This document provides an overview of equity financing and the capital markets. It discusses the different ways companies can raise capital, including through equity (owned funds) or debt (borrowed funds). It also covers topics like debt-to-equity ratios, preference shares, debentures, venture capital, and types of companies. Additionally, it summarizes the primary and secondary markets, the book building and IPO processes, stock indices, circuit breakers, order types, trade settlement, and brokerage/regulatory fees.