Essay About Module 1 Homework

Essay about Module 1 Homework
Module 01 Homework Assignment Use the information presented in this module along with additional outside research to answer the questions: 1.
Describe how applied microbiology is used to improve aspects of life and the environment. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms (VanMeter,
VanMeter, & Hubert, n.d., p.3). These are all of the things not visible to the human eye. With the study of microbiology, it enables us to find things
such as viruses and bacteria. This is helpful because sickness and certain outbreaks can be prevented. In turn, this creates a safer more stable
environment. 2. Describe how the table of elements is ordered and discuss four common elements in living organisms. Elements are ordered on the...
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OSHA created a biosafety program. This provides rules and guidelines for handling and storing chemicals in the laboratory. The program contains
everything you need to be safe in the lab. It also lays out an exposure plan in case someone were to get something in the lab. (VanMeter, VanMeter, &
Hubert, n.d., p.101). 6. Discuss the technique and importance of proper hand washing and describe at least two other types of hand cleaning/sanitizing
techniques. Hands should be washed with soap and warm running water. The should also be washed for 20 seconds paying special attention to the
back of the hand, the wrist, between the fingers and under the nail. Rinse well and dry with a single use towel. Always turn the water off with the
towel. Aint–bacterial hand sanitizer is also effective. Alcohol can also be used. (VanMeter, VanMeter, & Hubert, n.d., p.100
–101). 7. Name five pieces
of information provided by the NIOSH Pocket guide to Chemical Hazards found at www.cdc.gov. 1.Water flush immed | If this chemical contacts the
skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin
with water. Get medical attention promptly. | 2.Water flush prompt | If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water
promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water
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Fatty Acid and Test Specific Objective
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
LIPIDS
I NUR 4
GROUP 9
POLICARPIO, JOHN PAUL (A & B)
QUERUBIN, KIMBERLY (C & D)
QUILALA, REGENE (E & F1)
RAMOS, PRACCEDES (F2a & F2b)
SABALDICCA, VENZ (F2c & F2d)
INTRODUCTION Lipids are organic compounds found in living organisms that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water but soluble in non–polar
organic solvents.
Lipids can be classified into four groups which are –fats, oils, and waxes, –compound lipids, –steroids, and –derived lipids.
Various experiments are done on lipids. Some tests are for saturation, presence of certain compounds, or for the different chemical reactions that lipids
undergo.
Lipids may be composed of esters, amides, alcohols, cyclic, acyclic, or polycyclic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is predominantly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Many classes of lipids also contain nitrogen and phosphorus. The relative
amounts of these elements, as well as their structural positions, determine the degree of solubility of the lipid in various solvents. Lipids with high
hydrocarbon content are relatively nonpolar in nature and insoluble in water. The ionic character of a lipid can be altered by changes in solvent pH. For
example, if the solvent contains a strong acid or a strong base, hydrolysis of some of the ester bonds will occur. When this happens, the products of
hydrolysis may have solubility properties very different from those of the original lipid molecule.

Structures of the different Samples and Solvents
Sample 1: Vegetable Oil (Oleic acid)
Oleic acid has the chemical formula C17H33COOH
Due to its large nonpolar portion, oleic acid is insoluble in water and, being less dense than water, it floats on the water surface. The polar–COOH
end, however, is attracted to water molecules. So, a thin coating of oleic acid on the surface of water results

The Game Of Soccer : The Atp / Pc System
1. Soccer is one of the most demanding of all sports. The game is played on one of the largest fields of any sport, for the longest sustained time and
with the least amount of breaks. Players in a soccer team are in continuous activity as they compete for loose balls, move to encourage teammates,
rotate positions and run to make a space or test opponents. Running, jumping, sprinting movements in relation with sudden changes of acceleration and
route outweigh the play. The power of the game ranges between low–level activities such as walking or jogging to ones of high intensity such as
sprinting . This is what is known as intermittent exercise. The rhythm of soccer is dynamic and constantly changing, which is a characteristic that
divides it from other endurance sports , this suggests that in order for a midfielder to successfully endure for the entire 90 minutes all three energy
systems assist in different stages although the ATP/PC system is dominant.
The ATP/PC system, which lasts up to 10 seconds, is the body's initial source of fuel and is reliant on its stores of ATP and CP and provides the
required burst of energy without the presence of oxygen for high intensity purposes. This burst of energy is due to separating of the chemical bonds
between the Phosphate and Creatine which releases additional energy that helps produce more ATP so that we have it upon requirement for only a
short period of time. This system is the most dominant system because this system is

Conventional Drug Delivery Systems ( Ddss )
Abstract:
With the emergence of more novel and effective drug therapies, increased importance is being placed upon the methods by which these drugs are
being delivered to the body. Different methodologies have been heavily investigated as possible solutions , one of these methods are intelligent or
'Smart polymeric drug–delivery systems'. "Stimuli responsive" and "self regulating" drug delivery systems have captured the imagination of researchers,
in large part because they suggest a means to mimic the physiological homeostatic feedback mechanisms that are essential for health. As dysregulation
of homeostasis is a feature of many diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
1.Introduction:
Conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) are often accompanied by systemic side effects that mainly are attributed to their nonspecific
bio–distribution and uncontrollable drug release characteristics. To overcome these limitations, advanced controlled DDSs have been developed to
achieve the release of payloads at the target sites in a spatial controlled manner.
Commercially available controlled release devices offer several advantages, e.g. they maintain the drug within the desired therapeutic range with just a
single dose, they allow localized drug delivery which ultimately may reduce the need for follow–up care, they preserve drugs that are rapidly destroyed
by the body and ultimately improve patient compliance.
With the breakthrough of the biotechnology field in medicine, many advantages of

Cardiovascular Regulation Of Plasma Volume
In order to study the kidney 's regulation of plasma volume, osmolality, and pH, the changes in urine flow rate, specific density, and urine pH of adult
human subjects were measured. Subjects were assigned one of four beverage options: water, Gatorade, Coke, or nothing. Beverages of different
compositions were used to study what effects does fluid intake have on urine volume and composition. Subjects fasted five hours prior to the
experiment, in which the subjects were required to void and test their own urine every thirty minutes for 120 minutes after ingesting the beverage they
were assigned. The urine volume, specific gravity, and urine pH were measured for each void. The subjects were instructed to fast five hours prior to
the experiment and were allowed to drink only eight ounces of water if necessary (Manuguid et al., 2015). Avoiding food or drink rendered the
subjects in a similar physiological state at the start of the experiment. This is important because the consumption of food or drink shortly before the
experiment may affect the volume and composition of the urine voided, which would have affected the results. If a subject had ingested a considerable
amount of fluid an hour before the experiment, their urine volume for their first void could have been greater than expected. The amount of liquid the
subjects ingested depended on their body weight. As a result, the amounts of liquid ingested varied within the drinking groups. At T0, the subjects were
in a state of

Meat Tenderness, And Consumer Perceptions
Meat Tenderness, and Consumer Perceptions
Introduction The current climate of the relationship between the food–producing industry and consumers is volatile. Current self–appointed consumer
leaders such as Vani Hari, known as the "Food Babe" (foodbabe.com) pressure food industry sectors for changes in products. Reasoning for these
changes largely reside in the practices of fear–mongering, using terminology outside the knowledge of the readers these leaders attract, exacerbating
worst–case scenarios without full disclosure of required toxic– or lethal–doses. Common consumer concerns have migrated into the meat products
industry. Consumers often demand livestock animals used for meat production to be raised similarly to their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Post–exsanguination, the cellular processes continue to be active until an environmental or substrate–level limitation ceases operation. Koohmaraie et
al. (1987) suggested that all animals prior to slaughter are equally tender. Differences in tenderness level therefore, are a result of the process of
harvest, and the conversion of muscle to meat products. The first 24 hours following slaughter includes many events that are decisive in the resulting
tenderness of meat products. During this time, energetic biological processes result in decreasing pH within the meat. Muscle rigor delay phase and
onset phase occur, as well as heat dissipation and resultant carcass cooling. Each of these various factors greatly impact meat quality. pH Changes. The
pH of living muscle is 7.0; literature suggests that final post–slaughter pH ranges from 5.3 – 5.8 (Smulders et al., 1992; Yu et al., 2008). The decline of
muscle pH during the conversion of muscle to meat carries importance to both meat quality as well as a bacterial growth inhibitor. Ultimate pH in
beef carcasses may be reached from 24 – 40 hours post–mortem (Savell et al., 2005). The decline of pH is a direct result of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production maintained in muscle through the anaerobic energy production system: glycolysis. As blood–loss is completed via exsanguination,
the ability to maintain oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for aerobic ATP production fails

Chemical Reactions
Chemistry
"Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale" Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks
were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might
imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in
a solution so we can distinguish between solutions with varying acidity. AChemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together results in
the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The PH Scale which is a diagram that is used to show the different measurements of water. In general is important to know how the pH scale works
because it determines whether or not a liquid is acidic or

Hardness And What Impact Does It Have On Water Quality
1. What is hardness and what impact does it have on water quality?
Hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Hardness impacts on water quality throughout the aesthetic acceptability by
consumers (meaning the concentration of the calcium and magnesium and other dissolved solids are measureable by the consumers). In addition to,
economic and operational considerations (which is controllable throughout the treatment or blending in public drinking water), hard water tends to
leave scale deposition in the water distribution system, as well as in heated water applications. (Hardness in Drinking–water, 2011).
2. What water quality standards are associated with water hardness?
There is no Primary or Secondary standard for water hardness by EPA. Also hardness has no health risk. As the hardness of water is classified: 0 to 60
mg/ as calcium carbonate is classified as soft; 61 to 120 mg/L as moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/L as hard; and more than 180 mg/L as very hard.
(Water–quality criteria. (n.d.).
3. Briefly describe your understanding about pH and why is pH important in water treatment. Give two examples. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion
activity in the water and is determined by the relative number of the hydrogen ions for acidity and hydroxide ion for alkalinity, thus mathematically
expressed as pH=–log [H+] where [H+] is the hydrogen ion activity . pH values are calculated in powers of 10.Thus, the hydrogen ion concentration of
a solution

Coal Seam Gas
Coal seam gas (CSG) is mostly composed of methane and is typically attached to coal underground. This gas is released when pressure on the coal
seam is reduced by removing water from the seams (Queensland Government, 2014 ). In order to obtain the gas, wells are drilled into the coal
seams, bringing water from the coal seams to the surface. This process reduces pressure and allows the gas to be released (Queensland Government,
2014 ). CSG is an important energy resource in Queensland and production of this gas takes up an ever–increasing proportion of Queensland gas use.
Almost every farmer in Queensland depends at times on underground water. The effect of CSG extraction using underground fracturing on
underground water is not clear. Basic sets of impacts that are broadly well understood are that aquifer levels will sink dramatically and will
depressurise. It also risks groundwater contamination and the salt that is present in the water of coal seams will be brought to the surface as well, in
a quantity of about 1.8 million tonnes of salt per year (ABC, 2010). There are several types of water contamination that are possible. One is through
the injection of chemicals through the fracking processes, which will go underground and can travel to nearby water systems that are in use (Gasfield
Free Northern Rivers, 2014). Another is through chemicals that naturally exist in coal seams being taken out of the coal seams and exposed to other
the various water systems nearby. Some of

A Study On Vegetable Oils
Many people don't know which oil is healthy for you, and what it's really used for. In the past, oils were not used the way they are today. There are
literally hundreds of edible oils–it's no wonder there's confusion. In this section, we'll have a look at the top oils. The media would have you believe
that vegetable oils are very healthy for you, but the research that has been conducted is stating otherwise. Vegetable oils are actually known as seed
oils, and these kinds of oils turns into dangerous trans fats. This kind of fat has been proven to cause brain atrophy, as well as heart disease,
cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Trans fats are also commonly found in foods that have been processed. If the food is labeled "hydrogenated" or
"partially hydrogenated," that means trans fat. Many countries around the world have banned vegetable oils due to the link between its use and
health risks. The risk of trans fats is so real that it was banned in New York back in 2006, with the full ban to be in effect by July 2008. The FDA has
stated that they, too, have even thought about banning trans fats in the form of hydrogenated oils. Trans fats have been linked to chronic inflammation,
if you have allergies or arthritis, dermatitis, or colitis, you might be consuming too many trans fats. Chronic inflammation is one of the leading causes
of the seven out of ten causes of death: heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and nephritis. In

An Unknown Grignard Reagent Experiment Essay
Grignard
5. Introduction In this experiment, an unknown Grignard reagent was prepared from an aryl halide. The unknown reagent was then reacted with
carbon dioxide to form a carboxylic acid. The solid acid was then isolated and recrystallized before the melting point was taken. The precipitate was then
dissolved in water and titrated to determine the molecular weight. The melting point and molecular weight were then used to determine the unknown
acid obtained from the experiment.
6. Data and Results The product obtained had a melting point of approximately 107 В°C and a weight of .324 grams. Some of the product would not
dissolve in water and so was removed through vacuum filtration, which left .141 g not dissolved in solution. It took 13.2 mL of sodium hydroxide to
turn the solution of the product dissolved in water pink. A molecular weight of 138.63 g/mol was calculated from the data. These results indicate that
the product was 2–methylbenzoic acid, the Grignard reagent was 2–methylphenylmagnesium bromide, and the unknown bromide solution was
2–methylbromobenzene. Calculations showed that the limiting reagent of the Grignard preparation was magnesium and that the experiment had a 23.13
% yield. 7. Discussion and Conclusion Organometallic compounds, such as Grignard reagents, are molecules containing carbon–metal bonds and are
often used to create new carbon–carbon bonds. Grignard reagents–or organomagnesims– are specifically those that have a carbon–magnesium bond.

Where Does Taurine Come From Essay
Where Does Taurine Come from?
If you are wondering what makes energy drinks work, you may find ingredients like taurine as an important component of these beverages. Taurine is
found in products like Red Bull and many energy drinks. What is it and where does taurine come from? Taurine is an amino acid that contains sulphur,
a molecule that is not found in many proteins. This amino acid helps increase muscle function, aids performance and sports endurance, and helps
regulate blood sugar levels, reduce anxiety, and improve cardiac health. Althoughtaurine is found in bull semen or bile, commercial products that
contain taurine uses lab–synthesized taurine, which is safe and suitable for people who want to avoid using animal products.
Part 1: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also helps in the development of mental function in children. Research shows that taurine, when paired with caffeine, improves reaction time and
reduces sleepiness in sleep–deprived people.
Part 3: Is Taurine in Energy Drinks Safe?
Now that you know the answer to where does taurine come from, you probably also want to know if it is safe to use. In small doses (up to 3,000
mg per day) supplemental taurine is considered safe. It is therefore important to observe moderation in taking energy drinks containing taurine. For
example, Red Bull contains approximately 1000 mg of taurine per 8 oz can. So if you consume more than 3 cans of this product per day and also eat
meats and dairy products containing taurine, you are likely to exceed the daily recommended amount.
п‚џPossible Side Effects of Taurine in Energy Drinks
Heavy or long–term use of taurine may have side effects. One study found that it can lower heart rate. Mixing alcoholic drinks and taurine could lead to
dehydration and abnormal heart rates, since they are both diuretics. Other side effects include increased stomach acid and diarrhea. People with bipolar
disorder should avoid taking too much taurine since it may exacerbate their

Investigating The Relationship Between Ph And Water Hardness
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between pH and water hardness. Water samples from above the Mount Morgan
mine site and below the Mount Morgan mine site were also compared.
8.1Analysis of the Data
It was hypothesised that the water sample from above the mine site would be of better water quality than the sample from below the mine site. It was
found that this was, in fact, the case. As seen in Table 7.2, the above sample had lower acidity, hardness and conductivity than the below sample.
Given that acidity is indicated by a pH of below 7, the below mine water sample was considered acidic, at a pH of 4.92. Conversely, the above mine site
sample had a pH of 7.35, indicating an almost neutral profile.
The above mine sample had a conductivity of 2200 ВµS/cm, whereas the below mine sample had a conductivity of 7500 ВµS/cm. This suggests that
there are a significantly greater number of ions in solution in below mine water than above mine water.
The below mine sample also had greater water hardness, with a calcium ion concentration of 5183.29 mg/L, compared with the above mine sample's
hardness of only 115.02 mg/L.
The above mine water mostly exhibited water quality parameter values that aligned with the water quality guidelines for fresh water. With an almost
neutral pH of 7.35, meaning it is within the recommended pH range of 6.8–9.5 and is also safe for consumption. The hardness (concentration of
calcium ions) of 115.02 mg/L also lies

Enzyme Lab Report On Hydrogen Peroxide
Enzyme Lab Report
Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic byproduct of cellular functions. To maintain hydrogen peroxide levels the catalase enzyme deconstructs hydrogen
peroxide and reconstructs the reactants into oxygen gas and water. The catalase enzyme is found inside cells of most plants and animals. Regulating
the levels of hydrogen peroxide is crucial in homeostasis and analyzing it's optimal conditions for performance is just as important. To understand the
optimal environment for this enzyme, they are put into different environments based off protein activity (enzymes are proteins). Catalase samples will
be put into different hydrogen peroxide environments based off pH and temperature. The more active the enzyme, the more oxygen and water it will
produce. Enzyme activity can be seen through the release of oxygen in the hydrogen peroxide. Since oxygen cannot be accurately measured, the data
will consist of the longevity of the reaction in different environments. If the pH is higher than 7, then the reaction rate will increase due to the ample
amount of hydrogen ions in the hydrogen peroxide. However the pH level cannot be higher than 10 or else there will be too many hydrogen atoms in
the peroxide for the enzyme to be able to deconstruct them. If the temperature is increased, then the reaction rate will increase due to the ample amount
of energy and movement in the hydrogen peroxide and enzyme.
Materials:
This investigation requires:
Juiced potato (catalase solution)

Disadvantages Of Hexane
1.1Background
Recently, the world is facing with an energy crisis due to the depletion of resources and increased environmental problems. Referring to this issue,
search for alternative fuel is very important, which is not only sustainable but also environmental friendly (Barnwal and Sharma, 2005). Jatropha
curcas is consider to be the best sustainable and become popular sources due to the demand for biodiesel.
Jatropha curcas L is a hardy plant and it belongs to the euphorbiaceae family. However, Jatropha is commonly known as Jamalghota. It can grow to 20
feet high under favorable conditions and act as drought–resistant. One of the main properties that associated with the plant's hardiness and its
sustainability in the hot and dry climate. It can survive in high temperature conditions. This type of tree are naturally grow in the parts of tropical
America which is at central and southern regions, and many tropical and sub–tropical parts of Africa and Asia, specifically at India. These plants are
suitable for planting in the wastelands like in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, hexane is a very expensive chemical solvent.
1.4Objectives of Study
The objectives of this research project are:
1.To compare the bio–oil composition from two different method of extraction by using FTIR and GC instrumentation.
2.To determine the distribution of fat and oil, flavonoid and tannins in bio–oil by using analytical method.
3.To compare percent of the yield between Methanol and Hexane by using Soxhlet Extraction Method and percent of yield from Microwave Assisted
Extraction

Importance And Importance Of Olives
Olives: Olives are the fruit of small tree belonging to the family Oleacea. It is evergreen tree or shrub found in Mediterranean areas, Africa, Asia,
Iran, Iraq, Greece, France and Europe. Olives are of great importance because they are used for many purposes. They are used as food directly
which gives great benefits to human health and oil of olives are also extracted which has its own importance and used for many purposes. Olives
are complete diet fruit. Importance of Olives in Islam: Islam gives great importance to olives. In Holy Quran this fruit and its tree is mentioned at
seven places. Olives are precious fruit and Allah said in "Ayat ul Nur" that, "Allah is The Light of the heavens and the earth; the similitude of His
Light is as a niche wherein is a lamp, the lamp in a glass, the glass as it were a glittering star–kindled from a Blessed Tree,... Show more content on
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It is free from acidity. It is rancid if it exposed to light and heat. In order to get the quality extra virgin oil different council in different countries
give the criteria of the extra virgin oil. There is big controversy in the production of extra virgin oil to fulfill the quality parameter and
characteristics of oil in commercial products. International olive council set some quality parameters of extra virgin oil, i.e. it should be free from
acidity and have good aroma and taste. U.S. department of agriculture able to meet the chemical quality parameter of EVOO i.e., it is free from
acidity but it is not able to fulfill the characterization of sensory parameters of taste and aroma. According to the IOC, the taste and aroma of Extra
virgin oil should be as that of the olives when it is freshly pressed. It is tough task to get the excellent taste and aroma of EVOO and it is sometime
depend on the variety of

Is Soda Really Bad?
Is soda really that bad? Time and time again magazines, schools, and television say that sodas are harmful to the body. They go on to scare people
to death, by saying that sodas have been linked to obesity. They state that the rising consumption of sugary drinks has been a major contributor to
the obesity epidemic (Harvard). They also say, that it is related to kidney damage and cancer (Boyles). In reality, these sodas are not as bad as they
have been made out to be, as long as they are drunk in moderation. Drinking one soda will not kill people, soda is not the enemy! As a matter of fact,
sodas have a great benefit to everyone who drinks them, from curing multiple stomach issues, giving people that extra boost to get you through the day,
to using it as a multi–purpose household cleaner. Come and join the millions of soda drinkers and enjoy the pleasing taste and big benefits found is
this small can. Soda drinkers hear a soda can being opened and it is like music to their ears. They hear the fuzziness and bubbles inside the can and
their mouth begins to tingle eagerly waiting to take that sip. As they taste that sip of sweetness inside their mouth, their taste buds are jumping for joy
as their thirst is being quenched. As the soda goes down their throat, it is getting deeper into their body and their body is thanking them for the
wonderful benefits they are about to experience. First of all, when someone has an upset stomach where do people turn to? Well, it would be a

Application Of Edible Coating And Shelf Life Study Essay
Studies on various aspect and objectives related to the present research work were carried during the year 2016 in Department of Food Technology,
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar, Haryana. This chapter deals with the experimental set up of various experiments
performed during the study. The experimental design and statistical analysis are also explained as well.
3.1 Materials:
Shellac was provided by National Institute of Gum and Raisin, Ranchi. Chemicals were used in this study was of analytical grade and best grapes was
purchased from the local market of Hisar, Haryana.
3.2 Methodology employed for application of edible coating and shelf life study:
3.2.1 Coating Solution Preparation and Application
Dewaxed shellac, oleic acid, morpholine and ammonia in predetermined quantities were dispersed in 100ml distilled water as shown in Table 3.1. The
Coating treatment performed named as S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Oleic acid is used an emulsifier and antioxidant agent. The other component morpholine
as emulsifying agent and ammonia was used to dissolve shellac being insoluble in water. Samples dipped in distilled water were used as Control.
The solution was heated with constant stirring on a heating mantle at 70вЃ°C for 6 minutes. Samples were dipped in different concentration coating for
20sec and the excess coating was drained. The coated samples were then kept for surface drying at room temp for 15mins. Dewaxed shellac:

Persuasive Essay On Chocolate
Every day is a constant battle to choose the healthy food in the dining commons, to find the time to exercise can be difficult if you have a full time
job as well as school work, and to fight any and all chocolate cravings. The third battle always proves toughest, at least for me. Whenever I feel
stressed or overwhelmed, chocolate seems like the best solution. The times I lose the battle to my chocolate cravings, I always feel pretty guilty.
But who doesn't? Anything that tastes that delicious must not be a good idea. Though we have all come to accept that rule as truth, there is
reason to hope! Giving in to some chocolate cravings could be a real gift to your body. Chocolate does indeed have some natural health benefits. It
seems too good to be true, but it is! Science is now on chocolate's side. More and more research puts chocolate in a better light. In moderation,
chocolate can do wonders for your heart, mind, skin and more. People work their minds hard every day, and the heart should never be denied any
help. I think we all need dark chocolate in our lives. In order to maintain a healthy lifestyle, people need to participate in at least 30 minutes of
exercise every day. Unfortunately, many people forget to recharge the energy their bodies lose during a rough workout, which is just as important to
stay healthy. Most of the sweaty people that you see leaving the gym will go straight to the vending machine and pick up water, Gatorade, or some sort
of

Trans Fats
Trans fats are produced as a result of partial hydrogenation of the unsaturated fats18. Partially hydrogenated oils have been used in the food products
for their higher oxidative stability and the harder texture they provide to the food product18. Several metabolic studies concluded that trans fats
increased the low density lipoprotein content and decreased the high density lipoprotien content of the blood19 20. Other health effects of TFA
include raising the fasting triacylglycerides (TAG) levels20 and increased Lp(a) levels20 and plasma concentrations of lipoproteins 19 which are
associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease. Trans fat consumption has been also linked to the occurrence of coronary artery disease19.
Studies also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process can be achieved by chemical or enzymatic routes. The change in the TAG composition has been known to change the crystallization
properties of the fats including the microstructure 28, solid fat content29, rheology30 and the hardness of the fats. These properties determine the
spreadability, flavor release, hardness of fats in the final application. Schmidt et. al31 studied and compared the physical properties of the blends of
vegetable oil with fully hydrogenated vegetable oil and their chemically interesterified randomized counterparts. The randomization of the fatty acids
on the TAGs caused a reduction in the melting point and the solid fat content of the samples31. Ahmadi et al.32 studied the differences in the physical
properties of the non–interesterified (NI) and chemically (CI) and enzymatically (EI) interesterified blends of fully hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO)
and High Oleic sunflower oil (HOCO) in different proportions. The change in the TAG composition did reduce the solid fat content of both the
interesterified fats compared to the non interesterified fat at lower temperature, however beyond 70В°C, the SFC of the NI fats was lower32. The
storage modulus (G') had the following trend: CI>EI>NI and was dependent on the TAG composition, while

Case Study On Hummus
5 Things To Consider Before Purchasing Hummus
Hummus is a celebrated health food––and for good reason! When prepared correctly, the satisfying spread (or meal) contains fiber, minerals, protein,
calcium, carbohydrates, and other benefits. Traditional recipes call for soaked, dry chickpeas, tahini, garlic, lemon juice, and a little bit of olive oil.
Nothing beats a bowl of fresh homemade hummus, but we don't always have the time to prepare the crowd–pleasing dish in advance. While there are
plenty of healthy alternatives––like Hummustir––not all store–bought brands deliver on the heart–healthy promise. Before spending your cash on the
dip, be sure to look for these five things that prove not all hummus is created equal.
Ingredients
Just because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Processed foods contain extra amounts of sodium so the package stay fresh for a greater amount of time, but if you're watching your sodium levels this
could present an issue. Purchase recipes that have less sodium (around 30–50 mg per serving) and forgo options that will cause your body to retain
water and make you feel bloated. Not all hummus is created equally, so spend some extra time looking into exactly how much added sodium went into
the mix. Your body will thank you.
Hidden Calories
Hummus can be relatively low calorie, like this 45 calorie option, or it can be full of unhealthy oils that increase the calorie count tremendously. Stick
to items that exclude added ingredients and focus on picking products that have a shorter ingredients list, and use only healthy fats like tahini or olive
oil and fresh ingredients. There are dozens of hummus brands that boast about their healthy product, but don't deliver on their promise. Do your
research and know ahead of time which brands are the most reliable and free of hidden calories, additives, and unnecessary ingredients.

Stable Phenotypic Traits
Stable Phenotypic traits For fruitful purpose , the phenotypic traits caused by RNA silencing must be stably transmitted from one generation to next.
Earlier work on suppressing flower colour biosynthesis by antisense or sense transgenes was not always uniform which raised uncertainty about the
relevancy of the technology (Tanaka and Mason, 2003). Afterward, the phenotypic results from IR proved more efficacious and stable than induced
by antisense or sense (Nakamura et al., 2006). The use of IR, which avoid the step of dsRNA synthesis by the RDR, become visible to result in
silencing that is not only more competent but also more stable. Prolonged heritage studies of RNA silencing in different commercial programs are
underway. In our lab, the phenotypes of analogous single–copy transgenic corn lines produced by the RNA silencing of endogenous LKR/SDH or zein
genes (Huang et al., 2006b; Houmard et al., 2007) have been stably retained for more than seven traits. Transgenic soybean lines with their FAD2–1
minify by an IR transgene (S. Ivashuta et al. Manuscript in preparation) are now germinating in their tenth field–grown generation. Possibly, the best
example of RNA silencing stability is the rice mutant, LGC–1, (Kusaba et al., 2003). Feasible/potential benefit of RNA silencing for plant
biotechnology Despite the fact most biotech plants currently grown commercially were cultivated by the expression of transgenes, different employing
RNA silencing have been recognized by

Calcium Hardness And Shell Thickness
On the other hand, addition of probiotic had no significant effect (P>0.05) on shell hardness and shell thickness and these were expected which have
already been reported (Haddadin et al., 1996; Chen and Chen 2003). Although, the increase of albumen quality wasn't significant (P > 0.05), no
reasonable explanation can be offered for the improvement in albumen quality in the microbial additive groups. Jensen et al. (1978) found significant
improvements in interior egg quality which measured by Hough Units in hens fed distillers feeds and corn fermentation soluble. Subsequent studies
indicated that trace elements was been involved (Jensen and Maurice, 1978). But Tortuero and Fernandez (1995) described that the difference in
plasma mineral concentration were not sufficient to implicate supporting the hypothesis that trace elements were improved albumen quality with
microbial supplementation. Addition of probiotic had significant effect on egg yolk cholesterol (mg /g of yolk). Haddadin et al. (1996) observed similar
results. They reported that inclusion of probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus in different ages (40, 44 and 48 week) affects egg cholesterol in 40 week
of production not 44 and 48. These results have already been confirmed by Marks and Washburn (1991) reports.
Blood parameters The effects of dietary AA and LAB supplementation on serum parameters are summarized in Table 3. Serum glucose, ALT and
triglyceride were decreased by feeding AA or LAB but not

Adrenoleukodystrophy Essay
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Adrenoleukodystrophy is a genetic disease that is passed on from mother to son. ALD is an X–linked disorder. That means it affects only males and is
transmitted by a female carrier. This disorder is called X–linked since the genetic abnormality involves the X–chromosome. Women have two
X–chromosomes while men only have one. In women, the affected X–chromosome, the one with the gene for ALD does not become active because of
the presence of a normal copy of the gene on the other X–chromosome. Men have one X–chromosome and one Y–chromosome. In men who have an
X– chromosome for X–ALD, there is no other X– chromosome for protection.
ALD affects the nervous system in the brain. The disease strips away the coating or the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Adone's were not happy with the progress of the doctors because they wanted to keep ALD kids on the diet for a long time to see the results
while the Adone's want a quick cure. The only help they were offered was other doctors and support groups that did nothing to find a cure. They were
very angered with the doctors and support gropes that did nothing but sat on their hands afraid to over step their boundaries.
The Adone's took it upon them selves to find a cure so Mr.Odone went to the library to learn everything he could about ALD and biochemistry he
could so he could understand the disease better. He first came up with a type of olive oil that lowered the acid level about fifty percent. But sadly the
level's stayed at fifty percent. So Mr.Odone started all over again and this time he found a way to bring down the Lorenzo's fatty acid level even lower,
but the only problem was Mr. Odone needed was a mixture of olive oil and boric acid. Boric acid was not safe for human consumption and there
was no doctor in the U.S. that would give any to the Odone's due to its potential danger. So he then turned his search over seas to England where he
found a doctor that would make some for them. Once Lorenzo started to take the mixture he started improve and his fatty acid level dropped to zero.
Lorenzo is still alive to day and his miracle cure "Lorenzo's oil" is use
Adrenoleukodystrophy

Eye Dropper And Calorimetry Lab Report Results
To begin the experiment all of the equipment was collected. This included a cake pan, Pasteur pipette, eye dropper with rubber bulb, 10 mL
graduated cylinder, oleic acid, small test tube, lycopodium powder, glass plate, wax pencil, transfer paper, and scissors. To begin the cake pan was
cleaned using distilled water and glassware soap. It is made sure that there is no residue left on the pan. Any residue left would have affected the
results of the experiment. Next, the bulb was removed from the eye dropper and placed on the Pasteur pipette. Subsequently, the 10 mL graduated
cylinder was filled with around 2mL of oleic acid, and the amount of oleic acid in the graduated cylinder was recorded as the initial volume. A small
amount of oleic acid

The Chemistry Of A Heating Bath
A heating bath is used in the laboratory to allow the chemical reaction to occur at an elevated temperature around 1000C. The beaker is a glass vessel
which contains the chemical solutions for the purpose of coating. It is placed in the electroless bath where the chemicals are being heated up. The
glass rod is used to stir the chemical where the magnetic stirrer is not necessary. The tongs are used to lift the bath after the coating is completed.
Tri–sodium citrate and thallium acetate are the chemicals used during coating process which acts as a stabilizer for the bath. It stabilizes the reaction
occurring in the bath. Laboratory grade distilled water is used for the cleaning process and also to mix up with the chemicals. Nickel chloride acts as
the source for the coating process as the nickel is being coated upon the surface of the substrate. Ethylene di amine is used as a complexing agent
which creates a bond between the nickel and aluminium and causes the coating. Thallium acetate is used as the stabilizer. Sodium borohydride is the
reducing agent which removes the hydrogen ions which are being formed up inside the bath during the coating process. Fig.1 Zincate pre–treatment
process Table.1 Composition of Zincate Sodium hydroxide400 g/l Zinc sulphate120 g/l Sodium potassium tartarate6 g/l TemperatureRoom
Temperature Immersion time3 mins Table.2 Nickel phosphorous and Nickel boron composition and conditions S.NoChemicals Used & Conditions

Why Are My Fish Dying? Lab
Why Are My Fish Dying? Lab Jillian Jeffries Cadiz Marine Eco Period 4 November 19'th, 2014 Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify the
element that is causing the fish in the Halibut tank to die, by testing each variable between both of the identical tanks. Background Information: To
truly understand the cause of this awful fish mortality crisis in the HAGS Company, it is essential that we gather all the information we can about the
normal living conditions of both the Halibut and Grunion fish. Halibut or Hippoglossus, is a flatfish from the family of the right–eye flounder fish, the
largest of all the flatfish, and can grow to more than 8 ft long and 700 lbs. They usually reside in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans,
and are a readily enjoyed food all around the world. Physically, they are dark brown on the top side with a cream underbelly and have very small
scales embedded within their skin.This color scheme is a form of countershading and disguises Halibut from above and from below by blending into
the light above and the ocean floor below simultaneously. Halibut live at depths from nearly 10–100 meters, yet spend most of their time near the
bottom, they can often move up the water column to feed.Younger Halibut, up to 10 years of age, are highly migratory, and generally migrate in a
clockwise direction. Relatively inactive yet strong swimmers, able to eat a large variety of fish such as cod, crab, and shrimp. Adult Atlantic

The Similarities Between Haloferax Mediterraneis And Halo
In biochemical test, which is base on the hydrolytic catalytic enzyme that show their main similarities between Halo bacterium Salinarum and
Haloferax volcanii that focus from its result which show to be as negative that is turn out to be as gelatin and whether it can able to substantiate but
it's not possible as is too difficult to melt it. Concern from its illustration that it is been demonstrate on how negative effect is focus also from casein
hydrolysis and from Tween 80 and Tween 20. But in Haloferax mediterranei it show the main difference that its result that show to be as positive but is
also turn out on gelatin and how gelatin and casein can able to transform into amino acids that is determine from its source like carbon and other

Moringa
Top 5 Health benefits of Moringa Tea Overview A lot of people have not been aware about the health benefits of Moringa Oleifera tea. This
"miracle tree" has been around for ages and it has been a powerhouse of a lot of minerals and antioxidant. Its byproducts, Moringa tea, are well
known for combating signs of aging and helping in various diseases. It has also been proven that when taken on daily basis, Moringa tea can improve
the life of a sickle cell anemia patient. It has proteins that have a high percentage of Amino Acids. It has a significant high portion of Vitamins and also
a source of occurring Chlorophyll. Some of the significantly seen health benefits are listed below 1. Fights Aging and protects your heart: The... Show
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Its ability to destroy bacteria that causes food poisoning can also kill those bacteria that cause tooth decay. Deodorants and creams from Moringa
tea have started emerging from the market. Moringa tea is health and delicious and can therefore be consumed by everyone in the family since it
does not have caffeine so best to start your day. Additionally, it has iron that oxygenates blood and this is good in combating fatigue. A lot of
people who use Moringa tea have a better boost in energy levels and their mental clarity is improved. Women who take this tea are free from
bloating during their menses and stamina in men is enhanced and therefore are able to work for long hours. How to brew Take one tea bag and
put it in a cup Boil water and pour inside a cup Wait for 3 to 5 minutes Remove the tea bag Enjoy the drink or flavor as desired. Health Risks
However, too much of everything is dangerous. Moringa tea should not be used as a substitute to food. Blood thickening can occur during its intake.
Therefore, it is important to see a doctor if you are pregnant or on medicines for blood thinning. Vomiting can occur but this mostly is due to taste
reaction, you can avoid this by flavoring your drink by either yoghurt or a sweet smoothie. Taking too much of the Moringa tea can cause nauseating
incase this happens reduce the intake. Since Moringa tea is a laxative, it can overwhelm your stomach if taken on an empty stomach

The Effect Of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing On The...
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing on the chemical characteristics of different lamb cuts
Wu, Y. C.a, Hamid, N.a*, Oey, I.b, Ma, Q. L. a, Farouk, M.c
aSchool of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand bDepartment
of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand cAgResearch MIRINZ, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240,
New Zealand
*Corresponding author:
Dr. Nazimah Hamid
School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology
Private Bag 92006, New Zealand
Phone: +64–9–921999 extn: 6453
Fax: +64–9–9219627
Email: nazimah.hamid@aut.ac.nz Abstract
This study investigates the effects of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) treatments (200–600 MPa) of eight different lamb cuts on lipid
oxidation, fatty acid and free amino acid content. In general, the eye of loin, flat, heel and tenderloin cuts treated between 400 and 600MPa had higher
oxidation values exceeding 0.5 mg MDA/kg. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids content were lower in HPP treatment of almost all cuts (except
rump and heel cuts) at all pressures. Polyunsaturated fatty acids content was lower in HPP treated inside, knuckle, and tenderloin cuts at 600 MPa
compared to control. Nine essential and 8 non–essential amino acids were identified in the lamb cuts. HPP increased the total free amino acids
composition significantly (P

The Effects of Exercise on the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate
Respiration is the process that takes place in every living cell to make energy available to the body. Energy is vital for us to carry out many life
processes such as movement and so respiration in essential to life. During respiration glucose and oxygen are used in a reaction that produces energy
and gives out carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Glucose is obtained by digestion of food and oxygen is taken from the air during a process
called breathing or ventilation. Pulmonary Ventilation is the term given to the movement of air in and out of the lungs; the rate of pulmonary
ventilation is defined as the tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths taken per minute. Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out
during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inspiratory system sends an impulse to the muscles of inspiration – the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles – and the stimulation of
these muscles causes us to breathe in. As the lungs expand due to inspiration this change is detected by pressure receptors of stretch receptors which
then stimulate the expiratory centre, which then stimulates the muscles of expiration – the diaphragm and the internal intercostals

Synthesis Of Toluene Lab Report
Materials. The following chemicals are purchased and used as received. Cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.99 %), and potassium sulfide (K2S, 95 %) are
obtained from Strem Chemicals. 1–octadecene (90 %), 3–mercaptopropionic acid (99 %), and О±–terpineol (97 %) are purchased from Acros Organics.
Selenium powder (Se, 99.99 %), oleic acid (OLAC, 90 %), oleylamine (OLAM, 70 %) and acetic acid (99.7 %) are purchased from Sigma–Aldrich.
Toluene (99.9 %), 2–propanol (99.9 %), ethanol (90 %), acetonitrile (99.9 %), and formamide (FA, 99.6 %) are acquired from Fisher Scientific. P25
TiO2 and ethyl cellulose (5 % in toluene and ethanol) are supplied by Evonik Degussa Corporation and TCI, respectively. OLAC, OLAM, and FA are
dried using standard procedures.
Synthesis

Intermolecular Forces
Oakland Schools Chemistry Resource Unit Intermolecular Forces Brook R. Kirouac David A. Consiglio, Jr. SouthfieldвЂђLathrup High School
Southfield Public Schools Bonding: Intermolecular Forces Content Statements: C2.2: Chemical Potential Energy Potential energy is stored whenever
work must be done to change the distance between two objects. The attraction between the two objects may be gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic, or
strong force. Chemical potential energy is the result of electrostatic attractions between atoms. C3.3: Heating Impacts Heating increases the kinetic
(translational, rotational, and vibrational) energy of the atoms composing elements and the molecules or ions composing compounds. As the kinetic...
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Now we will focus on intermolecular forces. The Nature of Intermolecular Forces: The Intermolecular Forces (forces between molecules) are weaker
than Intramolecular Forces (The Chemical Bonds within an Individual Molecule). This distinction is the reason we define the molecule in the first
place. The properties of matter result from the properties of the individual molecule (resulting from chemical bonding) and how the molecules act
collectively (resulting from intermolecular forces). Intermolecular Forces are longest–ranged (act strongly over a large distance) when they are
electrostatic. Interaction of Charge Monopoles (simple charges) is the longest– ranged electrostatic force. Charge–Charge forces (found in ionic
crystals) For like charges (+,+) or (–,–), this force is always repulsive. For unlike charges (+,–), this force is always attractive. Charge–Dipole Forces:
An uncharged molecule can still have an electric dipole moment. Electric Dipoles arise from opposite but equal charges separated by a distance.
Molecules that possess a dipole moment are called Polar molecules (remember the polar covalent bond?). Water is polar and has a dipole moment of
1.85 Debye. The Debye is a unit of dipole moment and has a value of 3.336 x 10–30 Coulomb meter. When salt is dissolved in water, the ions of the
salt dissociate from each other and associate with the dipole of the water molecules. This results in a solution

The Depth Of The River Affect Its Overall Ph From Mid July...
Question: Does the depth of the river affect its overall pH from mid december 2015– to early january 2016?
Knowledge Probe: According to.epa.gov/acidrain/measure/pH.html, pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Solutions with a
high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH and solutions with a low concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH. A pH of 7 is the most
neutral you can get and 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. each level is 10 times more basic/ acidic than the previous level, for
example a pH of 8 is 10 times more basic than 7, and a pH of 9 is 100 times more basic than 7. when an acidic substance reacts with a basic substance
they counter each other like mixing hot and cold water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The blue bar grapH below it shows the pH of each of the 12 trial collected. The table below compares the depth in inches to the pH directly, and the
average of each is at the bottom of the table.
Data Analysis: On trial 5 something interesting happened where it did not match the trend of other data points. you can see this when comparing
the depth to pH with the grapHs; for example trial 1's depth and pH is lower than trial 2's depth and pH, and trial 2's depth and pH is lower than
trial 3's depth and pH etc. that sort of trend is fluent through the data except trial 5 where depth was lower than the previous trials but the pH was the
highest collected. My data is accurate to a point but when collecting the depth of the river it presented a challenge to get 100% accurate because it is
constantly changing; also the pH scale only measures to the hundredth of a digit. The pH Scales calibration could also have been of slightly but all of
my trials were collected under the same calibration so it does not seem to present a change in trend but instead with the actual numbers.
Claim: When the depth on the Looking Glass river was higher it had a higher pH in late december 2015 to early January 2016.
Data Supporting Claim: When analysing my data you can clearly see that when the

Is The Three To-One Blend Of Methylchloro Isothiazolinone
CMIT/MIT: The three–to–one blend of methylchloro–isothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is commonly used as a biocide in
polymer dispersions. CMIT/MIT is a broad–spectrum biocide that works between 3–9 pH. The mode of action for the CMIT/MIT is that it reacts with
the cell proteins causing the inhibition of respiration and ATP synthesis (PCIMAG).
Isothiazolones first mechanism which is performed in minutes is the swift inhibition of growth and metabolism. This is then tailed by loss of viability
due to irreversible cell damage which happens in a matter of hours. Inhibition occurs by disrupting the metabolic pathways involving dehydrogenase
enzymes. Microbes are quickly inhibited due to the inhibition of critical physiological functions including growth, respiration, and energy generation (
adenosine triphosphate synthesis). Cell death results in the destruction of protein thiols and production of free radicals. Compounds such as surfactants
can enhance and speed up the rate of inhibition and death. (Williams, 2007)
The interaction of isothiazolone biocides with microbial cells proceeds via several sequential reactions. Initially, a biocide molecule reacts with a
thiol group to form a disulphide linkage with the biocide. This structure then interacts with a second thiol group to establish a new disulphide linkage.
Following this, the cell releases the biocide as a mercaptoacrylamide. The mercaptoacrylamide derivative of CMIT tautomerizes to a thioacyl chloride
under physiological conditions. The thioacyl chloride is highly reactive and proceeds to interact with other cell macromolecules. The ability of CMIT
to degrade to a thioacyl chloride might account for it's much greater antimicrobial activity when compared to BIT or MIT. (Daniel, 1997)
Barman did a study on the first–order rate constant and half–life values for the degradation of MIT (Kathon 886 MW) and a MIT/CMIT (Kathon
MWC) Mixture. These consist of 2–methyl–4–isothiazolin–3–one and its chlorinated counterpart, 5–chloro–2–methyl–4–isothiazolin–3–one. At
100–fold more effective, the chlorinated counterpart is considered to be the active and require concentrations 100–fold less than MIT. In fact, at very
low concentrations of just 2–20 ppm

Literature Review On Esterification Of Methanol
2.10 Literature reviews Alexandra et al, investigated the esterification of oleic acid with methanol by homogeneous catalyst that is
4–dodecylbenzesulfonic acid. Firstly, this catalyst was compared with sulfuric acid and p–toluene sulfunic. It was shown the result that reaction rate
increased with increasing hydrophobic of the catalyst. Secondly, the effect of the parameter in esterification reaction was studied. It was observed that
quantity of catalyst and temperature increase the reaction rate. Another parameter, methanol shown an almost negligible effect. Conversely, water have
decrease reaction rate owning to water phase removed efficiency of catalyst. Third , the kinetics of esterification show a decrease in the concentration
of catalyst , methanol and volume of the reaction solution when was the problem of the separation of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best esterification conditions were show at 50oC, 20% methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.4% by volume sulfuric acid after 5 h a reaction could
reduce FFA content in feed stock to less than 1.88% Hence, the esterification of the alkali refining process decreased the FFA of esterified oil to the
requisite level. The value of acid was reduced beneath 0.86 mg KOH/g esterification oil with the condition of NaOH concentration 0.5N , excess alkai
15% at 60oC and time 40 min, thus shown the optimum of transesterification [30]. Xiaochen et al, introduced that the condensation of lignosulfonated
and formaldehyde generated the solid which had COOH and –SO3H groups. The solid material shown high activity in the hydrolysis of
polysaccharides to monosaccharides. Good accessibility of cellobiose to – SO3lt site and manifold binding of hydroxyls of cellobiose on–COOH and –
OH group might react for the increased activity compared to other acid catalysts

Sowbug Report
OUTLINE. Introduction to the Question:
–A subclass of pheromones is necromones, which contain oleic acid as a primary component.
–Some pheromones trigger aggregation between organisms, others can trigger separation.
–Necromones trigger necrophoric (organisms remove their dead) or necrophobic (organisms avoid their dead) behavior.
–Arthropods use pheromones, this includes sowbugs and cockroaches. Chemical signals are picked up by antennae.
II. Hypothesis:
When given a choice between two identical shelters, sowbugs will display necrophobic behavior by aggregating in the shelter that does not contain
oleic acid.
III. Biological Rationale:
–C.D. Rollo study showed that cockroaches display necrophobic behavior around oleic acid (dead ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II – Experimental Design and Methods:
Part 1.
A. Procedure:
1. Obtain 3 large tin bowls, 1 spoon, 1 pair scissors, 6 ketchup containers, 1 pipet, 3mL oleic acid, 6mL distilled water, 6 filter papers, and 30 sowbugs.
2. Place 10 randomly selected sowbugs in each of the 3 empty tin bowls for 3 minutes to allow them to acclimate to the environment.
3. During the 3 minute period, soak each filter paper with 1mL of distilled water, because sowbugs have been shown to prefer moist environments.
4. Add 1mL of oleic acid to three of the wet filter papers, this creates the independent variable. One will go in each tin.
5. Using the scissors, cut two small doors in each ketchup container on opposite sides, so that when the container is placed upside down, the sowbugs
may enter it. Having 2 doors in each increases the chance of sowbugs finding an entrance.
6. After 3 minutes, quickly place the wet filter papers on opposite sides of the tin (noting which one contains oleic acid) and cover them with the
ketchup containers. The doors should face away from the center, towards the edges of the tin. The placement of the oleic acid–containing paper should
be random, no preference for either side of the tin.
7. Wait 20 minutes, observing the sowbug's behavior. This 20 minute period gives them time to find each shelter and determine a preference. Do not
disturb them during this time. Keep track

Chemistry : The Effects Of Chemical Reacting, And Its Effects
Chemical weathering occurs when a rock or building material is eroded and/or disintegrated by a chemical process. This will occur primarily when
a water is mixed with a chemical. Chemical weathering will also often occur by water and in areas where warmer water or temperatures more
frequently occur and are common (kidsgeo), as the process accelerates and thrives in these conditions. Often this process will occur in warmer seasons
in the summer or spring to take advantage of the warmer weather in order to accelerate the process. There are three distinct types of chemical
weathering that can occur: oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. Oxidation will occur when a molecule will gain an extra oxygen molecule. A good
example of this is rust (passel), which occurs when iron reacts with oxygen and it becomes iron oxide. So when a rock goes oxidised is becomes
weaker and can break down easily as the extra oxygen has weakened its structure . Hydrolysis will occur when an extra water molecule is added. And
carbonation will occur when water reacts with carbon dioxide to form a carbonic acid, which can hollow out rocks by breaking them down, leading to
cave formations.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to demonstrate the effects of chemical weathering on zinc.
Hypothesis
If metal is placed in mixture of acid and water then the amount of rust will increase because the metal will be more exposed to the acid for a period of
time with one or the other mixture

Determining The Ph Of Household Items
Determining the pH of Household Items
March 22, 2016: Sara, Sam
Introduction: Everyday household items can be seen as just "household items". However, it is often not realized that we could actually determine the
pH very easily. It could also be important to know the pH in everyday life. For example, it is important to keep track of human pH levels. Some people
are curious to see the pH of their own body, which is a great use to keep acidic levels leveled. Another use in real life is determining the pH of pools.
Whether it's your own or a public pool, pH indicators come in hand to make sure the pool is sanitary and safe. pH indicators are indicators that contain
halochromic synthetic compound which is added to a solution so that it can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example would be pure water. Most of the time the pH is determined by pH paper but there are also other ways to determine the pH. For example,
in this lab, cabbage juice was used. Cabbage juice is a great pH indicator because it can be homemade and easy to access.
Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this experiment is to use both cabbage juice and pH paper to determine the pH of household items. This way,
we can tell which products are basic and which one are acidic. If we use cabbage juice as an universal pH indicator by comparing it to pH paper then
pH determined by the cabbage juice will be unstable because by using cabbage juice, it can be different depending on how diluted it is.
List of Materials needed:
1 drop bottle of cabbage juice
Beakers (depending on how many items)
pH paper
Spot plate(s)
Household products (Dish detergent, coffee, laundry detergent, milk, tap water, etc)
Procedure:
1.In order to find the pH of each household item by using pH paper, the pH paper was placed on the drop plate. Using the dropper, start by having
the household item dropped onto the pH paper. Immediately observe in order to spot any colour changes on the pH paper. To determine the pH by
using the pH scale and record the pH on your table of observations. Depending on what the pH is, it could be very acidic, basic or neutral. Repeat
these steps for the other products.
2.The second step in this lab is to use

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