The document discusses the origin and features of the essay form. It states that Michel de Montaigne is considered the father of the modern essay, as he first used the term "essais" to describe this type of informal writing. While essays vary in style and length, they are generally defined as brief compositions in prose on a particular subject. Key features of essays include limiting their scope, giving a sense of completeness despite covering only part of a subject, and having unlimited subject matter. The document then provides brief biographies of several influential English essayists like Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas de Quincey.
TYBA, English , Pr. VII, The Romantic Reviaval movement. Prose. Fictional and Nonfictional. Characteristics, major contributors. Essayists and novelist.
The document provides an overview of various literary genres, traditions, and forms from different cultures and time periods around the world. It discusses epic poems, sonnets, drama, and novels in English literature. It then summarizes literary works and periods in languages and cultures including Old English, Middle English, Elizabethan, Romantic, Victorian, and 20th century English literature as well as American, European, Latin American, Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian literature. Key authors and works are mentioned for each region and time period.
The document provides an overview of the Romantic Age in literature. It discusses that Romanticism originated in Europe as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment. The Romantic period in English literature is considered to span from 1798 to 1837. Key characteristics of Romanticism included a focus on nature, emotions, imagination, aesthetic beauty, solitude, and the individual. Famous Romantic poets mentioned include William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Sir Walter Scott, and Mary Shelley. The document also discusses the Napoleonic Wars and how new ways of living needed to be reflected in new ways of thinking, with Romanticism coming to represent
This document outlines the powerpoint presentation for the English department's even semester course from December 2018 to April 2019. The presentation contains 4 units that will cover various topics in English literature from the Romantic movement to 20th century novels. Unit 1 discusses the Romantic movement in phases, focusing on Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. Unit 2 covers Lamb, Hazlitt, and Jane Austen. Unit 3 examines Carlyle, Ruskin, Newman, Tennyson, Browning and others. Unit 4 looks at the pre-Raphaelites, 20th century drama with Shaw and Ibsen, and 20th century novels including Joyce and Woolf.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and peaked in the early to mid-19th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and a glorification of nature. Some key characteristics included a reaction against classicism and rationalism, a focus on emotion and imagination over reason, and a preference for medieval culture over modernity. The Romantic period in British literature is generally considered 1798-1832, spanning writers like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats. Women writers also made important contributions to Romanticism.
This document provides an overview of the key periods in English literature, including the Old English period, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Elizabethan era, 17th century, Restoration period, 18th century, Romantic period, Victorian era, and Modern period. It summarizes some of the defining features of each period as well as influential authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Wordsworth. The document is intended to help readers understand the development of English literature across different historical ages.
This document provides an overview of 17th century English literature during the Puritan and Restoration periods. It summarizes the major genres of the time, including Puritan poetry divided into the School of Spenser, Metaphysical school, and Cavalier poets. The major dramatists of Jacobean and Caroline drama are also discussed, along with famous prose writers like Bacon, Burton, Milton and Taylor. The document analyzes the work and styles of influential poets, dramatists and prose writers like Donne, Jonson, Milton and others during this period of English literature.
The document provides biographical information about English poets John Dryden and Alexander Pope. It discusses Dryden's influential works An Essay of Dramatic Poesy and An Essay of Dramatick Poesie, focusing on the topics and characters debated within. It also summarizes Pope's famous didactic poem An Essay on Criticism, highlighting its structure, themes of criticism and literary ideals, and references to ancient writers. Both Dryden and Pope were major figures of the 17th-18th century neoclassical period in English literature.
TYBA, English , Pr. VII, The Romantic Reviaval movement. Prose. Fictional and Nonfictional. Characteristics, major contributors. Essayists and novelist.
The document provides an overview of various literary genres, traditions, and forms from different cultures and time periods around the world. It discusses epic poems, sonnets, drama, and novels in English literature. It then summarizes literary works and periods in languages and cultures including Old English, Middle English, Elizabethan, Romantic, Victorian, and 20th century English literature as well as American, European, Latin American, Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian literature. Key authors and works are mentioned for each region and time period.
The document provides an overview of the Romantic Age in literature. It discusses that Romanticism originated in Europe as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and Enlightenment. The Romantic period in English literature is considered to span from 1798 to 1837. Key characteristics of Romanticism included a focus on nature, emotions, imagination, aesthetic beauty, solitude, and the individual. Famous Romantic poets mentioned include William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Sir Walter Scott, and Mary Shelley. The document also discusses the Napoleonic Wars and how new ways of living needed to be reflected in new ways of thinking, with Romanticism coming to represent
This document outlines the powerpoint presentation for the English department's even semester course from December 2018 to April 2019. The presentation contains 4 units that will cover various topics in English literature from the Romantic movement to 20th century novels. Unit 1 discusses the Romantic movement in phases, focusing on Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats. Unit 2 covers Lamb, Hazlitt, and Jane Austen. Unit 3 examines Carlyle, Ruskin, Newman, Tennyson, Browning and others. Unit 4 looks at the pre-Raphaelites, 20th century drama with Shaw and Ibsen, and 20th century novels including Joyce and Woolf.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and peaked in the early to mid-19th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, individualism, and a glorification of nature. Some key characteristics included a reaction against classicism and rationalism, a focus on emotion and imagination over reason, and a preference for medieval culture over modernity. The Romantic period in British literature is generally considered 1798-1832, spanning writers like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats. Women writers also made important contributions to Romanticism.
This document provides an overview of the key periods in English literature, including the Old English period, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Elizabethan era, 17th century, Restoration period, 18th century, Romantic period, Victorian era, and Modern period. It summarizes some of the defining features of each period as well as influential authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Wordsworth. The document is intended to help readers understand the development of English literature across different historical ages.
This document provides an overview of 17th century English literature during the Puritan and Restoration periods. It summarizes the major genres of the time, including Puritan poetry divided into the School of Spenser, Metaphysical school, and Cavalier poets. The major dramatists of Jacobean and Caroline drama are also discussed, along with famous prose writers like Bacon, Burton, Milton and Taylor. The document analyzes the work and styles of influential poets, dramatists and prose writers like Donne, Jonson, Milton and others during this period of English literature.
The document provides biographical information about English poets John Dryden and Alexander Pope. It discusses Dryden's influential works An Essay of Dramatic Poesy and An Essay of Dramatick Poesie, focusing on the topics and characters debated within. It also summarizes Pope's famous didactic poem An Essay on Criticism, highlighting its structure, themes of criticism and literary ideals, and references to ancient writers. Both Dryden and Pope were major figures of the 17th-18th century neoclassical period in English literature.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
This document provides an overview of poetry as a form of literature. It discusses how poetry uses elements like rhythm, sound, and imagery to convey meaning. The history of poetry is then outlined, dating back to ancient epics from cultures like Sumeria and India. Different types of poetry are defined, including lyric, narrative, descriptive, dramatic, satirical, and light poetry. Examples are given of famous poets throughout history like Maya Angelou, Emily Dickinson, Shel Silverstein, Benjamin Jonson, Edgar Allan Poe, and their contributions to the art of poetry.
The Pre-Romantic period was characterized by a growing appreciation for nature, a focus on emotion and sentimentality through the literature of sensibility, and early interests in humanitarian reform movements. Writers during this time began exploring themes of death, mutability, and melancholy in nature through the Graveyard School of poetry. Additionally, there was a growing democratic attitude and faith in the inherent goodness of human beings.
The Elizabethan period saw a golden age of English literature. William Shakespeare and other playwrights like Christopher Marlowe flourished during this time. Shakespeare wrote famous plays such as Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth as well as over 150 sonnets. Other notable poets of the period included Edmund Spenser, who wrote The Faerie Queene, and Philip Sidney. The era also saw the rise of new literary forms such as the English sonnet and blank verse in plays. Overall, the Elizabethan age produced great works of poetry, prose, and drama that still influence English literature today.
The document summarizes the history and development of the novel genre. It discusses how novels originated in the 18th century with the emergence of the middle class and focus on human characters. It then describes the rise of historical novels in the 19th century led by writers like Walter Scott. The document also outlines the major developments in the English novel from the 18th-20th centuries, including the influence of romanticism, Victorian novelists focusing on middle and working class stories, and 20th century novels reflecting world events like wars and political issues.
This document provides a summary and analysis of Thomas Wyatt's poem "Whoso List to Hunt". It discusses how while the poem appears to follow the conventions of medieval courtly love poetry on the surface, focusing on a male speaker pursuing an unavailable woman, it actually captures the crisis of transition facing English society during the Renaissance period. Through metaphors of a futile hunt and a world in constant change, Wyatt expresses the new reality of meaninglessness and loss of certainty that Renaissance man must embrace. The Petrarchan sonnet form allowed Wyatt to effectively frame the anxiety of this cultural moment in England.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature, focusing on major authors and works from the period known as the Age of Samuel Johnson. It discusses Johnson's influential contributions as a poet, essayist, and lexicographer. It also summarizes the works and significance of three major Irish authors from the period: Oliver Goldsmith, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and Laurence Sterne. Additionally, it examines the rise of sentimentalism in 18th century poetry and prose fiction.
This document discusses the key characteristics and concepts of Romanticism as an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century. It emphasizes emotion, imagination, individualism, nature, and the irrational. Notable Romantic writers mentioned include Rousseau, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Their works frequently explored themes of nature, the self, imagination, and the supernatural.
3. Elizabethan literature with questionsmaliterature
The Elizabethan period saw a golden age of English literature. William Shakespeare and other playwrights like Christopher Marlowe flourished during this time. Shakespeare wrote famous plays such as Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth and perfected the English sonnet form. Other notable poets of the period included Edmund Spenser, who introduced the Spenserian stanza, and metaphysical poets like John Donne. Prose also developed, with translations of works and the development of genres like essays. Overall, the Elizabethan era was a high point for English poetry, plays, and literature.
This document summarizes the Classical Age and Augustan Age of English literature during the 18th century. It discusses key writers of the period like Pope, Dryden, Johnson and their works. The Classical Age focused on reason and following classical rules of writing. While Pope was a dominant poet of this age and perfected the heroic couplet, the later Augustan Age saw cracks in classicism and a move toward romanticism. The document examines the transitioning period of Johnson and precursors to the Romantic movement in poetry.
This presentation is for students of English literature. This presentation contains, History(social, political and economic) and literary features of Romantic age, poets, novelists and prose writers of the age.
This document provides an overview of English Romanticism and several key Romantic poets. It discusses that English Romanticism began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and was influenced by the French and Industrial Revolutions. It summarizes some of the major works and contributions of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Byron to English Romantic poetry.
This document provides an overview of descriptive criticism and summarizes several influential literary critics and their works. Descriptive criticism involves analyzing existing literary works to understand their aims, methods, and effects. It then discusses major critics like John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, S.T. Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Mathew Arnold, and T.S. Eliot and their most important works on literary criticism.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a literary genre. It provides definitions of a novel and traces its origins from 17th century England. The novel rose to prominence due to social and economic changes associated with the rise of the middle class. Early novels experimented with different styles and subgenres like the epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and Bildungsroman novels. Major early novels included Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, Tom Jones, and Tristram Shandy. Theorists have analyzed the novel's development in terms of formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific narrative features. The novel became the dominant genre of world literature by the 19th century.
Literature of Neoclassic Era and Age of Enlightenment -Essay on CriticismNikki Akraminejad
Literature of Neoclassic Era and Age of Enlightenment, its Historical and Literary Context. Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope as prominent figures.
About Essay on criticism
The document profiles several famous authors and their works. It provides biographical information and highlights of the literary accomplishments of William Shakespeare, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens, J.R.R. Tolkien, George Orwell, Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, and Jane Austen. All were highly influential writers who made major contributions to literature in their respective genres.
The document provides a summary of the key developments and major figures of the Romantic period in English literature from approximately 1800 to 1850. It notes that Romanticism was influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution such as freedom, equality, and human dignity. Poetry dominated this period, with famous Romantic poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and Walter Scott. Prose works also increased including essays, biographies, literary criticism and the historical novel genre pioneered by Walter Scott. Female writers like Jane Austen also rose in prominence during this time.
The novel originated in the 14th century from Italian novellas and was influenced by ancient Greek and Roman stories and medieval romances. It developed as a popular genre in the 18th century with works like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela. Major 19th century novelists like the Brontës, Dickens, Eliot, and Hardy established conventions of complex plots, character development, and social commentary. The Victorian era saw the rise of the novel as a dominant literary form. In the 20th century, modernist novels experimented with narrative techniques and addressed wider themes. Key features of the novel include telling a story through prose narrative of extended length with fictional characters and events.
The document summarizes the prominent writers of the Romantic Movement and Victorian Age in English literature. Key Romantic writers included William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, and John Keats who focused on themes of nature, imagination, and the individual. Major Victorian poets shifted to addressing social problems, including Alfred Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Robert Browning. Notable Victorian novelists were Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
The Neo Classical Literature - The Age of Prose And ReasonJitendra Sumra
The Neoclassical period was characterized by reason and order in literature. Writers imitated classical Greek and Roman styles and forms. Major writers included Pope, Dryden, Swift, Addison, and Johnson. Their works emphasized clarity, precision, and adherence to aesthetic principles through genres like satire, essays, and mock epics that commented on contemporary politics and society. Prose works like The Tatler, The Spectator, and Rambler aimed to educate the growing middle class.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
This document provides an overview of poetry as a form of literature. It discusses how poetry uses elements like rhythm, sound, and imagery to convey meaning. The history of poetry is then outlined, dating back to ancient epics from cultures like Sumeria and India. Different types of poetry are defined, including lyric, narrative, descriptive, dramatic, satirical, and light poetry. Examples are given of famous poets throughout history like Maya Angelou, Emily Dickinson, Shel Silverstein, Benjamin Jonson, Edgar Allan Poe, and their contributions to the art of poetry.
The Pre-Romantic period was characterized by a growing appreciation for nature, a focus on emotion and sentimentality through the literature of sensibility, and early interests in humanitarian reform movements. Writers during this time began exploring themes of death, mutability, and melancholy in nature through the Graveyard School of poetry. Additionally, there was a growing democratic attitude and faith in the inherent goodness of human beings.
The Elizabethan period saw a golden age of English literature. William Shakespeare and other playwrights like Christopher Marlowe flourished during this time. Shakespeare wrote famous plays such as Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth as well as over 150 sonnets. Other notable poets of the period included Edmund Spenser, who wrote The Faerie Queene, and Philip Sidney. The era also saw the rise of new literary forms such as the English sonnet and blank verse in plays. Overall, the Elizabethan age produced great works of poetry, prose, and drama that still influence English literature today.
The document summarizes the history and development of the novel genre. It discusses how novels originated in the 18th century with the emergence of the middle class and focus on human characters. It then describes the rise of historical novels in the 19th century led by writers like Walter Scott. The document also outlines the major developments in the English novel from the 18th-20th centuries, including the influence of romanticism, Victorian novelists focusing on middle and working class stories, and 20th century novels reflecting world events like wars and political issues.
This document provides a summary and analysis of Thomas Wyatt's poem "Whoso List to Hunt". It discusses how while the poem appears to follow the conventions of medieval courtly love poetry on the surface, focusing on a male speaker pursuing an unavailable woman, it actually captures the crisis of transition facing English society during the Renaissance period. Through metaphors of a futile hunt and a world in constant change, Wyatt expresses the new reality of meaninglessness and loss of certainty that Renaissance man must embrace. The Petrarchan sonnet form allowed Wyatt to effectively frame the anxiety of this cultural moment in England.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature, focusing on major authors and works from the period known as the Age of Samuel Johnson. It discusses Johnson's influential contributions as a poet, essayist, and lexicographer. It also summarizes the works and significance of three major Irish authors from the period: Oliver Goldsmith, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and Laurence Sterne. Additionally, it examines the rise of sentimentalism in 18th century poetry and prose fiction.
This document discusses the key characteristics and concepts of Romanticism as an artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th century. It emphasizes emotion, imagination, individualism, nature, and the irrational. Notable Romantic writers mentioned include Rousseau, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Their works frequently explored themes of nature, the self, imagination, and the supernatural.
3. Elizabethan literature with questionsmaliterature
The Elizabethan period saw a golden age of English literature. William Shakespeare and other playwrights like Christopher Marlowe flourished during this time. Shakespeare wrote famous plays such as Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth and perfected the English sonnet form. Other notable poets of the period included Edmund Spenser, who introduced the Spenserian stanza, and metaphysical poets like John Donne. Prose also developed, with translations of works and the development of genres like essays. Overall, the Elizabethan era was a high point for English poetry, plays, and literature.
This document summarizes the Classical Age and Augustan Age of English literature during the 18th century. It discusses key writers of the period like Pope, Dryden, Johnson and their works. The Classical Age focused on reason and following classical rules of writing. While Pope was a dominant poet of this age and perfected the heroic couplet, the later Augustan Age saw cracks in classicism and a move toward romanticism. The document examines the transitioning period of Johnson and precursors to the Romantic movement in poetry.
This presentation is for students of English literature. This presentation contains, History(social, political and economic) and literary features of Romantic age, poets, novelists and prose writers of the age.
This document provides an overview of English Romanticism and several key Romantic poets. It discusses that English Romanticism began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and was influenced by the French and Industrial Revolutions. It summarizes some of the major works and contributions of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Byron to English Romantic poetry.
This document provides an overview of descriptive criticism and summarizes several influential literary critics and their works. Descriptive criticism involves analyzing existing literary works to understand their aims, methods, and effects. It then discusses major critics like John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, S.T. Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Mathew Arnold, and T.S. Eliot and their most important works on literary criticism.
The document discusses the rise of the novel as a literary genre. It provides definitions of a novel and traces its origins from 17th century England. The novel rose to prominence due to social and economic changes associated with the rise of the middle class. Early novels experimented with different styles and subgenres like the epistolary, realistic, philosophical, and Bildungsroman novels. Major early novels included Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, Tom Jones, and Tristram Shandy. Theorists have analyzed the novel's development in terms of formal realism, progressive narrative, and specific narrative features. The novel became the dominant genre of world literature by the 19th century.
Literature of Neoclassic Era and Age of Enlightenment -Essay on CriticismNikki Akraminejad
Literature of Neoclassic Era and Age of Enlightenment, its Historical and Literary Context. Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope as prominent figures.
About Essay on criticism
The document profiles several famous authors and their works. It provides biographical information and highlights of the literary accomplishments of William Shakespeare, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens, J.R.R. Tolkien, George Orwell, Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, and Jane Austen. All were highly influential writers who made major contributions to literature in their respective genres.
The document provides a summary of the key developments and major figures of the Romantic period in English literature from approximately 1800 to 1850. It notes that Romanticism was influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution such as freedom, equality, and human dignity. Poetry dominated this period, with famous Romantic poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and Walter Scott. Prose works also increased including essays, biographies, literary criticism and the historical novel genre pioneered by Walter Scott. Female writers like Jane Austen also rose in prominence during this time.
The novel originated in the 14th century from Italian novellas and was influenced by ancient Greek and Roman stories and medieval romances. It developed as a popular genre in the 18th century with works like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela. Major 19th century novelists like the Brontës, Dickens, Eliot, and Hardy established conventions of complex plots, character development, and social commentary. The Victorian era saw the rise of the novel as a dominant literary form. In the 20th century, modernist novels experimented with narrative techniques and addressed wider themes. Key features of the novel include telling a story through prose narrative of extended length with fictional characters and events.
The document summarizes the prominent writers of the Romantic Movement and Victorian Age in English literature. Key Romantic writers included William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, and John Keats who focused on themes of nature, imagination, and the individual. Major Victorian poets shifted to addressing social problems, including Alfred Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Robert Browning. Notable Victorian novelists were Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
The Neo Classical Literature - The Age of Prose And ReasonJitendra Sumra
The Neoclassical period was characterized by reason and order in literature. Writers imitated classical Greek and Roman styles and forms. Major writers included Pope, Dryden, Swift, Addison, and Johnson. Their works emphasized clarity, precision, and adherence to aesthetic principles through genres like satire, essays, and mock epics that commented on contemporary politics and society. Prose works like The Tatler, The Spectator, and Rambler aimed to educate the growing middle class.
Rudyard Kipling delivers a speech to university students in which he warns against pursuing wealth for wealth's sake alone. He advocates acquiring enough wealth to fulfill life's needs with one hand while keeping the other hand free for one's true work. Kipling also discusses the depression experienced by youth and encourages focusing on issues beyond oneself to overcome dark periods.
This document contains 31 multiple choice questions about the play "Tughlaq" by Girish Karnad. The questions test knowledge of characters, plot points, historical facts and themes in the play. Some of the characters addressed are Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Aziz, Vishnu Prasad, Ain-ul-Mulk, and Shaikh Imam-ud-din. Events covered include Tughlaq's shifting of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and a revolt led by Shaikh Imam-ud-din against the Sultan. Historical details concern the 14th century time period of Tughlaq's rule in India and places within India like Deccan, Delhi
The essay describes Richard Steele's Trumpet Club, a group that met regularly in the evenings. The club originally had 15 members but had dwindled to 5, including Sir Jeoffrey Notch, the oldest member who chaired the meetings. Major Matchlock was next oldest and recounted his experiences in the Civil Wars. Honest old Dick Reptile also attended with his silent nephew. The members passed the time recounting old stories and jokes. Steele found the conversations a relaxing way to prepare for sleep, though he felt talking grew more trivial with age and thought experience should be used to benefit others.
The passage discusses the picaresque novel and the sentimental novel. It provides the following key points:
1. The picaresque novel originated in 16th century Spain and became popular in the 17th-18th centuries. It features a traveling hero who has a series of adventures and misfortunes. Notable examples include Tobias Smollett's The Adventures of Roderick Random and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones.
2. The sentimental novel was popular in the 18th century and focused on emotional responses and scenes of suffering/tenderness rather than action. Examples include Samuel Richardson's Pamela and Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield.
3. Both genres contributed
The document is an excerpt from an essay by Oliver Goldsmith describing a "Man in Black" he knows. Though the man outwardly acts harsh and miserly, criticizing beggars and claiming not to give to charity, his true nature is revealed through actions showing great compassion. When beggars approach asking for help, the man is unable to refuse and secretly gives them money, though maintaining his facade of ill-nature. The essay explores the contradictions between his outward personality and private acts of generosity.
This document contains 25 multiple choice questions about the short story "The Homecoming" by Rabindranath Tagore. The questions test comprehension of details about the main character Phatik, such as that he was the leader of the boys in his village and annoyed his friend Makhan. It also contains questions about Tagore's biography and the themes of homesickness in the story.
The document contains 39 multiple choice questions about the short story "The Thief" by Ruskin Bond. The questions test the reader's comprehension of the plot, which involves a thief named Deepak who takes a job working for a trusting young man named Arun. Deepak plans to rob Arun but changes his mind after growing fond of him. The questions cover details about the characters, their relationship, and the events that unfold such as Deepak briefly stealing money from Arun but returning it after feeling guilty.
The document is about the importance of water and its role in sustaining life on Earth. It discusses how water is the real "elixir of life" and describes India's dependence on water resources like rainfall and rain-fed tanks for agriculture. It also talks about how civilizations in India and Egypt were created and sustained by major river systems and their deposits of fertile soils. Proper management of water resources through practices like forestation and harnessing of water is described as important for preventing soil erosion and sustaining life.
- Indira Gandhi was the first female Prime Minister of India, serving three terms from 1966 to 1977. She was the daughter of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
- In a 1972 speech to the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden, Gandhi emphasized the need for development that improves people's lives and the environment. She noted that poverty is the greatest polluter and environmental protection requires addressing poverty.
- While acknowledging India's role in environmental degradation, Gandhi argued that wealthy countries consume far more resources per capita and their development is largely responsible for global pollution problems. Ending reckless exploitation of resources and prioritizing people over profits are needed for a sustainable future
The speech summarizes Nehru's speech on Indian independence delivered on August 14th, 1947 at midnight. In it, Nehru speaks about India's past struggles for independence and looks forward to India's future as a prosperous and progressive nation. He says India has redeemed its tryst with destiny and will awake to life and freedom at midnight. Nehru pledges dedication to serving India and humanity. He ends the period of ill fortune and sees this as an opportunity for greater achievements. Nehru encourages Indians to work hard to fulfill their dreams and responsibilities of ending poverty, inequality, and more.
Where the Mind is Without Fear MCQS.pptxJKhamankar
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about the poem "Where the Mind is Without Fear" by Rabindranath Tagore. The questions test understanding of the poem's themes of freedom from fear and superstition, breaking down of domestic walls that divide society, and the search for ever-widening thought and action unhindered by habits of the past. The document provides the questions and four possible answers for each one. It does not include the answers. The questions are attributed to Dr. G. N. Khamankar and are meant to assess understanding of Tagore's famous poem.
This document provides 17 multiple choice questions and explanations about the Lord Byron poem "She Walks in Beauty". The questions cover various literary devices used in the poem like metaphor, personification, and alliteration. They also ask about structural elements like rhyme scheme and enjambment. Additionally, the questions probe the poem's description of the woman's beauty and character, as well as background context about the poem's author and time period.
How Wealth Accumulates and Men Decayby G.pdfJKhamankar
G.B. Shaw's essay "How Wealth Accumulates and Men Decay" critiques capitalism. It shows how workers no longer have control over what they produce. Shaw argues that capitalism has left society in a state of "idiocy" - in the pursuit of profit, human values have been eroded. He uses the examples of pin making and wool garment production to show how the system has progressed beyond our knowledge and control. Under capitalism, capable men have been turned into machines working unintelligently to generate wealth for capitalists. Shaw believes this has led to a decline in intelligence and innovation, with machinery replacing humans and promoting universal ignorance.
Sundar Pichai is the CEO of Google. He was born in 1972 in Tamil Nadu, India and studied metallurgical engineering at IIT Kharagpur before earning advanced degrees from Stanford and Wharton. He has held several leadership roles at Google overseeing major products like Chrome, Android, Gmail and Google Drive. As CEO, he has led Google's expansion into artificial intelligence. Pichai is regarded as a brilliant leader who has helped Google remain innovative through revolutionary ideas.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Text:
An essay may be defined as a short piece of writing that reveals the writer's
views or analysis of a particular subject! As a literary form, it is difficult to study
systematically since it varies greatly in style, treatment and method. It could
range in length from Francis Bacon's brief pieces of concentrated wisdom,
spanning a page or two, to the book-length pieces by John Locke, Lord Macaulay
and Herbert Spencer. The essay could vary in subject matter too. For example,
Bacon shared his views on various subjects ranging from love, death and atheism
to travel, marriage and gardens. The essays of the French Renaissance
philosopher Michel de Montaigne are an assortment of random thoughts,
quotations and anecdotes. Even with regard to treatment, each writer has his or
her own style in approaching the subject. Charles Lamb employed a
conversational style, taking the reader through a gamut of emotions, while
Jonathan Swift used biting satire to attack his opponents in his essays. So, a
definition of the essay form cannot be constructed based upon its length,
subject matter or treatment.
The word 'essay' has been applied to nearly every kind of writing except poems,
plays and stories. For the sake of convenience, we could define the essay as a
brief composition in prose on a particular subject or branch of a subject.
According to Samuel Johnson, an essay is 'a loose sally of the mind; an irregular,
undigested piece; not a regular and orderly composition'. A good essay, said E.
V. Lucas, ‘more than a novel, a poem, a play, or a treatise, is personality
translated into print.' Aldous Huxley defined the essay as 'a literary device for
saying almost everything about almost anything’.
Michel de Montaigne (1533-92) could be considered the father of the modern
essay. It was he who first used the term 'essais', meaning 'attempt', experiment'
or 'endeavour', for this type of writing (in 1580). His essays were informal in
nature and had a warmth and grace about them. In 1597, Francis Bacon
UNIT III
The Essay
(from the Elizabethan Age to the
Victorian Age)
Notes by Dr. G. N. Khamankar,
Vivekanand Collage, Bhadrawati.
2. (following Montaigne) applied the word essay to this genre for the first time in
English. Bacon is considered to be a pioneer of this form.
In Bacon's view, the letters of the Roman writers Cicero and Seneca could be
considered essays rather than mere letters as these contained their thoughts on
various matters. Plutarch, another classical writer, could also be seen as a
forerunner of this form. The personal essay, however, owes its existence to
Montaigne.
Francis Bacon, who wrote several essays in English, followed a style of his own,
favouring concentrated, business-like prose. This was very different from
Montaigne's leisurely style and amused tone. Abraham Cowley, who wrote in
the 1660s, followed the personal and informal style of Montaigne. Other writers
who wrote in this form were Sir William Temple and John Dryden. Temple and
Dryden were responsible for paving the way for the development of the essay
in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They had a great impact on the
essayists Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. In the hands of Addison and Steele,
a sub-genre called the periodical essay became very popular.
The essay has been flourishing since then thanks to writers such as Charles
Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas de Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord
Macaulay, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, Walter
Pater, R. L. Stevenson, G. K. Chesterton, Hilaire Belloc, E. V. Lucas, Robert Lynd
and several others.
Features of an Essay:
1.The modern essay tends to limit its length and range as far as the treatment
of the subject goes. When the essay grows too long and attempts an exhaustive
view of the subject, it ceases to be an essay and reads more like a dissertation'
or 'thesis'. The difference between the essay and the dissertation is that the
essay is addressed to a lay person while the latter is intended for a specialist.
2. An essay does not attempt to give the reader an exhaustive of comprehensive
understanding of its subject. According to the British author William Henry
Hudson, 'selection and the proper distribution of emphasis will ... be found
among the elementary principles of essay writing'. A good essay does not
attempt too much.
3. 3. In spite of being only about a part of a subject, a good essay nevertheless gives
the reader a sense of completeness in its treatment.
4. The subject matter of the essay is unlimited and the form could cover a vast
range of topics.
Charles Lamb (1775-1834) was a master of this genre and started as a writer in
1795 by experimenting in both prose and verse. Some of his works include
Rosamund Gray (1798), Tales from Shakespeare (1807), which was written in
collaboration with his sister Mary, Poetry for Children (1809) and The
Adventures of Ulysses (1808). Lamb was an admirer of Wordsworth but did not
share the same feelings towards nature. Essays of Elia (1820-23) and Last Essays
of Elia (1833) reveal his interest in the life of Londoners. His narrative was
conversational in tone and often conveyed to the reader an impression of
chatting with a familiar friend. As Arthur Compton-Rickett puts it, he has made
of chatter a fine art'. In his essays his interests in antiquity, mortality and his own
childhood memories are all vividly brought to life. His critical works such as
Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare
(1808) revealed his enthusiastic interest in Elizabethan and Jacobean literature.
He admired Shakespeare but regarded his great plays as stories to be read rather
than acted. His principle of criticism was more of admiration and enthusiasm
rather than discrimination.
William Hazlitt (1778-1830) was a philosopher, painter, essayist, journalist and
a literary critic. He remained a political radical throughout his life and his belief
in the idealism of the French Revolution never dimmed though his political views
came under attack from many critics of his time. He was influenced by the
philosophy of the older Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Coleridge but did
not include himself in any movement. His prose style was lucid, the language
colloquial. He covered a wider range of subjects than Lamb, writing about
paintings, journeys @ politicians, prize-fights, natural landscapes as well as
Milton's sonnets and the arts. On hearing Coleridge recite his ballad he was
ecstatic and praised him as a genius in his essay 'My First Acquaintance with
Poets'. He expressed his thoughts in an outspoken manner and with gusto. As a
literary critic, he wrote many essays on the philosophy of criticism such as On
Criticism' and 'On Poetry in General'. In 1815 Hazlitt began contributing to many
journals like The Edinburgh Review and The Examiner. In 1817 a collection of his
essays appeared as a book titled The Round Table. In the same year he wrote
4. Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, which discussed the bard's various characters
from a psychological point of view. A collection of his lectures on the English
Poets (1818), On the English Comic Writers (1819) and on the Dramatic
Literature of the Age of Elizabeth (1820) are
written with characteristic energy and enthusiasm. His essays Table Tall (1821-
22), The Spirit of the Age (1825) and The Plain Speaker (1836) sum up much of
his work and embody the spirit of a man who brought the English essay an
essence and style very different from those of bir contemporaries.
Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859) was an intellectual and his essays published in
numerous periodicals display his idealism, descriptive abilities and intuitive
understanding of his subjects. His most famous work is Confessions of an English
Opium-Eater (1821), which tells the story of his early life and recounts the
fantastic dreams that were the result of his addiction to opium. His
autobiographical works titled Autobiography (1834-53) and Suspiria De
Profundis (1845) reveal his interest in psychology and his theories on the subject
are surprisingly modern. His essays were highly imaginative and he could
reconstruct historical scenes and incidents with great verve, as seen in 'Flight of
a Tartar Tribe'. His literary and philosophical writings constantly sought to
understand 'state of mind and levels of consciousness', a topic he wrote about
in poetic, powerful and eloquent prose.
Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) was first and foremost a satirist. He wrote a
number of novels, essays, poems and plays. His work was highly intellectual and
he never hesitated to criticise anyone he disapproved of. His novels have little
plot or delineation of character but his descriptions of abstract qualities are
beautiful and imaginative. In his comedy, he takes after the style of Aristophanes
in making use of puns-the names of his characters are often puns taken from
Greek to indicate their personality. Novels such as Nightmare Abbey (1818), The
Misfortunes of Elphin (1829) and Maid Marian (1821) represent his handling of
dialogue for the purpose of satire. His essays include "The Four Ages of Poets'
(1820), 'Recollection of Childhood: The Abbey House (1837), 'Memoirs of
Shelley' (1858-62) and 'The Last Day of Windsor Forest' (1887).
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish satirist, essayist, teacher and
historian. He came from a strict Calvinist family and aspired to becom a
preacher, but he lost faith in Christianity while at the University Edinburgh.
However, he retained his Calvinist values till the end. This combination of
religious temperament with loss of faith in tradition Christianity appealed to
5. many Victorians who were grappling with a similar dilemma themselves. After
several unsuccessful attempts at writing a novel he turned to writing essays. In
1837, his three-volume work The French Revolution: A History was published.
Carlyle's passionate account of the events in France and his powerful style of
writing was a landmark in historical writing. His belief in the importance of
heroes and heroic leadership is spelt out in his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship
and the Heroic in History (1841), in which he compares heroes of all kinds
including Odin, Oliver Cromwell, Napoleon, Dante, Shakespeare, Samuel
Johnson, Rousseau, Robert Burns, John Knox, Martin Luther King Jr. and Prophet
Muhammad. He published a collection of essays titled Latter-Day Pamphlets
(1850) attacking the idea of democracy and condemning hereditary aristocratic
leadership. He courted controversy with his essay ‘Occasional Discourse on the
Negro Question' (1849) which suggested that slavery should never have been
abolished. Other prominent works by him include Letters and Speeches of Oliver
Cromwell (1845), Past and Present (1845) and History of Friedrich II of Prussia
(1858).
Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-59) was a historian and Whig politician. He
wrote extensively as an essayist and reviewer and his books on British history
are regarded as masterpieces. He was instrumental in bringing about many
reforms in the field of education and law in India during his service in the
Supreme Council of India. He wrote many poems in his youth but it was the
publication of The History of England from the Accession of James the Second
(1848), written in five volumes, which established his reputation as a historian.
His political writings laid emphasis on a progressive Britain in which he hoped
that the country would reject superstition, autocracy and confusion to help
create a strong, balanced constitution and a progressive culture combined with
freedom of belief and expression.
Matthew Arnold (1822-88) was one of the great social critics of the Victorian
era. He strongly believed that every man was capable of changing and reforming
society. In his famous Culture and Anarchy (1867-69), he linked literary criticism
with a criticism of society. He criticised the middle class for its lack of aesthetic
awareness and humane values and feared that the materialistic mindset of the
English was leading to a narrowing of minds. He envisioned a country where
emphasis would be laid on the study of literature, art and music in order to
cultivate minds for a more literate future. His ideas had a huge effect on the
present-day literary canon. His other works include Essays in Criticism (1865,
1888) published in two series and Literature and Dogmas (1873).
6. Que. 1. Discuss the origin, definitions and features of an Essay?
Or What is an essay? What is its origin?
OR Describe the features of Essay?
Ans: An essay may be defined as a short piece of writing that reveals the writer's
views or analysis of a particular subject. As a literary form, it is difficult to study
essay as it varies greatly in style, treatment and method. So, a definition of the
essay form cannot be constructed based upon its length, subject matter or
treatment.
Montaigne could be considered the father of the modern essay. It was he who
first used the term 'essais', meaning 'attempt', experiment' or 'endeavour'.
According to Dr. Johnson, an essay is 'a loose sally of the mind; an irregular,
undigested piece; not a regular and orderly composition'. A good essay, said E.
V. Lucas, ‘more than a novel, a poem, a play, or a treatise, is personality
translated into print.'
Bacon has the credit of bringing essay into England. He applied the word essay
in 1597. He wrote an objective or impersonal essay. But the origin of the essay
has been attributed to Roman writers Cicero and Seneca. Plutarch, another
classical writer, could also be seen as a forerunner of this form. The personal
essay, however, owes its existence to Montaigne.
Other writers who wrote in this form were Sir William Temple and John Dryden.
They had a great impact on the essayists like Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.
In the hands of Addison and Steele, a sub-genre called the periodical essay
became very popular.
The essay has been flourishing since then thanks to writers such as Charles
Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas de Quincey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord
Macaulay, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, Walter
Pater, R. L. Stevenson, G. K. Chesterton, Hilaire Belloc, E. V. Lucas, Robert Lynd
and several others.
Features of an Essay:
1.The modern essay tends to limit its length and range as far as the treatment
of the subject goes. When the essay grows too long and attempts an exhaustive
view of the subject, it ceases to be an essay and reads more like a dissertation'
or 'thesis'.
7. 2. According to the British author W. H. Hudson, 'selection and the proper
distribution of emphasis will ... be found among the elementary principles of
essay writing'. A good essay does not attempt too much.
3. In spite of being only about a part of a subject, a good essay nevertheless gives
the reader a sense of completeness in its treatment.
4. The subject matter of the essay is unlimited and the form could cover a vast
range of topics.
Que. 2. Write a note on Charles Lamb
Ans: Charles Lamb was a master of essay. Some of his works include Rosamund
Gray, Tales from Shakespeare, (which was written in collaboration with his sister
Mary), Poetry for Children and The Adventures of Ulysses. Lamb was an admirer
of Wordsworth but did not share the same feelings towards nature. Essays of
Elia and Last Essays of Elia reveals his interest in the life of Londoners. In his
essays his interests in antiquity, mortality and his own childhood memories are
all vividly brought to life. His critical works such as Specimens of English Dramatic
Poets Who Lived about the Time of Shakespeare revealed his enthusiastic
interest in Elizabethan and Jacobean literature.
Que. 3. Write a note on William Hazlitt
Ans: William Hazlitt was a philosopher, painter, essayist, journalist and a literary
critic. His prose style was lucid, and language was colloquial. He covered a wider
range of subjects about paintings, journeys, politicians, prize-fights, natural and
landscapes. As a literary critic, he wrote many essays on the philosophy of
criticism such as ‘On Criticism' and 'On Poetry in General'. In 1815 Hazlitt began
contributing to many journals like The Edinburgh Review and The Examiner. In
1817 a collection of his essays appeared as a book titled The Round Table. His
essays Table Tall, The Spirit of the Age and The Plain Speaker are popular.
8. Que. 4. Write a note on Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock and Thomas
de Quincy.
ANS: Thomas de Quincey was an intellectual and his essays published in
numerous periodicals. His most famous work is Confessions of an English Opium-
Eater which tells the story of his early life. His autobiographical works titled
Autobiography and Suspiria De Profundis reveal his interest in psychology. His
essays were highly imaginative. In 'Flight of a Tartar Tribe' he reconstructs
historical scenes and incidents with great verve.
Thomas Love Peacock was first and foremost a satirist. He wrote a number of
novels, essays, poems and plays. His work was highly intellectual and he never
hesitated to criticise anyone he disapproved of. In his comedy, he uses the style
of Aristophanes in making use of puns. His novels such as Nightmare Abbey, The
Misfortunes of Elphin, and Maid Marian represents his handling of dialogue for
the purpose of satire. His essays include "The Four Ages of Poets', 'Recollection
of Childhood: The Abbey House, 'Memoirs of Shelley' and 'The Last Day of
Windsor Forest'.
Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish satirist, essayist, teacher and historian. He came
from a strict Calvinist family and retained his Calvinist values till the end. After
several unsuccessful attempts at writing a novel he turned to writing essays. In
1837, his three-volume work The French Revolution: A History was published.
Carlyle's belief in the importance of heroes and heroic leadership is spelt out in
his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, in which he
compares heroes of all kinds including Odin, Oliver Cromwell, Napoleon, Dante,
Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson, Rousseau, Robert Burns, John Knox, Martin
Luther King Jr. and Prophet Muhammad. He published a collection of essays
titled Latter-Day Pamphlets attacking the idea of democracy and condemning
hereditary aristocratic leadership. Other prominent works by him include Letters
and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Past and Present and History of Friedrich II of
Prussia.
9. 6. Write a short note on Macaulay
Thomas Babington Macaulay was a historian and Whig politician. He wrote
extensively as an essayist and reviewer and his books on British history are
regarded as masterpieces. He was instrumental in bringing about many reforms
in the field of education and law in India during his service in the Supreme
Council of India. The History of England from the Accession of James the Second
written in five volumes established his reputation as a historian. His political
writings laid emphasis on a progressive Britain in which he hoped that the
country would reject superstition, autocracy and confusion.
Que. 6. Write a short note on Matthew Arnold.
Matthew Arnold was one of the great social critics of the Victorian era. He
strongly believed that every man was capable of changing and reforming
society. In his famous Culture and Anarchy, he linked literary criticism with a
criticism of society. He criticised the middle class for its lack of aesthetic
awareness and human values. He envisioned a country where emphasis would
be laid on the study of literature, art and music in order to cultivate minds for a
more literate future. His ideas had a huge effect on the present-day literary
canon. His other works include Essays in Criticism published in two series and
Literature and Dogmas.