This document provides an introduction to currencies, exchange rates, and currency trading terminology. It explains that exchange rates fluctuate through appreciation and depreciation. Examples are given showing how currency values impact purchasing power. The terms bid and offer prices are defined as what you can sell and buy the base currency for. Spreads between bid and offer prices are explained. Pips, the smallest unit of price movement, are defined and examples given of pip calculations based on currency quote changes.

1. Welcome to the World of Currencies

2. Currencies Appreciation and Depreciation

3. Changes in the rate are expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency in terms of the other currency It is also referred to as strengthening or weakening of once currency vis-a-vis the other

5. Let’s look at an example: 1 USD = INR 40 Something costing 100$ will cost Rs.4000/- 1 USD = INR 45 Something costing 100$ will now cost Rs.4500/- A Bigger value of the exchange rate means that our purchasing power is lower; it is a depreciation of the Rupee and appreciation of the dollar

7. Let’s look at another example: 1 USD = INR 45 Something costing 100$ will cost Rs.4500/- 1 USD = INR 40 Something costing 100$ will now cost Rs.4000/- A Lower value of the exchange rate means that our purchasing power is higher; it is an appreciation of the Rupee or you can say the Rupee has strengthened and a depreciation of the Dollar or the Dollar has depreciated

8. The “bid” is the price at which you can sell the base currency The “offer” is the price at which you can buy the base currency USD/INR 49.2225/49.2275 OFFER / ASK BID

9. Bids and Offers are always for the Base currency Traders always think in terms of how much it costs to buy or sell the base currency On the trading screen, you’ll see two prices for each currency pair. The price on the left-hand side is called the bid and the price on the right-hand side is called the offer (some call this the ask)

10. Let’s look at an example: The quote for the Dollar Rupee might be as follows: USD/INR 49.2225/75 Here the bid price is 49.2225 per Dollar and the offer price is 49.2275 per Dollar Usually a market maker will simply give the quote as 25/75

11. The price quotation of each bid and offer you see will have two components: Let’s look at an example: The quote for the Dollar Rupee might be as follows: USD/INR 49.2225/75 In the above example - the Big figure is 49.22 and the dealing price is 25/75

12. USD/INR 49.2225/49.2275 0.0050 Spread Spread is the difference between the bid and the ask

13. Trading Screen

14. Calculating profit and loss using pips The last decimal place is called the pip. For most currencies, bids and offers are presented to the fourth decimal place that is 1/10000th of the terms currency unit also called as pip Profit-and-loss calculations are pretty straightforward in terms of math — they’re all based on position size and the number of pips you make or lose. A pip is the smallest increment of price fluctuation in currency prices. Pips can also be referred to as points; we use the two terms interchangeably

15. Let’s look at some currency quotes to understand pip better USD/CHF = 1.2267 USD/EUR = 1.3225 In the USD/CHF if the price moves from 1.2267 to 1.2287, it has gone up by 20 pips. If it goes from 1.2267 to 1.2253, it has gone down by 14 points

16. Thank You