This document discusses composite materials and epoxy resins. It defines composite materials as materials made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. The main types of composites are fiber-reinforced, particle-reinforced, and structural composites. Examples given include wood, concrete, and fiberglass. Epoxy resins are thermosetting plastics that harden permanently when mixed with a curing agent. They are used in applications such as coatings, construction, aerospace, electronics, adhesives, and sports equipment due to properties like strength, chemical resistance, and insulation. The document outlines advantages and limitations of epoxies and lists leading manufacturers in India.
Introduction, types, raw material, reaction mechanism, manufacturing process, flow sheet of production process, properties, applications, industries in India, commercial name
"Introduction to Epoxies" by Hubert Monteiro, Royce InternationalRoyceIntl
Hubert presents an introduction to epoxies.
Hubert Monteiro is a Technical Consultant for Royce International and, as an active member of the Thermoset Resin Formulators Association (TRFA) since it was founded 10 years ago, has a unique perspective on the role industry associations play in the technical community.
Introduction, types, raw material, reaction mechanism, manufacturing process, flow sheet of production process, properties, applications, industries in India, commercial name
"Introduction to Epoxies" by Hubert Monteiro, Royce InternationalRoyceIntl
Hubert presents an introduction to epoxies.
Hubert Monteiro is a Technical Consultant for Royce International and, as an active member of the Thermoset Resin Formulators Association (TRFA) since it was founded 10 years ago, has a unique perspective on the role industry associations play in the technical community.
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
It low molecular wt. raw polymeric materials
It is used for binders, curable molding compositions adhesives and coatings.
They normally have a melting or softening range, are brittle in the solid state.
Resins : natural resins and synthetic resins.
Synthetic resins:
phenol-formaldehyde resins*, urea-formaldehyde,
melamine-formaldehyde resins, polyesters resins,
silicone resins, epoxy resins, acrylic resins and alkyd resins.
Paints and lacquers: Coatings have dual uses of protecting the substrate and being decorative. (The paint on large industrial pipes is presumably only for the function of preventing corrosion).
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
It low molecular wt. raw polymeric materials
It is used for binders, curable molding compositions adhesives and coatings.
They normally have a melting or softening range, are brittle in the solid state.
Resins : natural resins and synthetic resins.
Synthetic resins:
phenol-formaldehyde resins*, urea-formaldehyde,
melamine-formaldehyde resins, polyesters resins,
silicone resins, epoxy resins, acrylic resins and alkyd resins.
Paints and lacquers: Coatings have dual uses of protecting the substrate and being decorative. (The paint on large industrial pipes is presumably only for the function of preventing corrosion).
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. What are composite materials?
• A materials system composed of two or more
distinct phases whose combination produces
aggregate properties different from those of
its constituents
• They are engineered or naturally occurring
materials made from two or more constituent
materials with significantly different physical
or chemical properties which remain separate
and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic
scale within the finished structure.
3. Types of composite materials
• Particle-reinforced composites
• Fiber-reinforced composites
• Structural composites
• There are five basic types of
composite materials: Fiber,
particle, flake, laminar or
layered and filled composites
4. Examples of composite
materials
• Wood is a composite – it is made from long
cellulose fibers (a polymer) held together by a
much weaker substance called lignin.
• Concrete is a mix of aggregate (small stones or
gravel),cement and sand.
• Fiberglass- matrix is a plastic and the
reinforcement is glass.
• Nanocomposites
• Composite laminates
5. What are Epoxy resins?
• A family of thermosetting resins which have the following
chemical group:
• When reacted with a hardener(or curing agent), they set
to a hard mass which does not melt or dissolve in
solvents.
• Hardeners are typically amine or anhydride based
chemistry.
6. In what forms are Epoxies and
Hardeners supplied?
• Liquids
• Solids
• Solutions
• Semi-formulated pastes
7. What are the advantages of Epoxies?
• Bonds strongly to most materials including metals,
concrete, glass, ceramics, stone, wood, leather.
Exceptions are plastics materials like polyethylene,
polypropylene, Teflon, etc.
• Excellent resistance to chemicals and solvents.
• Very good electrical insulating properties.
• Outstanding mechanical strength including tensile,
compressive, flexural and modulus.
• Very little shrinkage on curing, thus providing good
dimensional stability.
8. Industries in which Epoxies are utilized
• Coatings, Paints and Lacquers.
• Civil Engineering and Construction.
• Aerospace and Industrial Composite.
• Electrical & Electronics (i.e. casting, impregnation,
insulation, laminates, potting, etc).
• Adhesives and Sealants.
• Recreational and Sporting Equipment (i.e. golf
shafts, skies, snowboards, tennis racquets).
• Foundries and tooling (i.e. automotive).
10. Coatings
• Solvent-free lining of concrete and steel tanks,
• Water-based coatings for concrete.
• Powder coatings for rebars.
Mortars
• Self-leveling and trowellable floors
• Pothole repair for roads and airfields.
• Grouting of heavy machinery.
Epoxies for Civil Engineering and
Construction Applications
11. Epoxies for Civil Engineering and
Construction Applications (cont.)
Bonding
• Bonding of prefabricated elements in bridges and other
structures.
• Bonding new to old concrete.
• Bonding external reinforcement to concrete.
Injection Systems
• Grouting and repair of concrete cracks.
12. Advantages of Composites
High Strength to Weight Ratio
Material Strength to
Weight Ratio
Aluminum 0.8
Steel 1.0
Titanium alloy 1.0
Glass/ Epoxy 2.86
Carbon/Epoxy 3.8
Aramid (Kevlar)/Epoxy 5.09
13. Epoxy Resins
• Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A
• Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol F
• Epoxy Novolac
• Long chain aliphatic diglycidyl ethers
• Cycloaliphatic epoxy resins
• Multifunctional resins
• Brominated epoxy Resins
15. What are the limitations of Epoxies?
Limited pot life when resin and hardener are
mixed.
Cured systems have poor resistance to U.V.
Thus, outdoor exposure over time tends to
yellow and chalk coatings and electrical
insulators can begin to “track”.
Limited temperature resistance:
Ambient cure: 150-250°F
Heat cure: up to 360° F
Resins and Hardeners need to be handled with
care in sensitive individuals to prevent
dermatitis or rash.
16. Leading manufactures in India
• Aditya birla group
• sarafresin-india
• Epotec
• CeTePox
• CTP
17. References
• Civil engineering building practice Book
by Suraj singh 004110
• Wiley online library
• IS:9162-1979. Indian standard methods of
tests for epoxy resins, hardeners and
epoxy resin compositions for floor topping.
• Britannica online
• Adityabirlaonline -epoxy