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This document defines the essay and discusses its history and types. It begins by defining the essay as a brief written composition on a subject from the writer's personal point of view. It then traces the origins of the modern essay to Michel de Montaigne in the 16th century and discusses other influential essayists like Sir Francis Bacon, Charles Lamb, and Jonathan Swift. The document outlines several types of essays like aphoristic, personal, character sketch, critical, and periodical essays. It provides examples to illustrate each type and discusses how the essay form developed in the 17th-18th centuries.
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A novel is a long fictional narrative in prose form that typically features characters, themes, plots, settings, tones, and points of view. Key elements include the narrator, plot, setting, tone, characters, and perspective. There are various genres of novels such as historical fiction, which features true events from the past, psychological fiction, which focuses on characters' thoughts and feelings, and mysteries, which involve solving a crime. Stream of consciousness and postmodern literature employ unconventional styles.
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These tips will help you make an important transition:
away from writing poetry to celebrate, commemorate, or capture your own feelings (in which case you, the poet, are the center of the poem’s universe)
towards writing poetry in order to generate feelings in your reader (in which case the poem exists entirely to serve the reader).
Church going by Philip Larkin.pptx
The poem describes a man entering an empty church. He observes the interior details like the books, flowers, and organ. An overwhelming silence fills the space. Though not religious, he wonders what will happen to churches when faith disappears. People may avoid them or use them for superstitions. Eventually, the buildings will no longer be recognizable as churches. However, the poem suggests people will always seek meaning and serious contemplation, so churches may continue to draw visitors even in ruins.
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The document summarizes the Age of Johnson in 18th century English literature. It introduces influential figures of the time like Samuel Johnson, a poet, critic, and author known for his Dictionary of the English Language. It also discusses prominent poets such as Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, William Cowper, and Oliver Goldsmith, as well as prose writers like Johnson, Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, and James Boswell. The Age of Johnson was a period of transition between classicism and romanticism in English poetry and prose.
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Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel examines the emergence of the novel as a new literary form in the 18th century. Watt argues that the novel was characterized by its quality of realism, seen in its depth of description and attempts to portray human experience scientifically and from the perspective of individuals. Watt analyzes exemplary early novels like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela to show how they reflected contemporary ideologies like individualism and changing views of private life and social relationships. Watt also discusses how later 18th century novels by Richardson and Fielding further developed the psychological realism and complexity of the novel as a mature literary form.
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II. Characterization methods include physical description, names, what others say, and thoughts revealed. Characters can be major/minor, round/flat, dynamic/static, and protagonist/antagonist.
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The document discusses elements of fiction including characterization and setting. It defines fiction and prose, and describes the major elements used to develop characters - characterization, protagonist/antagonist, static/dynamic characters, and flat/round characters. It also defines setting and provides examples of different types of settings that can be used in stories. Characterization and setting are important as they help readers visualize and relate to the story.
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This document discusses literary criticism in the 17th-18th centuries by three major critics: John Dryden, Joseph Addison, and Alexander Pope. It provides background on Neoclassicism and its emphasis on reason, order, and imitation of classical works.
For John Dryden, it summarizes his importance as a poet and critic, and his contributions through works like An Essay of Dramatic Poesy which discussed imitation, the three unities, and other literary elements.
For Joseph Addison, it notes his focus on enlightening common readers and emphasizing the "greatness of literature." He viewed ancient critics as superior and aimed to temper wit with morality.
For Alexander Pope, it
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The document discusses the Neoclassical period in literature from 1660-1798. It was characterized by writers imitating classical Greco-Roman styles and emphasizing reason and order. John Dryden was a seminal writer of this period and is considered the father of English literary criticism. He analyzed works using historical, comparative and descriptive criticism. In his influential work "Essay of Dramatic Poesy", Dryden debates other thinkers on rules and standards for drama, appreciating Shakespeare while also arguing for flexibility over rigid adherence to classical ideals. Dryden established English literary criticism as its own discipline.
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The document defines different types of novels including autobiographical novels, epistolary novels, social realism novels, historical novels, novels of manners, and mystery novels. It provides examples for each type, such as Charles Dickens' David Copperfield as an autobiographical novel and Samuel Richardson's Pamela and Clarissa as epistolary novels told through letters. The document also introduces Jane Austen as an English novelist known for her realistic portrayals of the landed gentry through works like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion.
American romanticism
American Romanticism between 1800-1860 valued feeling and intuition over reason, placing faith in inner experience and the imagination. It championed individual freedom and found beauty in nature, exotic locales, mythology, and the imagination. While some American Romantics had a more optimistic vision, others like Poe, Hawthorne, and Irving examined humanity's darker aspects through narratives of criminals, insanity, evil, terror and grief.
The puritan age
The document discusses several key topics in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost:
1. Milton chose to write Paradise Lost as an epic poem, placing himself in the tradition of Homer, Virgil, and other epic poets, though he reconfigured some elements of the epic genre.
2. Paradise Lost explores ideas of knowledge, marriage, and heroism through the stories of Adam and Eve, their relationship, and the Son of God.
3. The poem examines theological concepts like the nature of God and good versus evil through its portrayal of characters like God, the Son, Satan and its interpretation of events in Genesis.
Reading and writing fiction
This document provides an overview of fiction as a genre of literature. It defines fiction and notes that while fiction uses imagined characters and events, it can illustrate truths about human life. The principal types of fiction are defined as the short story and novel. Various genres of fiction are then outlined such as fables, parables, tales, romantic fiction, realistic fiction, and more. For each genre, an example is typically provided. The document concludes by discussing various elements of fiction including characters, point of view, plot, setting, conflict, irony, and theme.
Chapter 2 characterization powernotes
This document discusses characterization in stories. It defines characterization as the process writers use to reveal a character's traits. There are two main methods: direct characterization tells the reader what a character is like, while indirect characterization shows the reader through a character's actions, speech, thoughts, and how others react to them. The document provides examples of both direct and indirect characterization and examines the different elements writers can use like appearance, actions, speech, thoughts and feelings to indirectly characterize their characters.
The guide
Raju is the central and complex character in the novel "The Guide" by R.K. Narayan. He dominates the story from beginning to end, taking on various roles and transformations. Raju starts as a railway guide but then becomes a lover to Rosie, a prisoner in jail where he impresses others, and finally a swami to the villagers. Throughout the novel, Raju transforms according to the needs of the society rather than his own desires, showing how one's outer appearance can become their inner identity. He is an intelligent and dynamic character that embodies qualities of many other characters in the story.
The Victorian Period- English Literature
The Victorian Period lasted from 1830 to 1901. Some key events included Victoria becoming Queen in 1837, the Irish potato famine in 1844, and Darwin publishing Origin of Species in 1859. London's population expanded greatly during this time. Religiously there was debate between evangelical, high church, and broad church movements. Literature flourished with works by Dickens, the Bronte sisters, Eliot, and Hardy. Victorian poetry was influenced by Tennyson, Browning, and Arnold. Theater also thrived during this period.
Presentation on english novel
The document traces the origins and evolution of the novel form from early literature to modern times. It notes that while early literature consisted mainly of verses, the novel emerged in the 18th century due to demand from the middle class. The novel focuses more on character development and psychology compared to earlier forms of literature. Different eras of novels focused on themes relevant to their time, such as love during the Romantic era and social commentary during the Victorian age of rapid industrialization. Novels continue to evolve and address contemporary sociopolitical issues.
READERS' RESPONSE CTICISM
It is actually how would the readers response to the message of the writer. Without the writer making his work, there would not be readers. And out readers reading the writers' work, there would not be sense of having it. It is actually a vice-versa relationship where both should function according to their role.
Cask of amontillado.
Montresor takes revenge on Fortunato for some past insult by luring him into the catacombs under the guise of evaluating a cask of Amontillado wine. As they descend deeper underground, Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall and seals him inside with bricks, leaving him to die. The story explores themes of pride, revenge, and the destructive nature of loftiness as Montresor goes to cruel extremes to exact his vengeance on Fortunato.
The Elements of Fiction
The document discusses elements of fiction including characterization and setting. It defines fiction and prose, and describes the major elements used to develop characters - characterization, protagonist/antagonist, static/dynamic characters, and flat/round characters. It also defines setting and provides examples of different types of settings that can be used in stories. Characterization and setting are important as they help readers visualize and relate to the story.
The Character Bosola in the play The Duchess of Malfi
Daniel de Bosola is a complex, supporting character in John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. Though he acts as a villain who betrays the Duchess and kills others, he is essentially an intelligent, good man driven to dishonorable acts by poverty and circumstance. As a tool of the evil Duke Ferdinand, Bosola spies on and murders people, but grows to oppose Ferdinand. By the end, Bosola avenges the Duchess' death by killing both Ferdinand and the Cardinal.
Symbolism in literature
The document discusses symbolism in literature and provides many examples. Symbolism is when an author uses objects or references to represent deeper meanings beyond the literal. Parts of days, seasons, colors, and nature can symbolize aspects of life. For instance, morning symbolizes the start of life while night represents old age. Stories like Harry Potter use snakes to symbolize evil. Food in Hansel and Gretel takes on different symbolic meanings throughout the story. The document analyzes how authors use symbolism to represent themes and provide insight into characters.
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens used his novels, essays, and stories to shed light on social injustices against the poor in 19th century England. Through characters like Oliver Twist and Ebenezer Scrooge, he criticized the treatment of the poor by the rich and state. He disagreed with policies like the New Poor Law that established harsh workhouses. While not advocating socialism, Dickens' writings reflected a desire for more charity towards the less fortunate and reforms to help the poor.
The Short Story
This document provides an overview of key elements of short stories, including definition, typical length, characters, setting, plot, point of view, style, theme and techniques for analysis. It defines short stories as brief fictional narratives involving a limited number of characters and situations to create a single effect. Key elements discussed include setting, atmosphere, character development, conflict, narrative techniques and exploring meaning through themes. Analysis questions are provided for each element to aid close reading of short stories.
The road not taken by Robert frost
This poem is about a traveler who comes to a fork in the road with two paths to choose from. He wishes he could take both but knows he can only pick one. After considering both options, he chooses the less traveled path, thinking it may have a better claim. However, he later doubts if he made the right choice and whether he will ever get to experience the road not taken. The traveler reflects on how the small choices we make can greatly impact our future journeys.
"Because i could not stop for death" by Emily Dickinson
This poem describes an encounter with Death in which Death kindly stops to give a ride to the speaker. They pass scenes of the living world as they travel to the speaker's final resting place, where Death leaves the speaker dressed in gossamer and tulle. Though centuries have passed, the encounter feels to the speaker like only a single day, and death is accepted as a natural part of eternity.
Stream of consciousness
The document discusses Virginia Woolf's use of stream of consciousness as a literary technique in her novel "To The Lighthouse." It provides examples from the novel to illustrate key aspects of stream of consciousness, such as having no first person narrator but presenting thoughts and feelings figurally through various characters. The text also examines Woolf's distinctive approach of integrating characters' present impressions with memories from the past. While stream of consciousness allows for a rich exploration of the inner worlds and changing perspectives of characters, it results in a plot that is less conventional and linear.
Overview of american liter
This document provides an overview of American literature from the Native American period through the present day. It summarizes the major literary periods and movements, including Colonial, Revolutionary, Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Modernism, and Postmodernism. For each period, it outlines the dominant themes, styles, and representative authors. It also discusses some of the overarching themes in American literature like individualism, the American Dream, cultural diversity, and tolerance.
Eras In American Literature
The document summarizes major eras and movements in American literature from the Puritans to modernism. It discusses how Puritan beliefs influenced their nonfiction writings focused on religion. The Age of Reason valued logic and reason over faith. Romanticism rebelled against this and found inspiration in nature. The Transcendentalists believed people could find meaning through nature. Realists aimed to accurately depict ordinary lives. The Modernists broke traditions and used symbolism. The Harlem Renaissance influenced perceptions of African Americans through its focus on black experiences. Stream of consciousness writers questioned traditional beliefs during the Great Depression.
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The Character Bosola in the play The Duchess of Malfi
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This document discusses literary criticism in the 17th-18th centuries by three major critics: John Dryden, Joseph Addison, and Alexander Pope. It provides background on Neoclassicism and its emphasis on reason, order, and imitation of classical works.
For John Dryden, it summarizes his importance as a poet and critic, and his contributions through works like An Essay of Dramatic Poesy which discussed imitation, the three unities, and other literary elements.
For Joseph Addison, it notes his focus on enlightening common readers and emphasizing the "greatness of literature." He viewed ancient critics as superior and aimed to temper wit with morality.
For Alexander Pope, it
Dryden and neoclassicism new
The document discusses the Neoclassical period in literature from 1660-1798. It was characterized by writers imitating classical Greco-Roman styles and emphasizing reason and order. John Dryden was a seminal writer of this period and is considered the father of English literary criticism. He analyzed works using historical, comparative and descriptive criticism. In his influential work "Essay of Dramatic Poesy", Dryden debates other thinkers on rules and standards for drama, appreciating Shakespeare while also arguing for flexibility over rigid adherence to classical ideals. Dryden established English literary criticism as its own discipline.
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The Neoclassical period was characterized by reason and order in literature. Writers imitated classical Greek and Roman styles and forms. Major writers included Pope, Dryden, Swift, Addison, and Johnson. Their works emphasized clarity, precision, and adherence to aesthetic principles through genres like satire, essays, and mock epics that commented on contemporary politics and society. Prose works like The Tatler, The Spectator, and Rambler aimed to educate the growing middle class.
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Neoclassicism was a return to classical models and values from ancient Greece and Rome between the 17th-18th centuries. It emphasized rationality, order, and moderation. Key figures like John Dryden established English literary criticism. Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism outlined neoclassical principles. Samuel Johnson's works like Lives of the Poets and Dictionary helped define the English literary canon based on neoclassical ideals of reason and morality.
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Samuel Johnson was an 18th century English literary critic known for his magnum opus Lives of the Poets, in which he provided biographies and critical appraisals of 52 English poets from the 16th to 18th centuries. Johnson aimed to establish critical standards and write the cultural history of England through the lens of poets. While his personal opinions of some poets like Milton diverged from his criticism, he contributed greatly to establishing English literature as an academic subject.
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The age of Romanticism their ideas and concept
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and peaked in the early to mid-19th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and a glorification of nature. Some key characteristics included a reaction against classicism and rationalism, a focus on emotion and imagination over reason, and a preference for medieval culture over modernity. The Romantic period in British literature is generally considered 1798-1832, spanning writers like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats. Women writers also made important contributions to Romanticism.
Coleridge chapter 14
1. John Dryden was an influential 17th century English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright who came to dominate English literary life during the Restoration period.
2. As a critic, Dryden was one of the first in England to use historical analysis and emphasize the importance of native elements in literature rather than blindly following French rules and traditions.
3. While Dryden greatly admired the ancients, he was not a strict follower of classical rules and was more interested in a work being good for its time rather than conforming to preconceived theories of art. Dryden placed criticism on a solid foundation to guide future generations.
UNIT III The Essaypdf.pdf
The document discusses the origin and features of the essay form. It states that Michel de Montaigne is considered the father of the modern essay, as he first used the term "essais" to describe this type of informal writing. While essays vary in style and length, they are generally defined as brief compositions in prose on a particular subject. Key features of essays include limiting their scope, giving a sense of completeness despite covering only part of a subject, and having unlimited subject matter. The document then provides brief biographies of several influential English essayists like Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas de Quincey.
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This document provides an overview of the Romantic Age in literature from 1780-1830. Some of the key events and ideas discussed include the influence of the French Revolution on English society and politics, the rise of social reform movements calling for greater representation, and the works of major Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Coleridge. It also examines the intellectual contexts of the time including a focus on emotions, the irrational, and the imagination as an escape from reality. Specific Romantic genres like gothic novels and major essayists/writers of the period are outlined as well.
A history of english literature in 20 minutes[1]
1. This document provides a brief overview of major periods and movements in English literature from classical mythology to postmodernism.
2. Key details include the myths, genres, and conventions that emerged during each period as well as representative authors such as Homer, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Eliot, and Duffy.
3. Stylistic features emphasized include the development of forms like sonnets, metaphysical conceits, and free verse as well as themes of courtly love, individualism, emotion, and everyday language.
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The Neo Classical Literature - The Age of Prose And Reason
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Chapter 2
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
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Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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Essay
- 1. Essay Lt. Dr. B. Ajantha Parthasarathi, Assistant Professor Of English, Sri SRNM College.
- 2. Essay •A short piece of writing that reveals the writer’s views or analysis of a particular subject •Vary in subject matter •A brief composition in prose on any particular subject or branch of a subject •Applied to nearly every kind of writing except poems, plays and stories
- 3. Essay •Definitions • A loose sally of the mind; an irregular, undigested piece; not a regular and orderly composition (Samuel Johnson) • More than a novel, a poem, a play, or a treatise, is personality translated into print (E.V. Lucas) • A literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything (Aldous Huxley)
- 4. Essay •Montaigne (1533-92) – Father of Modern Essay •‘Essais’ – ‘attempt’, ‘experiment’ ‘ endeavour’ •Informal in nature & had a warmth and grace about them •Sir Francis Bacon – Essay – 1597 •Bacon – pioneer of this form
- 5. Essay • Roman Writers – Cicero & Seneca (Letters – Essays) • Plutarch – forerunner of Essays • Michel de Montaigne – leisurely (informal) style, an assortment of random thoughts, quotations and anecdotes • Bacon – followed a style of his own – subjects ranging from love, death and atheism to travel, marriage and gardens • Charles Lamb – conversational style, taking the reader through a gamut of emotions • Jonathan Swift – biting satire to attack his opponents
- 6. Essay• Abraham Cowley, Sir William Temple, John Dryden – followed the personal and informal style of Montaigne – development of essay – 17th & 18th centuries • Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele – Periodical Essay • Essayists – Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas de Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Macaulay, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, Walter Pater, R.L. Stevenson, G.K. Chesterton, Hilaire Belloc, E.V. Lucas, Robert Lynd
- 7. Essay Features: • Limit its length as far as the treatment of the subject goes • Essay – lay person • Dissertation/thesis – specialist • No exhaustive or comprehensive understanding of the subject • W.H. Hudson, “selection and the proper distribution of emphasis will… be found among the elementary principles of essay writing” • A Good essay – a sense of completeness • Subject matter – unlimited & form – vast range of topics
- 8. •Aphoristic Essay •Personal Essay •Character Sketch •Critical Essay •Periodical Essay Types of Essay
- 9. Aphoristic Essay • Sir Francis Bacon • Highly objective and impersonal – abrupt & rugged • Aphorisms – sayings or maxims/adage/proverb Examples: “Imagination was given to compensate him for what he is not; a sense of humour to console him for what he is” “Reading maketh a full man; and writing an exact man”
- 10. personal Essay • Informal – the author shares his views with the reader in an intimate manner • Everyday happenings rather than serious matters • Compared to the lyric • Autobiographical in nature – reflecting the author’s inner feelings and thoughts • Montaigne – father of the Personal Essay • Charles Lamb – taking his readers through a roller coaster ride of emotions – Essays of Elia and The Last Essays of Elia (Collections) • Other essayists – Leigh Hunt, Thomas De Quincey, William Hazlitt
- 11. Character sketch • Brief but detailed description – appearance & habits of either an individual or a generalized type – places and institutions • Intention – amuse readers/praise/satirise • Popular – earlier part of 17th century • Examples • Thomas Overbury’s ‘A Good Wife’ and ‘A Drunken Dutchman Resident in England’ • Joseph Hall’s ‘The Witless Gallant’ and ‘Of the Flatterer’ • John Milton’s ‘Character of the Long Parliament’ • Theophrastus – classical Greek writer – Pioneer • Renaissance – classical writers were rediscovered and imitated • Ben Jonson – Vices and virtues of Men and Women - Plays • 17th century – character sketches, with their detailed descriptions of various types of personalities – satire • 18th century – Addison and Steele – extended character sketches – more popular
- 12. Critical essay • Essay – evaluates, discusses and interprets literary works • John Dryden – made this type of essay popular • The Rival Ladies – preface to his first play • ‘Essay on Dramatic Poesy’ – form of a dialogue – critical essay • John Dryden – the first literary critic in the English language • 17th century – literary works were discussed and reviewed in coffee houses • Neoclassical period – Samuel Johnson – man of letters who wrote critical essays
- 13. Periodical essay • An essay that appears in a journal or a periodical • Prominent in the early 18th century – witnessed the growth of journalism • Well suited - social and literary criticism & character studies • Daniel Defoe’s ‘Review’ – the earliest periodical featuring essays • Journals - The Tatler and The Spectator – Richard Steele and Joseph Addison – periodical essays • Essays in the Journals – held up a mirror to the vanities, vices & foibles of contemporary society • Addison - Essays – ‘to enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality’ • George Saintsbury in his ‘Short History of English Literature’ “they taught the 18th century how it should, and especially how it should not, behave in public places, from churches to theatres; what books it should like, and how it should like them; how it should treat its lovers, mistresses, husbands, wives, parents and friends” • Journal - The Rambler and The Idler - Dr. Johnson • Journal – The Public Ledger – Oliver Goldsmith’s ‘Citizen of the World’