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This document defines and describes various forms of extrasensory perception (ESP) including precognition, retrocognition, clairvoyance, clairaudience, mediumship, clairsentience, clairaudience, clairgustance, and telepathy. It provides brief explanations of each term and psychic ability.
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The document discusses four types of extra-sensory perception: telepathy, which is thought transmission from one mind to another; clairvoyance, which is extrasensory awareness of objects; precognition, which is foreknowledge of specific events without rational means; and psychokinesis, which includes mental operations that can influence physical objects or energy systems through concentration alone.
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Sensation refers to the basic sensory experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses by the environment. It involves the detection of external or internal stimuli and the transmission of sensory signals to the brain. Perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It allows us to give meaning to sensory input and understand the world around us. There are many ways that perception can be inaccurate, including illusions, which distort reality despite being based on physical stimuli, and hallucinations or delusions, which involve perceiving something not actually present.
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Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
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Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP)
The document discusses four types of extra-sensory perception: telepathy, which is thought transmission from one mind to another; clairvoyance, which is extrasensory awareness of objects; precognition, which is foreknowledge of specific events without rational means; and psychokinesis, which includes mental operations that can influence physical objects or energy systems through concentration alone.
Sensation and Perception (psychology)
Sensation refers to the basic sensory experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses by the environment. It involves the detection of external or internal stimuli and the transmission of sensory signals to the brain. Perception is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. It allows us to give meaning to sensory input and understand the world around us. There are many ways that perception can be inaccurate, including illusions, which distort reality despite being based on physical stimuli, and hallucinations or delusions, which involve perceiving something not actually present.
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Perception involves interpreting sensory information from our environment. Sensations from our senses are transmitted to the brain for interpretation based on past experiences. Gestalt psychologists identified principles that help organize discrete stimuli into meaningful wholes, such as figure-ground relationships, proximity, similarity, and closure. Factors like sense organs, mental sets, motives, and emotions can influence perception. Illusions involve misperceptions of real external stimuli, while hallucinations are false perceptions without an actual stimulus.
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This document discusses sensation and the human senses. It explains that sensation occurs when stimuli activate sensory receptors, which convert the stimuli into neural signals in the brain. There are sensory thresholds like just noticeable differences and absolute thresholds. The structure and function of the eyes, ears, and sensory systems are described, including how light and sound are detected. Color vision and deficiencies are also covered.
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The document discusses several key aspects of sensation and perception:
1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimuli from the senses, while perception involves interpreting these sensations.
2. Our senses receive physical stimuli and transmit this information to the brain as electrical signals via a process called transduction.
3. The brain then interprets these signals through processes like sensation, perception, attention, organization, and interpretation to understand the world around us.
4. Factors like past experiences, knowledge, motives, and situational context influence our perceptions.
Perception
1. Perception is a complex mental process that involves sensing, interpreting, and making meaning of environmental stimuli based on past experiences.
2. It provides organization of sensory input and the immediate awareness or knowledge of one's surroundings.
3. Perception involves both bottom-up sensory analysis and top-down higher-level processing, and it is influenced by factors like expectations, goals, and emotions.
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Psychology of attention
This document defines attention and discusses various aspects of attention from a psychological perspective. It defines attention as the ability to focus selectively on a stimulus, sustain that focus, and shift it at will. It discusses factors that influence attention span such as age, enjoyment, and temperament. It also outlines different types of attention including overt vs covert and voluntary vs automatic attention. The document provides an overview of theories of attention such as the spotlight and premotor theories. It discusses the neural mechanisms underlying different types of attention shifts and outlines a clinical model of attention involving focused, sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.
Schools of Psychology
This document summarizes several schools of psychology including structuralism, behaviorism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology. Structuralism sought to analyze the mind in terms of its simplest components, while behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and did not consider internal mental processes. Functionalism viewed the mind in terms of how it actively adapts to the environment. Gestalt psychology emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that perception involves forming organized patterns.
Sensation
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
Sensation and perception
1. Sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting information to the brain from internal and external stimuli through the five senses: vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
2. Perception is the process of interpreting sensory information and deriving meaning, which occurs after sensation. It allows us to understand objects and facts.
3. Unusual perceptual experiences can include illusions, where perception does not match reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without external stimuli. The document discusses different types of illusions and hallucinations.
Attention
Attention is the process of concentrating on a particular object or activity while ignoring other things. It involves focusing one's consciousness. The span of attention refers to how long someone can concentrate on an object before becoming distracted. Several factors can influence attention, including both external factors like size, movement, and intensity as well as internal factors like interests, desires, habits, and past experiences. Distraction occurs when something interferes with one's attention and draws it away from the original object. Common sources of distraction include external noises and stimuli as well as internal states like emotions, fatigue, and lack of motivation.
The Nature of Psychology
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
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This presentation will help you understand the history of psychology, the roots of psychology before it became a separate discipline.
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1. The document discusses various perspectives in psychology including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural perspectives.
2. It provides details on each perspective's key theorists and their views on human behavior and mental processes.
3. The perspectives are compared and similarities noted such as all trying to explain psychology in an understandable way, though each has a unique focus like nature vs nurture.
Conditioning and learning
Learning occurs through classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning. Observational learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitated aggressive behaviors they observed. Conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement to increase behaviors and punishment to decrease them. Therapies apply conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
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This document discusses the key concepts of attention including:
- Attention is defined as the concentration of consciousness on one object rather than others.
- There are different types of attention including non-volitional (involuntary) and volitional (voluntary) attention.
- Factors that influence attention are both external (size, intensity, movement) and internal (interest, desires, motives).
- Distraction is any stimulus that interferes with attention or draws it away from the intended object. Sources of distraction can be external (noise, lighting) or internal (emotions, fatigue).
- The span of attention refers to the number of objects one can concentrate on at once, which varies
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The document discusses different aspects of attention. It defines attention as concentrating the mind on one task and withdrawing from others. There are two types of attention discussed - selective attention which involves focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others, and divided attention which involves sharing cognitive resources between two or more stimuli. Studies on selective and divided attention show that simultaneous performance across tasks is poor but improves with practice. Sustained attention refers to attending to stimuli over prolonged periods and can deteriorate due to fatigue. Automaticity develops from repetition and frees up cognitive resources.
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Learning
This document discusses various theories of learning including Thorndike's connectionism, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, and Hull's reinforcement theory. It also covers concepts like transfer of training, learning styles, and metacognition. The key points are:
1) Several theories of learning are presented including association theories like Thorndike's connectionism and Pavlov's classical conditioning, as well as field theories like Gestalt psychology.
2) Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner, the learning experiences, resources available, and motivation.
3) Transfer of training refers to applying what is learned in one context to another context. Several theories attempt to explain how and why
Biological basis of human behavior
The biological basis of human behavior involves receptors, effectors, and connectors in the body and brain. Receptors receive external and internal stimuli through the senses. Effectors are muscles and glands that allow the body to respond. Connectors like neurons transmit signals between receptors and effectors. The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, integrates these processes to produce human behavior. Behavior results from complex interactions between physiological systems in the body and brain.
Attention and perception
1. Attention is the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli and determines consciousness. It can be voluntary, requiring conscious effort, or involuntary, arising without effort.
2. Factors that influence attention include the nature, intensity, size, contrast, location, repetition, motion, and form of stimuli as well as an individual's interests, motives, mental set, past experiences, emotions, and habits.
3. The span of attention refers to how long stimuli can be focused on before a break is needed. Visual attention span is brief while auditory span is slightly longer, especially with rhythm. Sustained attention maintains continuous concentration on a subject.
Sensation, Perception and ESP
This document discusses sensation, perception, and extrasensory perception (ESP). It defines sensation as the body's detection of external or internal stimuli, and perception as the interpretation of sensory information. It describes the five traditional senses and their corresponding sense organs and receptors. It also discusses concepts like absolute threshold and pareidolia. The document then explores various forms of ESP like telepathy, precognition, retrocognition, psychokinesis, and mediumship. It provides examples of famous cases of ESP and individuals who demonstrated purported psychic abilities. Finally, it notes criticisms of ESP research, including the lack of replication and reliable methodology.
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Extrasensory perception (ESP) is defined as acquiring information through means other than the five senses. It includes clairvoyance, precognition, out of body experiences, psychokinesis, and telepathy. Parapsychology uses scientific methods to study psychic abilities and life after death. Many people may have some degree of ESP as children, but tend to inhibit or lose these abilities as they mature.
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The document discusses several key aspects of sensation and perception:
1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimuli from the senses, while perception involves interpreting these sensations.
2. Our senses receive physical stimuli and transmit this information to the brain as electrical signals via a process called transduction.
3. The brain then interprets these signals through processes like sensation, perception, attention, organization, and interpretation to understand the world around us.
4. Factors like past experiences, knowledge, motives, and situational context influence our perceptions.
Perception
1. Perception is a complex mental process that involves sensing, interpreting, and making meaning of environmental stimuli based on past experiences.
2. It provides organization of sensory input and the immediate awareness or knowledge of one's surroundings.
3. Perception involves both bottom-up sensory analysis and top-down higher-level processing, and it is influenced by factors like expectations, goals, and emotions.
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Definition, Origin, Scope of psychology, nature of psychology, Methods of psychology and its relevance to nursing
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This document discusses perception and perceptual errors. It defines sensation as the immediate response of sense organs to stimuli, while perception involves meaningful interpretation of sensations based on past experiences. Perception provides knowledge about selected sensory information and prepares the body for response. Factors like sense organs, brain, emotions, and expectations can influence perception. Principles of perception include figure-ground relationship, closure, grouping, and contrast. Perceptual errors include illusions, where perception differs from reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without stimuli. Common illusions are of size, length, perspective, curvature, and movement.
Psychology of attention
This document defines attention and discusses various aspects of attention from a psychological perspective. It defines attention as the ability to focus selectively on a stimulus, sustain that focus, and shift it at will. It discusses factors that influence attention span such as age, enjoyment, and temperament. It also outlines different types of attention including overt vs covert and voluntary vs automatic attention. The document provides an overview of theories of attention such as the spotlight and premotor theories. It discusses the neural mechanisms underlying different types of attention shifts and outlines a clinical model of attention involving focused, sustained, selective, alternating, and divided attention.
Schools of Psychology
This document summarizes several schools of psychology including structuralism, behaviorism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology. Structuralism sought to analyze the mind in terms of its simplest components, while behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and did not consider internal mental processes. Functionalism viewed the mind in terms of how it actively adapts to the environment. Gestalt psychology emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that perception involves forming organized patterns.
Sensation
Sensation and perception involve two processes - sensation, which is the detection of stimuli by the senses, and perception, which is the interpretation and organization of sensory information. Sensation occurs through sensory receptors in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin that detect stimuli and transmit neural signals. Perception involves higher-level cognitive processes in the brain that allow us to understand and make sense of sensory information. The document provides details on the sensory systems for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch and how stimuli are detected and transmitted by receptors in each system to be perceived.
Sensation and perception
1. Sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting information to the brain from internal and external stimuli through the five senses: vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
2. Perception is the process of interpreting sensory information and deriving meaning, which occurs after sensation. It allows us to understand objects and facts.
3. Unusual perceptual experiences can include illusions, where perception does not match reality, and hallucinations, where perception occurs without external stimuli. The document discusses different types of illusions and hallucinations.
Attention
Attention is the process of concentrating on a particular object or activity while ignoring other things. It involves focusing one's consciousness. The span of attention refers to how long someone can concentrate on an object before becoming distracted. Several factors can influence attention, including both external factors like size, movement, and intensity as well as internal factors like interests, desires, habits, and past experiences. Distraction occurs when something interferes with one's attention and draws it away from the original object. Common sources of distraction include external noises and stimuli as well as internal states like emotions, fatigue, and lack of motivation.
The Nature of Psychology
This document provides an overview of psychology, including its history, goals, classifications of behavior, early schools of thought, research methods, and fields. It discusses how psychology evolved from philosophy to an experimental science. Key events include Wundt establishing psychology as a discipline in the 19th century and Freud developing psychoanalysis. The main goals of psychology are to understand, explain, describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
History of psychology
This presentation will help you understand the history of psychology, the roots of psychology before it became a separate discipline.
psychology
1. The document discusses various perspectives in psychology including biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, and sociocultural perspectives.
2. It provides details on each perspective's key theorists and their views on human behavior and mental processes.
3. The perspectives are compared and similarities noted such as all trying to explain psychology in an understandable way, though each has a unique focus like nature vs nurture.
Conditioning and learning
Learning occurs through classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning. Observational learning involves observing and imitating others' behaviors. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitated aggressive behaviors they observed. Conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Instrumental conditioning uses reinforcement to increase behaviors and punishment to decrease them. Therapies apply conditioning principles to treat phobias, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
Attention
This document discusses the key concepts of attention including:
- Attention is defined as the concentration of consciousness on one object rather than others.
- There are different types of attention including non-volitional (involuntary) and volitional (voluntary) attention.
- Factors that influence attention are both external (size, intensity, movement) and internal (interest, desires, motives).
- Distraction is any stimulus that interferes with attention or draws it away from the intended object. Sources of distraction can be external (noise, lighting) or internal (emotions, fatigue).
- The span of attention refers to the number of objects one can concentrate on at once, which varies
Attention in cognitive Psychology
The document discusses different aspects of attention. It defines attention as concentrating the mind on one task and withdrawing from others. There are two types of attention discussed - selective attention which involves focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others, and divided attention which involves sharing cognitive resources between two or more stimuli. Studies on selective and divided attention show that simultaneous performance across tasks is poor but improves with practice. Sustained attention refers to attending to stimuli over prolonged periods and can deteriorate due to fatigue. Automaticity develops from repetition and frees up cognitive resources.
Intelligence
This document discusses theories of intelligence. It defines intelligence as the ability to perceive, learn, understand, and know. It describes Alfred Binet's view of intelligence consisting of a single general ability and Charles Spearman's two-factor theory including a general factor (g) and special factors (s). It also discusses Louis Thurstone's theory of seven primary mental abilities, Arthur Jensen's two-level theory, and Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences involving eight distinct types of intelligence including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.
Learning
This document discusses various theories of learning including Thorndike's connectionism, Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, and Hull's reinforcement theory. It also covers concepts like transfer of training, learning styles, and metacognition. The key points are:
1) Several theories of learning are presented including association theories like Thorndike's connectionism and Pavlov's classical conditioning, as well as field theories like Gestalt psychology.
2) Factors that influence learning include characteristics of the learner, the learning experiences, resources available, and motivation.
3) Transfer of training refers to applying what is learned in one context to another context. Several theories attempt to explain how and why
Biological basis of human behavior
The biological basis of human behavior involves receptors, effectors, and connectors in the body and brain. Receptors receive external and internal stimuli through the senses. Effectors are muscles and glands that allow the body to respond. Connectors like neurons transmit signals between receptors and effectors. The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, integrates these processes to produce human behavior. Behavior results from complex interactions between physiological systems in the body and brain.
Attention and perception
1. Attention is the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli and determines consciousness. It can be voluntary, requiring conscious effort, or involuntary, arising without effort.
2. Factors that influence attention include the nature, intensity, size, contrast, location, repetition, motion, and form of stimuli as well as an individual's interests, motives, mental set, past experiences, emotions, and habits.
3. The span of attention refers to how long stimuli can be focused on before a break is needed. Visual attention span is brief while auditory span is slightly longer, especially with rhythm. Sustained attention maintains continuous concentration on a subject.
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3. The document argues that any contact with the supernatural cannot be correctly interpreted through an abnormal or diseased mind, and that truly understanding the supernatural requires living according to high ethical and moral standards to achieve a spiritual state.
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Perception involves both sensing external stimuli through the five senses and making meaning of those stimuli through higher-level cognitive processes. It transforms raw sensory inputs into meaningful information through processes in the cortex that are influenced by factors like attention, memory, expectations, and prior concepts. While sensation is the initial detection of stimuli, perception represents a more complex interpretation and understanding of the external environment. Disruptions to perception can occur at different levels, ranging from relatively minor illusions and distortions to more significant deceptions of reality like hallucinations in the absence of a stimulus. The document discusses various types of perceptual abnormalities and their potential neurological underpinnings.
hypnosis
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where subjects demonstrate heightened suggestibility. It can be used to access the subconscious mind. There are different states of hypnosis and techniques used by hypnotists include eye fixation and relaxation. Subjects must be willing and able to be hypnotized. Effects include increased suggestibility and perceptual distortions. Theories explain hypnosis as either a role, state, or form of dissociation. Forensic hypnosis to access memories is controversial due to risks of forming false memories.
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Esp
- 2. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION • Extrasensory perception or ESP , also called sixth sense , includes reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind . The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J.B.Rhine to denote psychic abilities .
- 3. PRECOGNITION • Precognition refers to the ability to see the future . Though the scientific community rejects precognition because of the lack of demonstration , many scientific explanations are available . Experiments conducted by the parapsychology laboratory at the Duke University shows that the human mind has a habit along with the ability to subconsciously predict an outcome of events by judging current circumstances . Such predictions , if they later become true , are then related to precognition .
- 4. RETROCOGNITION • Retro cognition , from the Latin “retro” meaning backward , behind and “cognition” meaning knowing . It describes knowledge of a past event which could not have been learned or inferred by normal means . Retro cognition also known as post cognition is a Psi power that allows us to know about past events and places without using our physical senses .
- 5. CLAIRVOYANCE • Clairvoyance refers to the ability to see objects or events that are happening to someone else . It is the ability to gain knowledge about a person , event or thing without using sensory input . Though typically to be strongest during meditation , many psychics can get information about the past , present , future in a variety of environments .
- 6. CLAIRAUDIENCE • Clairaudience refers to the ability to hear objects or events that are happening to someone else , without any other additional sensory information . Like clairvoyance , clairaudience is thought to be strongest during meditation , however many clairaudience can obtain information in a variety of environments .
- 7. MEDIUMSHIP • Mediumship refers to the ability to communicate with the dead by channeling their spirits . Most mediums use a variety of types of ESP , including clairvoyance and clairaudience to obtain their information .
- 8. CLAIRSENTIENCE • Clairsentience refers to the ability to perceive a feeling without any stimulation related to the feeling or information . Some people with this ability may also be considered clairempaths as they can physically tune into other people’s emotional experiences . This is a type of telepathy that allows emotions to be felt . This comes from one’s ability to tune into other’s vibration and the aura .
- 9. CLAIRALIENCE • A secondary form of ESP , clair alience refers to the ability to smell . While all humans have the ability to smell , this type of ESP refers to aromas that are not detected by everyone else. It is thought that these aromas are projected by spirits .
- 10. CLAIRGUSTANCE • Clairgustance (clear tasting ) is a form of secondary ESP that involves perceiving psychic information through taste without having any physical source of that taste in mouth . It is thought that people having this ability can perceive the essence of any particular substance from spiritual realm through taste .
- 11. TELEPATHY • Telepathy has been derived from the Greek words “tele” meaning distance and “pathe” meaning feeling . It is the direct transference of thoughts or feelings from one person to another, without using any of our known sensory channels or physical interactions .