead Statement :
Per
S.No. Material Cost at
Source
Leadin
KM
Conveyance
Charge
Rs.
Total
convenyance
ChargeRs.
Total
cost
Rs.
1
2
3
RoughStone
sand
Cement
260.00
12.00
2100
m3
m3
10KN
or
1tonne
18
25
Local
500/m3
4.00/m3
---
90.00
100.00
---
350.00
112.00
2100/
tonne
a) Plaster with CM (1:4), 20mm thick, unit-10m2
Cost of CM (1:4) for 0.21m3
cost of Cement =
× 44.1x21.0
4
1
×2100= 158.76
Cost of Sand =
× 21.0
4
4
×112 = 23.52
Total Cost Rs. 182.28
Unit
182.28
66.00
123.20
30.00
192.00
28.16
3.36
625.00TotalRs.
S.No. Description Quantity Rate per Amount
1
2
3
4
5
6
7.
CM(1:4)
Brick layer I class
Brick layer II Class
Menmazdoors
Womenmazdoors
MixingCharges
Sundrys
0.21
0.66
1.54
0.5
3.2
0.21
L.S.
m3
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
m3
182.28
100
80
60
60
16
0.21m3
day
day
day
day
m3
b) RR Masanry in CM (1:6) -1m3
Cost of CM (1:6) for 0.34m3
Cost of Cement =
× 44.1x34.0
6
1
×2100 = 171.36
Cost of Sand =
× 34.0
6
6
×112 = 38.08
Total Cost Rs. 209.44
Analysis of Rates
66. 63 Estimation and Costing
385.00
209.44
54.00
10.08
84.00
84.00
5.44
18.04
850.00/m3
TotalRs.
Example 8:-Prepare a data sheet and calculate the cost of the items given
below:
a) BrickmasonryinC.M.(1:6)withcountrybricks-unitIcum.
600Nos. country bricks.
0.38m3
C.M.(1:6)
1.40Nos. Mason
0.7 Nos. Man Mazdoor
2.1 Nos.Woman Mazdoor
L.S. Sundries.
b) C.C.(1:5:10)using40mmHBGmetalunit1cum.
0.92m3
....... 40mmsizeHBGmetal
0.46m3
....... Sand
0.092m3
..... Cement
0.2 Nos ...... Mason
1.8 Nos ...... Man Mazdoor
1.4 Nos. ...... Woman Mazdoor
L.S. ............ Sundries.
LeadStatementofmaterials:
S.No. Description Quantity Rate per Amount
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RoughStone
CM(1:6)
Mason IClass
Mason II Class
Men Mazdoors
Women Mazdoors
MixingCharges
Sundries
1.1
0.34
0.54
1.26
1.40
1.40
0.34
L.S.
m3
m3
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
m3
350
209.44
100.00
8.00
60.00
60.00
16.00
m3
0.34m3
day
day
day
day
m3
Quantity Unit
S.No. Material Cost at Source
Rs. Ps.
Per Leadin
Km
Conveyance
ChargesperKm
1
2
3
4
40mmHBGmetal
Sand
Brickscountry
Cement
210=00
16=00
780=00
2600=00
m3
m3
1000Nos
10KN
or
1tonne
16
18
atsite
atsite
Rs.6=00/m3
Rs.3=00/m3
--
--
67. 64
Labour charges:
i) Mason- Rs. 90 per day.
ii) Man Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day
iii) Woman Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day.
iv) Mixing Charges of C.M. Rs. 20=00 per m3
.
Lead Statement :
Sl.
No.
Material Cost at
Source
Leadin
KM
Conveyance
Charge
Rs.
Total
conveyance
ChargeRs.
Total
cost
Rs.
1
2
3
4
40mmHBGmetal
sand
Countrybricks
Cement
210.00
16.00
780.00
2600
m3
m3
1000nos
10kn
or
1tonne
16
18
at Site
Atsite
Rs.6/m3
Rs.3/m3
---
---
96.00
54.00
---
---
306.00
70.00
780.00
2600/t
Per
a) B.M. CM(1:6) with country bricks - 1m3
CM (1:6) - 0.38m3
Cost of Cement =
×× 44.138.0
6
1
×2600= 237.12
Cost of Sand =
× 38.0
6
6
× 70 = 26.60
Total Cost Rs. 263.72
769.23
263.72
126.00
147.00
7.60
86.44
1400.00TotalRs.
S.No. Description Quantity Rate per Amount
Rs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
CountryBricks
CM (1:6)
Mason
Manmazdoors
MixingCharges
Sundries
600
0.38
1.4
2.1
0.38
L.S
Nos
m3
Nos
Nos
m3
780
263.72
90
70
20
1000
0.38m3
day
day
m3
Unit
Analysis of Rates
68. 65 Estimation and Costing
S.No. Description Quantity Rate per Amount
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
40mmHBGmetal
Sand
Cement
Mason
Manmazdoor
womenMazdoor
Mixingcharges
Sundries
0.92
0.46
0.092
0.2
1.80
1.4
1.0
L.S
m3
m3
m3
Nos
Nos
Nos
m3
306
70
2600
90
70
70
20
m3
m3
t
Nos
Nos
Nos
m3
Unit
b) CC (1:5:10) using 40mm HBG metal -1m3
281.52
32.20
344.45
18.00
126.00
98.00
20.00
4.83
925.00 /m3
TotalRs.
70. 67 Estimation and Costing
Preparation of Unit rates for finished items of words
I a) Cement Concrete in foundation (1:5:10)
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
40mmHBGMetal
Sand
Cement
Mason Ist Class
Mason 2nd Class
Manmazdoor
Women Mazdoor
Add Extra 15%on M.L
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
0.92
0.46
0.092
0.06
0.14
1.80
1.40
Cum
cum
Cum
No
No
No
No
547.75
284.80
2700.00
150.00
131.00
101.00
101.00
Cum
Cum
MT
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
503.93
131.00
357.70
9.00
18.34
181.80
141.40
52.58
1395.75
55.83
0.42
1452.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10
b). Cement Concrete in foundation (1:4:8)
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
40mmHBGMetal
Sand
Cement
Mason Ist Class
Mason 2nd Class
Manmazdoor
Women Mazdoor
Add Extra 15%on M.L
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
0.92
0.46
0.115
0.06
0.14
1.80
1.40
Cum
Cum
Cum
No
No
No
No
547.75
284.80
2700.00
150.00
131.00
101.00
101.00
Cum
Cum
MT
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
503.93
131.00
447.12
9.00
18.34
181.80
141.40
52.58
1485.17
59.40
0.43
1545.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10
2) R.C.C.Works
V.R.C.C.(1:2:4) Nominal mix using 20mm Normal size hard broken
granitemetalapprovedquarrywithnecessaryreinforcementincludingcasting,
curingcost&conveyanceofallmaterials.
Total Rs.
TotalRs.
71. 68
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
V.P.C.C (1:2:4)
CenteringCharges
Steel @0.5% = 0.5/
100=0.005m3
(0.005x7.85t/m3 =
0.04t
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
1.00
1.00
0.04
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
430.00
34580.00
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
430.00
1383.20
4185.60
167.40
0.00
4353.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
c) V.R.C.C (1:2:4) for bed blocks, column footings including form work
centering charges
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
20mmHBGMetal
Sand
Cement
Mason Ist Class
Manmazdoor
Women Mazdoor
Vibratingcharges
Machinymixingconcrete
Add Extra 15%on M.L
0.92
0.46
0.23
0.2
1.8
1.4
1.0
1.0
Cum
cum
Cum
No
No
No
Cum
Cum
797.75
284.80
2700.00
180.00
131.00
101.00
101.00
28.80
Cum
Cum
MT
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
cum
733.93
131.00
894.24
30.00
235.80.
141.40
101.00
28.80
76.23
2372.40
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
2 a) P.C.C.(1:2:4)
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
cost of steel
Fabricationcharges
Add 15% on M.L.
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
1.00
1.00
MT
MT
27500
5.00
MT
Kg
27500.00
5000.00
750.00
33250.00
1330.00
0.00
34580.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b) For steel reinforcement
TotalRs.
TotalRs.
TotalRs.
Analysis of Rates
72. 69 Estimation and Costing
S.No. DescrtiptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
V.P.C.C. (1:2:4)
CenteringCharges
Steelforcolumns,beams
@1.5% =1.5/
100x7.85=0.117t
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
1.00
1.00
0.117
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
675.00
34580.00
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
675.00
4072.00
7119.40
284.77
0.83
7405.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d) V.R.C.C (1:2:4) for columns rectangular beams, pedastals including
form work at centering charges.
S.No. DescrtiptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
V.P.C.C (1:2:4)
CenteringCharges
Steel for slabs
@1% =1/100 x 7.85 =
0.0785 t
Add T.O.T. @4%
Sundries
1.00
10.00
0.0785
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
710.00
34580.00
Cum
Cum
MT
2372.40
710.00
2714.53
5796.63
231.87
1.20
6030.00
1.
2.
3.
e) V.R.C.C (1:2:4) for slabs, lintels including form work at centering
charges upto 100mm, thick
3. Pointing to R.R.Masonary in CM(1:4) mix using cost & conveyance
of Cement, sand and all materials from approved sources to site
and labour charges for point neatly etc.
TotalRs.
TotalRs.
73. 70
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
Cost of CM(1:4)
Cement =
09.0x44.1
4
1
×
Sand = 09.0
4
1
×
MiningCharges
mason Ist Class
2nd Class
Manmazdoor
Women Mazdoor
Add 15% on ML
Add TOT @ 4%
Sundries
0.09
0.032
0.09
1.0
0.48
1.12
0.50
1.10
Cum
t
Cum
Cum
Nos.
Nos
Nos
Nos
2700.00
284.80
32.50
150.00
131.00
101.00
101.00
Mt
Cum
Cum
Nos
Nos
Nos
Nos
87.48
25.63
32.50
72.00
146.72
55.00
111.10
57.72
588.15
23.53
0.32
612.00
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4. Cement concrete flooring (1:2:4) using 12mm HBG machine crushed
chips from approved quarry to site of work including curing cost and
conveyance of all materials completed.
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12mmHBGmetal
crushedchips
Sand
Cement
(0.23m3
x1.44=0.33t
Mason ISt class
2nd Class
Manmazdoor
Women Mazdoor
Add 15% Extra on ML
Add TOT @4%
Sundries
0.92
0.46
0.23
(or)0.331
0.06
0.14
1.80
1.40
Cum
cum
cum
MT
Nos
nos
nos
nos
680.25
284.80
2700
150.00
131.00
101.00
101.00
cum
cum
mt
nos
nos
nos
nos
625.83
131.00
894.24
9.00
18.34
181.80
141.40
52.58
2054.19
82.17
0.64
2137.00
TotalRs.
Total Rs.
Analysis of Rates
74. 71 Estimation and Costing
5 a) Supply and fixing teak wood fully panneled with 10x 4 cm styles, and
10x4cm rails and 3.5CM TH panels with teak wood fram of 6.25x 10cm size
including cost of hold fasts, but hinges and labour charges for fixing door in
position and fixing furniture etc., complete for one door of size 1.100 x 2.00 of
area 2.2 sqm.
Requirements :
i) Verticals = 2x 2.0 x 0.10 x 0.0625 = 0.0250
ii) Horizontals = 1x 1.10 x 0.10 x 0.0625 = 0.0068
iii) Styles = 4x 1.937 x 0.10 x 0.04 = 0.0300
iv) Rails = 2x 5x 0.5075 x 0.10 x 0.04 = 0.0020
v) Planks = 2x 4x 0.364 x 0.3475 x .035= 0.0354
0.0090m3
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
wood Cost
ButtHinges
Z-holdfasts
Cost of labour
0.009
6
6
2.2
Cum
Nos
Nos
sqm
25000
20
10
800
cum
each
each
sqm
Total
2470.00
120.00
60.00
1760.00
4410.00
Cost of door per 1m2
= 4410/ 2.2 = 2004.54 say Rs.2010/-
75. 72
5 b) Supply and fixing teak wood fully panneled with 10x 4 cm styles, and
10x4cm rails and 3.5CM TH panels with teak wood fram of 6.25x 10cm size
includingcostofholdfasts,buthingesandlabourchargesforfixingwindowin
position and fixing furniture etc., complete for one window of size 1.0x1.2 of
area 1.2 sqm.
Requirements :
i) Verticals = 3x1.2 x 0.10 x 0.0625 = 0.0225
ii) Horizontals = 3x 1.00 x 0.10 x 0.0625 = 0.0188
iii) Styles = 4x 2 x 0.10 x 0.04 = 0.0160
iv) Rails = 4x 2x 0.4062 x 0.10 x 0.04 = 0.0012
v) Planks = 4x 0.3102x 0.2102 x0.03 = 0.0070
0.0076m3
S.No. DescriptionofItem Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
wood Cost
ButtHinges
Z-holdfasts
Cost of labour
0.0076
6
4
1.2
Cum
Nos
Nos
sqm
25000
20
10
1000
cum
each
each
sqm
Total
1900.00
120.00
40.00
1200.00
3260.00
Cost of door per 1m2
= 3260/ 1.2 = 2716.67 say Rs.2720/-
Analysis of Rates
76. 73 Estimation and Costing
EXERCISE
ShortAnswer Questions
1. CalculatetheCementcontentsforthefollowing
a) C.C.(1:510) using 40mm H.B.G.Metal for 25m3
work
b) Brick work in CM (1:6) using country Bricks for 15m3
of work if
0.38 m3
of CM(1:6) is required for 1m3
of Brick work.
2. CalculatetheRatesoffollowingmaterialsbyusingtheleadstatement
givenbelow.
No. Material Rate of Source Lead in KM Conveyance
Charge perST CT MT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cement
Bricks
Sand
40mmHBG
Metal
3
1
4
2
2
1
3
1
3
5
5
2
Rs.2.5/m3
Rs.40/1000Nos/Km
Rs.12.00 / km/cum
Rs.7.50/Km/m3
Rs.2100/10KN(tonn)
Rs.850/100nos
Rs. 15/m3
Rs. 250/m3
Essay type Questions
1 Prepare a data sheet and calculate the cost of the items given below:
a) BrickmasonryinC.M.(1:6)withcountrybricks-unitIcum.
600Nos. country bricks.
0.38m3
C.M.(1:6)
1.40Nos. Masons
0.7 Nos. Man Mazdoor
2.1 Nos. Woman Mazdoor
L.S. Sundries.
b) C.C.(1:5:10)using40mmHBGmetalunit1cum.
0.92m3
....... 40mmsizeHBGmetal
0.46m3
....... Sand
0.092m3
..... Cement
0.2 Nos ...... Mason
1.8 Nos ...... Man Mazdoor
1.4 Nos. ...... Woman Mazdoor
L.S. ............ Sundries.
LeadStatementofmaterials:
S.No. Material Cost at Source
Rs. Ps.
Per Leadin
Km
Conveyance
ChargesperKm
1
2
3
4
40mmHBGmetal
Sand
Brickscountry
Cement
210=00
16=00
780=00
2600=00
m3
m3
1000Nos
10KN or
1tonne
16
18
atsite
atsite
Rs.6=00/m3
Rs.3=00/m3
--
--
Labour charges:
i) Mason- Rs. 90 per day.
ii)Man Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day
iii)Woman Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day.
iv)Mixing Charges of C.M. Rs. 20=00
per m3
.
77. 74
ESTIMAESTIMAESTIMAESTIMAESTIMATION OF QTION OF QTION OF QTION OF QTION OF QUUUUUANTITIESANTITIESANTITIESANTITIESANTITIES
OF STEEL & R.C.C. ELEMENTSOF STEEL & R.C.C. ELEMENTSOF STEEL & R.C.C. ELEMENTSOF STEEL & R.C.C. ELEMENTSOF STEEL & R.C.C. ELEMENTS
Chapter
6
Example 1: Prepare the bar bending schedule of the given figure for R.C.C.
beam.
83. 80
EXERCISE
1) Prepare the Bar bending schedule for the beam shown below.
2)PreparetheBarbendingscheduleofasimplysupportedR.C.C.Lintelsfrom
thefollowingspecification:
Sizeoflintel300mmwidex200mmdepth.MainbarsintensionzoneofFe
250(grade I) 3 bars of 16mm dia., one bar is cranked through 450
at 170
mmfromeachend
2 No. anchor bars at top 8mm dia.
Twoleggedstirrups@150mmc/cof6mmdia.throughout.
Clear span of thelintel is1150mm.
Bearingoneithersideis150mm.
Estimation of Quantities of Steel of R.C.C. Elements
84. 81 Estimation and Costing
EARTH WORKEARTH WORKEARTH WORKEARTH WORKEARTH WORK
CALCALCALCALCALCULACULACULACULACULATIONSTIONSTIONSTIONSTIONS
Chapter
7
7.1Introduction:-
GenerallyalltheCivilEngineeringprojectslikeroads,railways,earthdams,
canal bunds, buildings etc. involves the earth work.This earth work may be
eitherearthexcavationorearthfillingorSometimesbothwillgetaccordingto
the desired shape and level. Basically the volume of earthwork is computed
fromlength,breadth,anddepthofexcavationorfilling.
Inthischapterthevariousmethodsofcalculatingtheearthworkquantities
shallbediscussed.
7.2 Lead and Lift:
Lead:
Itistheaveragehorizontaldistancebetweenthecentreofexcavationtothe
centre of deposition. The unit of lead is 50m.
Lift :
Itistheaverageheightthroughwhichtheearthhastobeliftedfromsource
totheplaceofspreadingorheaping.Theunitofliftis2.00mforfirstliftandone
extra lift for every 1.0m. for example when earth is to be lifted for 4.5m, Four
lifts are to be paid to the contractor.
i.e. Upto2.0- 1lift
1.0 - 1Lift
1.0 - 1lift Total 04 lifts
0.5 - 1lift
7.3 Calculation of earth work for Roads:
7.3.1case1)volumeofearthworkinbankingorincuttinghaving"nolongitudi-
nalslope".
}
85. 82
Volume= Crosectionalareaxlength
V = (bd+2x1/2x ndx d)L
V = (bd+nd2
)L
Case 2:
Whenthegroundisinlongitudinalslopeortheformationhasuniformgradi-
ent for a length the earth work may be calculated by the following methods.
1. By Mid Section or Mid ordinate method.
Where d1
, d2
= depth of banks at two ends
Earth work Calculations
86. 83 Estimation and Costing
Mid ordinate (or)Average depth (dm
) =
2
dd 21 +
Area of mid section (Am) = )ndbd( 2
mm +
volume of earth work (v) =Am
x L= L)ndbd( 2
mm ×+
ii)Trepezoidalformula:(fortwosections)
Inthismethodalsocalledmeansectionalareamethod
LetA1
&A2
be two areas at two ends.
A= )ndbd( 2
11 + , A2
= )ndbd( 2
22 +
Am
=
2
AA 21 +
Volume of earth work (v) =Am ×L
iii)Trepezoidalformulaforaseriesofc/sareasatequalintervals.
LetA1
,A2
,A3
.......An
are the cross sectional areas along L.S of Road 'L" is
the distance between two cross sections
Thevolumeofearthwork
V=
++++
+
− )A.....AA(
2
AA
L 1n32
n1
(or)
= [ ])A.....AA(2)AA(
2
L
1n32n1 −+++++
=
2
length
[ (sum of first and last areas ) + 2(remaingAreas) ]
iv)Prismoidalformulaforaseriesofcrosssectionalareasatequalintervals.
Note : This method is adopted when there is odd number of cross sections.
Volume of earth work
V= [ ])A......AA(2)A.....AAA(4)AA(
3
L
2n531n642n1 −− ++++++++++
=
3
length
(Sum of first and last areas)+4(even areas)+2(oddAreas)]
87. 84
Example 7.1 : Find the volume of earth work in embankment of length 12m.
Top width is 5.5m and depth is 2.5m the side slopes ara 1½:1
Sol : Top width b=5.5m
Depth d= 2.5m
side slopes =1½:1 i.e. n=1.5
lengthL=12m
Volume of earth workV = (bd+nd2
)L
= (5.5 ×2.5+1.5×2.52
)12
= 77.5m3
Example 7.2 : The depths at two ends of an embankment of road of length
70m are 2m and 2.5m. The formation width and side slopes are 8m and 2:1
respectively.EstimatetheQuantityofearthworkby
a) Mid Sectional Area (ii)Mean sectional Area method.
Sol: a) b=8m, d1=2m, d2=2.5m, l=70m, n=2
Mean depth dm
=
2
dd 21+
=
2
5.22+
=2.25m
Mid sectionalArea =Am = bdm+ndm2
= (8x2.25+2x2.252
)2=28.125m2
Volume of earth work (V)=AmxL= 28.125x70=1968.75m3
.
b) Area of c/s at one end A1
= bd1
+nd1
2
= 8x2+2x22
=24m2
Area of C/s at other end A2=bd2
+nd2
2
=8×2.5+2×2.52
=32.5m2
Mean Sectional Area (Am) =
2
AA 21 +
=
2
5.3224+
=28.25m2
Volume of earth work (V)=AmxL=28.25x70=1977.5m3
.
Example 7.3
The following width of road embank ment is 10m. The side slopes are 2:1
The depth along the centre line road at 50m intervals are 1.25, 1.10, 1.50, 1.20,
1.0,1.10, 1.15m calculate the Quantity of earth work by
a) Midsectionalrule
b) Trepezoidalrule
c) Prismoidalrule
a) Mid Sectional rule : b=10m, n=2.
5.5
1½:1
2.5
Earth work Calculations
97. 94
Chainage 0 20 40 60 62.5
Area 19.74 16.56 12.01 1.215 0.00
volofearthworkinembankment
here the intervals are not equal so we have to take the seperate volumes from
oth chainage to 60th chainage and 60th chainage to 62.5 chainage
V = 62.5)-vol(6060)-(0Vol +
=
+
+
++
+
2
0.001.215
2.5)01.1256.16(
2
215.174.19
20
= 782.46m3
ByPrismoidal
V = [ ] [ ])00.0215.1(
3
5.2
01.12256.164)215.174.19(
3
20
++×+×++
= 742.44 m3
Volofearthworkincutting
Chainage 62.5 80 100 120
Area 0.00 9.135 15.015 19.74
Volume (v) = vol (62.5-80)+Vol (80-120)
ByTripezoidalformula
V =
+
+
+
+
015.15
2
74.19135.9
20
2
135.90
5.17
= 668.98m3
ByPrismoidal
v = [ ] ( )[ ]015.15474.19135.9
3
20
1359.0
3
5.17
×++++
= 646.18 m3
Earth work Calculations
98. 95 Estimation and Costing
EXERCISE
ShortAnswer Questions
1. Statethefollowingformulaewithusualnotation
a)Prismoidalformula
b)Trepezoidalformula
2.Foranembankment90mlongofuniformgradientwhentheheightofbankis
2.4matoneendand1.8mattheotherendthewidthofembankmentattop
is8manditssideslopes2verticalto1Horizontalcalculatethequantity of
earthworkbya)MidSectionalareamethodb)Meansectionalareamethod.
3. Find the earthwork in embankment between 5/2km to 5/5km of the pro-
posed road whose c/s is given below.
Essay type questions
1. The road has the following data
Chainageinm 0 30 60 90 120
G.L.inm 25.8 26.5 27.2 28.1 28.5
TheFormationlevelatchinagezerois28andhavingtherisinggradientof
1 in 100 the top width is 10m and the side slopes are 1½ horizontal to 1
verticalAssuming transverse slope is level calculate the volume of earth
work.
2. Thereducedlevelofgroundalongthecentrelineofaproposedroadfrom
chaiage0to6aregivenbelow.Theformationlevelat'0'chainageis10.00
and the road is in down ward gradient of 1in 100 formation width of road
is 10m and side slopes are 2:1 for both banking and cutting. Length of
chainis20mcalculatethequantityofearthworkrequiredbya)Trepezoidal
ruleb)Prismoidalrule.
Chainage 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
RLofground 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.2 6.5
3.5
1.85 2:1
99. 96
DETAILED ESTIMATES
Chapter
8
A) Gravel Road
A gravel road comprising of a gravel of thickness 100mm compacted
thickness and compacted by hand roller.Agravel is placed over an earthern
formation which is compacted by a 2 tonne roller.
Theestimateofgravelroadconsistsofdeterminingthefolloiwngquantities.
i) Earth work excavation and depositing on bank and compaction
ii)collectionofgravel
iii)spreadingcompactinggraveltoOMC
Example8.1:-Findtheestamationofagravelroadforthefigshownbelow.for
a proposed road from 0km to 12km.
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
1 a)Earthworkexcavationanddepositingonbarkwithan
intialleadandliftofsoilforformationandfilingofpits,pot
holes etc.
Area of C/s at O km (A) = 10x1.2+2x1.22
= 14.88m2
Area of C/s at 6 Km (A2) = 10x0.8+2x0.82
= 9.28m2
Area of C/s. at 12 km (A3) = 10x 0.6+2x0.62
= 6.72m2
Vol of earth work =
+
+
28.9
2
72.688.14
600 = 12048m3
b) Add extra for pits & pot holes LS = 52m3
Total 12100 m3
Deduct for gravel = 1 x 1200 x 5 x 0.1 = 600 m3
Net Earth work = 12100-600=11,500m3
10m
1.2 2:1
10m
0.6 2:1
10m
0.8 2:1
C/s at 0km C/s at 6km C/s at 12km
10m
1.2 2:15m
100mm
100. 97 Estimation and Costing
Cement concrete road
C.C. road is laid over an existing W.B.M road, In certain cases. It is
laid over a prepared sub grade and a base course is provided. The concrete
used for roads is M15 grade using 20mm H.B.G. metal while for base course a
concreteof1:4:8using40mmHBGmetalthestagesofEstimationsofaC.C.road
is
a) Earth work excavation and deposting on the bank
b) Cement concrete (1:4:8) for base course
c) Cement concrete (1:2:8) for wearing course.
Example 8.2:- CalculationfortheestimationofaC.C.roadforalengthof100m
and width of C.C.road is 3.50m with 100mm thickness of earh layer.
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
1 C.C.(1:4:8)forbasecourse
includingcostandconvey-
anceofallmaterialsatsite
machinemixing,layingcur-
ingetc.
1 100 3.5 0.1 35. cum
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
Collectionofgravelin-
cludingcost&convey-
anceetccomplete50%
allowance is given for
OMCcompaction.
Spreadingofgraveland
watering
Unforceanitems@2%
Toolsandplant@1%
P.S. and continsecis @
4%
1
1
1200
1200
5.00
5.00
0.15
---
900m3
6000m2
L.S.
L.S
L.S
2
3
4
5
C.C.(1:2:4)forpavement
Provisionformasticpads
Unforceanitems@2%
Pettysupervision@4%
1 100 3.5 0.1 35cum
L.S.
L.S.
L.S
101. 98
Example 8.3 :- Prepare an estimate for 1 Km length of C.C. track or the fig
shownbelow.
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
1
2.
C.C.(1:2:4)intracks
includinglaying
layingofkankar
(forloosethickness
increasewith33 3
1
%)
a)inbetweenC.Ctracks
b)underC.C.tracks
2
1
2
1000
1000
1000
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.1
0.133
0.20
120m3
120
360
480 m3
900900
600 600
1500
150
100C.C(1:4:8)
Kankar
Detailed Estimates
102. 99 Estimation and Costing
Example8.4:-Calculatethequantitiesofdifferentitemsofthefigureshown
inbelow
SEPTIC TANK
110. 107 Estimation and Costing
S.No. ParticularsofItems No. L B H Q Explanation
7.
8
9
Layingofjoining100mm
popiesincludingearth
work
Encavation,sandfilling
packingjointsetc
complets
L=12+0.23+1.6/2
Unforcean itemsof
work@2%
Pettysupervisionand
contingencies@4%
1
1
1
13.03
--
---
---
--
---
13.03
LS
LS
RM
EXERCISE
1. Calculatethequantitiesofvariouselementsofthefigureshowninbelow.
111. 108
2. Prepare a detailed estimate for following items of work of "SOAKPIT"
from thegivenfigure
a) 800mmsizebrickjelly.
b) 40mmsizebrickjelly.
c) Gravel,
d) Brickmasonryin C.M.(1:6):
Detailed Estimates
112. 109 Estimation and Costing
APPENDEX
Quantities of Materials and their Costs:
The includes the quantities of various materials for unit quantity of an
item followed by the specification and costs of various materilas. the cost in-
cludesfirstcost,freight,transportationandinsurancecharges.
Labour and Cost:
Thisincludes thenumberandwagesofdifferentcategeriesoflabourers.
Skilled,unskilledetc.,
Cost of Equipment:
For big projects it is necessary to use special type of tools and plants
likespecialtypeofmixedconcretetransportvehiclecalledtripingwagons,cranes
etc. in order to purchase such tools and plants and amount of 2 to 3% of esti-
mated cost is provided in the estimate.
Over head Charges:
This includes office rent, depreciation of equipments, salaies of office
staff,postage,lightingtravellingallowances,telephonebills.thecontractormay
provide small tooks like ladders, trowels, ropes etc., fo his workmen.Here an
amount of 5% of estimated cost is provided towards overhead charges.
Profit:
Generally 105 of estimated cost is considered for contractor's profit
after allowing the charges of equipments and establishments. For small job s
15% and large works 8% profit is considered.
Standard Data Book:
This book gives the quantities of materials and labour required for unit
itemofwork.
Standard scheduled of rates:
The rates of materials and wages of laboures are fixed by superintend-
ing Engineer for this cicle for evey year.And these rates ae approved by board
of enginees. The S.S.R. for 2002-2003 is presented in the last pages.
Water Charges:
For drinking and for work,s the arrangement of water is done either by
sinking tubewellorbygivingconnectiontotheworksitefromcorporationby
a pipe line. Centrally 1% of estimated.