Esophagus
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The document summarizes the anatomy and features of the esophagus. It notes that the esophagus is 25 cm long and connects the pharynx to the stomach. It passes downwards in front of the vertebral column and behind the trachea. The esophagus is divided into three parts: cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. The cervical part extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the superior border of the manubrium sterni. It is anterior to the trachea and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and posterior to the prevertebral fascia and longus colli muscles.
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The document describes the anatomy and development of the esophagus. It begins by defining the esophagus as a conduit connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It then discusses the esophagus' length, course through the neck and chest, and termination in the abdomen. The summary continues with the following key points:
- The esophagus develops from the foregut and tracheobronchial diverticulum. Its musculature differentiates into striated muscle proximally and smooth muscle distally.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the esophagus. It discusses the esophagus' location, length, diameter at different ages, layers, blood supply, nerve supply, and more. Some key points:
- The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has an upper and lower sphincter.
- During development, the esophagus forms from the foregut and separates from the trachea by the esophagotracheal septum.
- It has cervical, thoracic, and abdominal portions with different anatomical relationships in each region.
- The esophagus has four layers - fibrous, muscular
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The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It acts as a reservoir for food and aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach has two openings - the cardiac orifice where it connects to the esophagus and the pyloric orifice where it connects to the small intestine. It is divided into sections including the fundus, body, antrum, and pyloric canal. The stomach receives blood supply from branches of the celiac artery and drains into gastric lymph nodes. It is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to aid in digestion. Diseases that commonly
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The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is 15-20cm in length and divided into the head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas produces enzymes that are released into the small intestine to aid in digestion and produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that are released into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. It has both an extensive arterial blood supply and venous drainage that parallels the arteries. The pancreas is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
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The esophagus is a 25 cm long muscular tube that extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the stomach. It has three parts - cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. Each part has unique anatomical features and relationships. The esophagus develops from the endoderm-lined yolk sac and is completely differentiated by week 12 of gestation. It has four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia. The esophagus functions to transport food from the pharynx to the stomach through peristaltic contractions.
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Anatomy of oesophagus
The document describes the anatomy and development of the esophagus. It begins by defining the esophagus as a conduit connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It then discusses the esophagus' length, course through the neck and chest, and termination in the abdomen. The summary continues with the following key points:
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The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the esophagus. It discusses the esophagus' location, length, diameter at different ages, layers, blood supply, nerve supply, and more. Some key points:
- The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has an upper and lower sphincter.
- During development, the esophagus forms from the foregut and separates from the trachea by the esophagotracheal septum.
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Stomach anatomy ppt 1st year (B.D.Chaurasia)
This is an easy ppt of stomach anatomy .One can make notes from this too. If you like this ppt like and follow .
Tell me in comment section if any suggestions or query.
1 Stomach
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
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1. The document describes the anatomy and development of the esophagus. It notes that the esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts and discusses the layers of the esophageal wall.
2. Key details are provided on the myenteric plexus and development of the esophagus from the foregut. Figures show the positions of the esophagus relative to other structures in the neck and chest.
3. Anatomical features including constrictions, deviations, and tissues anchoring the esophagus are examined. The fascial planes surrounding the esophagus are also outlined.
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The esophagus is a 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and passes through the diaphragm to join the stomach. The esophagus has circular and longitudinal muscles and receives its blood supply from branches of the inferior thyroid, descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric arteries. It drains into the inferior thyroid, azygos, and left gastric veins. The esophagus has three anatomical constriction points that are common sites for food impactions and carcinoma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common esophageal disease and causes irritation from stomach acid in the esophagus.
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The document provides details on the anatomy of the thorax, including its boundaries, regions, and contents. It describes the thoracic wall and its superficial and deep structures such as muscles. It also discusses the ribs and their attachments. The document outlines the divisions of the mediastinum and structures found within each division. Finally, it reviews the anatomy of the heart including its coverings, layers, and major vessels.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the oesophagus. It notes that the oesophagus is approximately 25 cm long, extending from the lower end of the pharynx to the stomach. It describes the three normal constriction points where foreign bodies commonly become lodged. The wall of the oesophagus consists of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and fibrous layer. Parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk supply the oesophagus. Lymphatic drainage occurs to the deep cervical, posterior mediastinal and gastric nodes. Peristaltic movements propel food through the oesophagus and into
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The document provides information on the esophagus and stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the lower esophagus, including its blood supply and clinical aspects like esophageal constrictions. It then covers the position, shape, divisions, interior structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical applications of the stomach, such as gastric ulcer, carcinoma, and gastroscopy. Key points include the esophagus passing through the diaphragm and having portosystemic anastomoses, and the stomach's J-shape and divisions into cardiac, fundic, and pyloric portions supplied by branches of the celiac artery.
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The esophagus is a 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra. The muscles of the esophagus include an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. Blood supply comes from branches of the inferior thyroid, descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric artery. Lymph drains to cervical, mediastinal and celiac nodes. Clinical notes discuss esophageal constrictions, achalasia, GERD, esophageal atresia, and various causes of esophagitis.
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The document discusses the planes and regions of the abdomen, as well as the contents and structures of the abdominal wall and viscera. There are four planes that divide the abdomen into nine regions. The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and forms mesenteries that attach organs. Key abdominal structures include the stomach, duodenum, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas and spleen. Blood supply is primarily from the celiac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
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3. The large intestine is then described, including sections like the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and their blood supply.
Anatomy of duodenum and pancreas
The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is C-shaped and receives the openings of the bile and pancreatic ducts. It has four parts that relate to surrounding structures like the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. The pancreas is situated behind the abdomen and has a head, neck, body, and tail. Its main duct opens into the duodenum alongside the bile duct. It receives blood supply from various arteries and drains into the portal vein system.
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The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It passes through the neck and thorax and has portions that are lined with striated muscle, smooth muscle, or a mixture. The esophagus contains two sphincters - the upper esophageal sphincter at the pharynx and the lower esophageal sphincter at the stomach - that prevent backflow of food and gastric contents. The document describes the anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and development of the esophagus.
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The esophagus is a tubular structure about 25 cm long that begins at the pharynx and pierces the diaphragm to join the stomach. It has cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts. In the neck it is posterior to the trachea and recurrent laryngeal nerves. In the thorax it passes through the mediastinum and is related anteriorly to the trachea and bronchus. It has three constrictions and two sphincters that control passage of food and prevent reflux. Arterial supply comes from the inferior thyroid, bronchial, and left gastric arteries. Venous drainage involves the inferior thyroid, azygos, and left gastric veins. Lymphatic drainage involves cervical
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ANATOMY OF PANCREAS
The pancreas develops from dorsal and ventral buds originating in the duodenum. During development, the ventral bud rotates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal bud. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It has a head, neck, body and tail. The main pancreatic duct drains the exocrine pancreas and opens at the major duodenal papilla along with the common bile duct. Developmental anomalies include pancreatic divisum, annular pancreas, ectopic pancreas, agenesis/hypoplasia, and accessory pancreatic lobes.
5. Trachea
The trachea is a cartilaginous tube that begins at the larynx and divides into the two main bronchi at the carina. It is located in the neck anterior to the esophagus and in the thorax anterior to the sternum. The trachea is supported by rings of cartilage and lined with ciliated epithelium. It supplies air to the lungs via the right and left main bronchi, which further divide to bring air into smaller bronchioles and alveoli within the lungs. The trachea receives blood supply from the inferior thyroid arteries and lymph drainage goes to pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes.
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Large intestine
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give rise to sac-like pouches called haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Lymphatic drainage is through numerous colic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the colon include cancer, diverticulitis, volvulus, and appendicitis.
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Stomach anatomy ppt 1st year (B.D.Chaurasia)
This is an easy ppt of stomach anatomy .One can make notes from this too. If you like this ppt like and follow .
Tell me in comment section if any suggestions or query.
1 Stomach
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS-Dr.Neeraj Kumar Banoria
1. The document describes the anatomy and development of the esophagus. It notes that the esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts and discusses the layers of the esophageal wall.
2. Key details are provided on the myenteric plexus and development of the esophagus from the foregut. Figures show the positions of the esophagus relative to other structures in the neck and chest.
3. Anatomical features including constrictions, deviations, and tissues anchoring the esophagus are examined. The fascial planes surrounding the esophagus are also outlined.
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The esophagus is a 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and passes through the diaphragm to join the stomach. The esophagus has circular and longitudinal muscles and receives its blood supply from branches of the inferior thyroid, descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric arteries. It drains into the inferior thyroid, azygos, and left gastric veins. The esophagus has three anatomical constriction points that are common sites for food impactions and carcinoma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common esophageal disease and causes irritation from stomach acid in the esophagus.
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The document provides details on the anatomy of the thorax, including its boundaries, regions, and contents. It describes the thoracic wall and its superficial and deep structures such as muscles. It also discusses the ribs and their attachments. The document outlines the divisions of the mediastinum and structures found within each division. Finally, it reviews the anatomy of the heart including its coverings, layers, and major vessels.
Anatomy and physiology of esophagus
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the oesophagus. It notes that the oesophagus is approximately 25 cm long, extending from the lower end of the pharynx to the stomach. It describes the three normal constriction points where foreign bodies commonly become lodged. The wall of the oesophagus consists of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and fibrous layer. Parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk supply the oesophagus. Lymphatic drainage occurs to the deep cervical, posterior mediastinal and gastric nodes. Peristaltic movements propel food through the oesophagus and into
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The document provides information on the esophagus and stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the lower esophagus, including its blood supply and clinical aspects like esophageal constrictions. It then covers the position, shape, divisions, interior structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical applications of the stomach, such as gastric ulcer, carcinoma, and gastroscopy. Key points include the esophagus passing through the diaphragm and having portosystemic anastomoses, and the stomach's J-shape and divisions into cardiac, fundic, and pyloric portions supplied by branches of the celiac artery.
Esophagus
The esophagus is a 10 inch muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and passes through the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra. The muscles of the esophagus include an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. Blood supply comes from branches of the inferior thyroid, descending thoracic aorta, and left gastric artery. Lymph drains to cervical, mediastinal and celiac nodes. Clinical notes discuss esophageal constrictions, achalasia, GERD, esophageal atresia, and various causes of esophagitis.
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OESOPHAGUS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BY BRISSO ARACKAL
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Esophagus .pdf
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the esophagus. It discusses the esophagus' location, length, diameter at different ages, layers, blood supply, nerve supply, and more. Some key points:
- The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has an upper and lower sphincter.
- During development, the esophagus derives from the foregut and separates from the trachea by the esophagotracheal septum.
- It has cervical, thoracic, and abdominal portions with different anatomical relationships in each region.
- The wall consists of fibrous, muscular, submucos
Imaging anatomy of peritoneum
The document summarizes the anatomy and organization of the peritoneum and peritoneal spaces. It describes that the peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and covers organs, forming potential spaces. These spaces include the greater and lesser sac, as well as subdivisions like the right and left subphrenic, subhepatic, and perihepatic spaces. Ligaments like the falciform, coronary, gastrosplenic, and others connect structures and divide spaces within the peritoneal cavity. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI are used to visualize peritoneal reflections, spaces and their contents.
1166_stomach_Dr.-Ravi.ppt
The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen between the T10 and L3 vertebrae. It can be divided into four anatomical regions: the cardia, fundus, corpus, and antrum. The stomach receives blood supply from the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein system. It is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic vagus nerve controls motor and secretomotor functions while the sympathetic nerve fibers are involved in pain sensation and control of the pyloric sphincter. The stomach acts as a reservoir for food and aids in digestion through peristalsis and secretion of gastric juices.
Stomach
The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen between the T10 and L3 vertebrae. It can be divided into four anatomical regions: the cardia, fundus, corpus, and antrum. The stomach receives blood supply from the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein. Lymphatic drainage occurs through various lymph nodes along the curvature of the stomach. The stomach is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to control motor functions and secretion.
1166_stomach_Dr.-Ravi.ppt
The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen between the T10 and L3 vertebrae. It can be divided into four anatomical regions: the cardia, fundus, corpus, and antrum. The stomach receives blood supply from the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein system. It is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic supply comes from the vagus nerves and is responsible for motor and secretomotor functions while the sympathetic supply from T5-T10 mediates vasomotor and motor functions of the pyloric sphincter. The stomach acts as a reservoir and uses peristaltic movements and gastric juices to
المعدة 4.pptx
The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen between the T10 and L3 vertebrae. It can be divided into four anatomical regions: the cardia, fundus, corpus, and antrum. The stomach receives blood supply from the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein. Lymphatic drainage occurs through various lymph nodes along the curvature of the stomach. The stomach is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to control motor functions and secretion.
1166_stomach_Dr.-Ravi.ppt power point presentation
The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen between the T10 and L3 vertebrae. It can be divided into four anatomical regions: the cardia, fundus, corpus, and antrum. The stomach receives blood supply from the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein. Lymphatic drainage is to the pancreaticosplenic, left gastric, and hepatic nodes. The stomach is innervated by the vagus and splanchnic nerves and functions to store, churn, and break down food with gastric juices.
CT ABDOMEN ANATOMY
Describes detailed cross sectional anatomy of abdomen CT scan and segmental liver anatomy and peritoneum and retroperitoneum anatomy .
Surgical rectal anatomy
The rectum is the lower part of the large intestine extending from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal. It is around 5 inches long and located in the pelvis in front of the sacrum and coccyx. It has two flexures that follow the curves of the sacrum and coccyx. The upper third is covered in peritoneum while the lower third has no peritoneal covering. It is supplied by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery and drains into internal iliac and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes. A thorough understanding of rectal anatomy is important for surgical management of rectal conditions and cancer.
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Hypersensitivity in Dentistry | Types
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and their classification. It begins by describing Type I reactions, which are immediate and antibody-mediated, including anaphylaxis and atopy. Type II are cytotoxic reactions mediated by IgG antibodies. Type III are immune complex diseases caused by antigen-antibody complexes. Type IV are delayed or cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. The document then discusses specific types of hypersensitivity reactions in more detail, including their mechanisms, clinical features, and importance in dentistry with certain materials, drugs, and allergens.
Shape of Bacteria - Cellular Arrangement
This document describes the different shapes and arrangements of bacteria. It outlines the main shapes as cocci (spherical or oval), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrios (comma-shaped curved rods), spirilla (spiral forms), spirochetes (flexuous spiral forms), and actinomycetes (branching filamentous forms). It also discusses mycoplasmas, which lack a cell wall. Additionally, it discusses characteristic cellular arrangements of bacteria, such as diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcina, and streptobacilli. The type of arrangement depends on the plane of cell division and whether daughter cells remain attached.
Histology of Cerebrum
The document describes the histology of the cerebrum, noting that it contains cells of varied shapes, myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, and layers including the molecular layer, external granular layer, pyramidal cell layer, internal granular layer, ganglionic layer, and multiform layer, each containing different cell types. Blood vessels are also present.
Histology of Cerebellum
The cerebellum contains leaf-like folds called folia. The core of each folium is formed by pink-staining fibers of the white matter. Overlying the white matter are layers that form the cerebellar cortex, including the molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular cell layer. The cortex is covered by the piamater.
Histology of Retina
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Histology of Suprarenal Gland Adrenal
The document describes the structure of the adrenal gland, which consists of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex contains three zones - an outer zone with small polyhedral cells arranged in inverted groups, a middle zone with large polyhedral cells in straight columns, and an inner zone with smaller and more acidophilic cells in cords. The medulla contains groups of cells separated by wide sinusoids and yellow granules that are potassium dichromate staining pheochromocytes.
Histology of Cornea
The document describes the five layers of the cornea: 1) an outermost layer of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called the corneal epithelium, 2) the corneal epithelium rests on the structureless anterior limiting lamina, 3) most of the cornea's thickness is formed by the substantia propria or corneal stroma made up of collagen fibers in ground substance, 4) deep to the substantia propria is the homogeneous posterior limiting lamina, 5) the posterior surface of the cornea is lined by a single layer of flattened or cuboidal cells.
Histology of Thyroid
The thyroid gland is made up of follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium and containing pink staining colloid consisting of thyroglobulin. Between the follicles is connective tissue, and parafollicular cells are present near the follicles.
Dietary Fibres
Dietary fiber is the indigestible carbohydrate in food that is important for maintaining normal gastrointestinal motility. A diet rich in fiber from vegetables improves bowel regularity, lowers cholesterol by decreasing bile acid reabsorption, and improves glucose tolerance. Fiber may help reduce the risk of colon cancer. The beneficial effects are greater with soluble fiber, and a diet containing at least 30 grams of fiber per day from vegetables and greens is recommended.
Histology of Tooth
The document discusses the anatomy of teeth. It states that teeth are composed of enamel, dentine, and pulp. The majority of the hard tissue in teeth is dentine, a specialized calcified tissue derived from mesenchyme. The dentine in the root is covered by cementum, another calcified tissue derived from mesenchyme. Teeth are connected to bone by the periodontal ligament, which embeds the tooth in the alveolar ridge.
Muscles of the Tongue
The document discusses the musculature of the tongue, noting that it consists of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. It states that each half of the tongue contains four intrinsic muscles that change the shape of the tongue from within, and four extrinsic muscles that take origin outside the tongue and move and alter its shape. The four intrinsic muscles are named as the superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles. The four extrinsic muscles are named as the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus.
Laryngeal Muscles
The document discusses the laryngeal muscles, which are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles attach the larynx to surrounding structures and move the larynx as a whole, while the intrinsic muscles attach the laryngeal cartilages to each other and are responsible for their individual movements. The intrinsic muscles can be further divided based on their actions of opening/closing the laryngeal inlet, adducting/abducting the vocal cords, and increasing/decreasing vocal cord tension. Specific intrinsic muscles and their functions are described.
Infratemporal Fossa
The infratemporal fossa is the space beneath the skull between the pharynx wall and mandible ramus. It communicates with the temporal fossa through a gap behind the zygomatic arch. The fossa is also known as the parapharyngeal or lateral pharyngeal space. It has a roof formed by the sphenoid wing pierced by two foramina, medial wall formed by the lateral pterygoid plate, lateral wall by the mandible ramus, and anterior wall by the maxilla separated from the roof by an orbital fissure. The floor is open and extends to the mandible base, and the posterior wall is formed by the temporal bone styloid process.
Soft Palate
The soft palate is a mobile muscular flap that hangs from the posterior hard palate. It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. It consists of mucous membrane enclosing five pairs of muscles. The soft palate has roles in swallowing, breathing, modifying voice quality, and protecting the nasal mucosa during sneezing and coughing. It receives its blood supply from the lesser palatine, facial, and ascending pharyngeal arteries and innervation from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Structure of Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein composed of heme and globin subunits. It is a tetrameric allosteric protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin exists as HbA, HbA2, and HbF, which are composed of different combinations of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta globin chains. It has a globular shape and contains heme at its center, which non-covalently binds to the globin protein through hydrophobic, ionic, and hydrogen bonding interactions.
Sickle Cell Disease
This document discusses sickle cell disease, which is caused by a single point mutation that changes the amino acid glutamic acid to valine in the beta chain of hemoglobin. This causes hemoglobin to polymerize within red blood cells and distort them into a sickle shape. Heterozygous carriers have the sickle cell trait and are common in parts of Africa and India, and it provides protection against malaria, while homozygous individuals experience life-threatening complications like occlusion of blood vessels. Diagnosis involves electrophoresis or a sickling test, and management relies on blood transfusions and medications that interfere with hemoglobin polymerization.
Median Nasal Septum
The nasal septum is the median partition that divides the nasal cavity into two sides. It has bony, cartilaginous, and membranous components. The bony parts include the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer. The cartilaginous parts include the septal cartilage and the medial crura of the alar cartilages, which join to form the columella. The membranous septum lies inferior to the septal cartilage. The nasal septum receives its blood supply from branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary arteries and its innervation from branches of the anterior ethmoidal, nasociliary, pterygopalatine, and maxillary nerves.
Scalenus Anterior
The scalenus anterior muscle originates from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3-C6. It inserts into the scalene tubercle of the first rib. It functions to bend the neck forward and laterally, and rotate it to the opposite side. It also helps elevate the first rib as an accessory muscle of respiration. It is an important landmark at the root of the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, with relations to structures like the phrenic nerve, arteries, veins, and other muscles in the region.
Scalenus Medius
The scalenus medius is the longest and largest of the scalene muscles. It originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C2-C6 vertebrae and inserts on the upper surface of the first rib between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery. It is supplied by the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves and acts to bend the neck to the side when the first rib is fixed or elevate the first rib as an accessory muscle of respiration when its upper end is fixed.
Scalenus Posterior
The scalenus posterior muscle originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C4 to C6 vertebrae. It inserts on the outer surface of the second rib behind the tubercle for serratus anterior. The scalenus posterior is innervated by the ventral rami of C6 to C8 spinal nerves. It functions to bend the cervical vertebral column to the side when the second rib is fixed, and helps elevate the second rib to act as an accessory muscle of respiration when its upper attachment is fixed.
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Esophagus
- 1. ESOPHAGUS V.S.RASHMI PRIYEM ULTRA’S BEST Dental Science College
- 2. ESOPHAGUS 25 cm Long Muscular Tube Connects Pharynx With The Stomach. The Esophagus Is Kept Collapsed Anteroposteriorly Between Trachea And Vertebral Column. Expansion Occurs Only When Bolus Of Food Passes Through It. Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
- 3. EXTENT Begins As A Continuation Of Pharynx At The Lower Border Of Cricoid Cartilage Opposite The Lower Border Of C6 Vertebra Passes Downwards In Front Of The Vertebral Column Behind Trachea Traverses Superior And Posterior Mediastina Of Thorax Passes Through The Esophageal Opening Of The Diaphragm Ends At The Cardiac Orifice Of The Stomach In The Abdomen About 2.5 cm To The Left Of The Median Plane Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
- 5. ESOPHAGUS The Esophagus Is Divided Into Three Parts: Cervical, Thoracic, And Abdominal. The Pharyngoesophageal Junction Is The Narrowest Part Of The Digestive Tube Except That Of The Vermiform Appendix. Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
- 7. CERVICAL PART OF THE ESOPHAGUS Extends From The Lower Border Of Cricoid Cartilage To The Superior Border Of Manubrium Sterni. Begins In The Midline But Inclines Slightly To The Left As It Descends. Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
- 8. Anteriorly, It Is Related To: (A) Trachea (B) Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
- 9. Posteriorly, It Is Related To: (A) Prevertebral Fascia (B) Longus Colli Muscles (C) Vertebral Column Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
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- 11. ARTERIAL SUPPLY The Cervical Part Of The Esophagus Is Supplied By The Inferior Thyroid Arteries Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
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- 13. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE The Lymph Vessels From The Cervical Part Of Esophagus Drain Into Pretracheal And Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes Rashmi Priyem Saravanan
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