This document provides an overview of non-communicable diseases including definitions, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and methods for prevention and control. It covers several common non-communicable diseases like malnutrition, anemia, hypertension, stroke, rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, blindness, accidents, mental illness, obesity, iodine deficiency, fluorosis, and epilepsy. Key topics discussed for each disease include epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and importance of early detection and lifestyle modifications for prevention.
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors. These five categories are interconnected.
UNIT-II DETERMINANT OF HEALTH B.SC II YEAR.pptxanjalatchi
Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors. These five categories are interconnected.
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
National Mental Health Programme was launched in 1982 keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the community, and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to deal with it.
Understanding the problems of having Lifestyle Disorders / Diseases and how to prevent these deadly Diseases. These are simple slides for creating awareness for Common men / Women
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
National Mental Health Programme was launched in 1982 keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the community, and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the country to deal with it.
Understanding the problems of having Lifestyle Disorders / Diseases and how to prevent these deadly Diseases. These are simple slides for creating awareness for Common men / Women
DAMA- DIETARY APPROACH TO MANAGE ATHEROSCLEROSIS.pptJYOTI PACHISIA
Atherosclerosis is the basic pathological process of many diseases, such as coronary atherosclerosis and stroke. Nutrients can affect the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. At present, in nutrition science, the research on atherosclerosis focuses on which nutrients play an important role in its prevention strategy, and what are the possible mechanisms of its action. Diet is an inseparable part of our lives. It is generally believed that good eating habits have a certain inhibitory effect on the development of atherosclerosis. In recent years, some nutrients [such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamins, and polyphenols], it can stabilize atherosclerotic plaque or reduce the level of biomarkers related to inflammation
Heart of the Matter - Ali Ahmad, MD, FACC - Livingston Library - 1.6.2020Summit Health
Heart disease is the leading killer of adults nationwide and it carries a significant morbidity for the population at risk. Learn about traditional and non-traditional risk factors associated with coronary artery disease, and how to modify your risk and prevent heart disease. Also, learn about how heart disease affects different ethnic backgrounds, particularly the high-risk groups, such as South Asians.
DEFINITION OF DIABETES MELLITUS :
It is the group of metabolic disorders which characterised by hyperglycemia and abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or. Both .
Causes:-
Life style
Genetics factor
Obesity
Diet time variation
Etiological Classification of Diabetes:
Type :-1 Diabetes (insulin dependent)
Type :-2 Diabetes (non insulin dependent)
Gestational diabetes
DEFINTION OF TYPE 1 DIABETES :
Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition by the beta cells in islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, due to the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. Although onset frequently occurs in childhood, the disease can also develop in adults.
DEFINITION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES :
known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, due to body cells don’t respond normally to insulin; this is called insulin resistance.
DEFINITION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES :
Gestational Diabetes: Is the increasing of blood sugar levels for Some women tend to experience high levels of blood glucose as during pregnancy due to reduced sensitivity of insulin receptors.
CAUSES :
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys cells which the insulin-producing (islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
Genetics
Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
Endocrine disorders such as acromegaly , Cushing's syndrome
Endocrine disorders e.g. Pancreatitis .
Medications e.g. glucocorticoids , niacin , pentamine alpha- interferons .
Micro vascular complications (zeroplateas , neutrophils , eosinophil's )
Macro vascular complications (CHF , stroke , peripheral vascular disease)
SYMPTOMS :
Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night
Extreme hunger
Unintended weight loss
Irritability and other mood changes
Fatigue and weakness
Blurred vision
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT :
Insulin:
People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day. You usually take the insulin through an injection.
Metformin :
Metformin is a type of oral diabetes medication. For many years, it was only used in people with type 2 diabetes. However, some people with type 1 diabetes can develop insulin resistance. That means the insulin they get from injections doesn’t work as well as it should.
Metformin helps lower sugar in the blood by reducing sugar production in the liver. Your doctor may advise you to take Metformin in addition to insulin.
B) NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT :
CONTROL THE SYMPTOMS .
EXERCISES
MONITORING THE SUGAR LEVELS
HEALTHY FOODS .
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
4. Key risk factors for non communicable disease
1. Smoking
2. Consumption of alcohol
3. Bad Life style pattern (E.g.: Diet, Physical activity etc)
4. Insufficient health services
5. Environmental factors (E.g.: air & water pollution, etc)
6. Stress conditions
5. Malnutrition
Definition:-
Malnutrition is defined as imbalance between the
body’s need and the intake of nutrients, which can lead to
nutritional disorders.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition
as “the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients
and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure
growth, maintenance, and specific functions.”
6. Causes of malnutrition
• Infectious disease
• Food taboos
• Personal choice for food
• Customs, beliefs, culture and attitude
• Cooking practices
• Lack of knowledge
• Poverty
• Poor sanitary environment
7. Prevention & control of malnutrition
• Identification of affected individuals
• Special feeding program
• Health education
• Promotion of breastfeeding
• Educating the selection of right kind of food
• Correction of harmful Taboo
• Decreasing the infectious disease by appropriate measures
• Kitchen gardening
• Proper planning of budget with expenditure on food
8. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
Definition:-
According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition
(PEM) refers to “an imbalance between the supply of protein and
energy and the body's demand for them to ensure optimal growth
and function”.
9. Classification Of Protein Energy Malnutrition
PEM can be classified into two types:
Primary PEM
Secondary PEM
Primary PEM
1. Kwashiorkor
2. Marasmus
10. Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor occurs due to decreased intake of proteins
Marasms
This is a condition caused by decreased intake of total calories. A
deficiency of total calories is called as much and is often
accompanied by Kwashiorkor.
11. Secondary PEM
• It is caused due to disorders in the gastrointestinal tract.
• It can be caused due to infections, hyperthyroidism, trauma,
burns, and other critical illnesses.
• It decreases appetite and impairs nutrient metabolism.
12. Diagnosis of PEM
• PEM can be diagnosed by identifying the dietary history of the
patient.
• The measurement of height and weight, fat distribution,
anthropometric measurements of lean body mass should be
examined.
• The Body Mass Index or BMI is calculated to measure the severity of
PEM.
13. Treatment of PEM
• Protein Energy Malnutrition can be treated in the following ways:
• Oral feeding
• Avoiding lactose
• Reduction in poverty
• Improving nutritional education and public health measures
• Multivitamin supplements
• Treat infections and fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, in severe
cases
14. Body mass index(BMI)
• BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her
height in meters squared.
16. Anaemia
Definition:-
Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red
blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is
lower than normal.
17. Iron deficiency anaemia
• Anaemia is defined as a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood caused by a diminished erythrocyte mass.
• Iron deficiency anaemia develops when body stores of iron drop too low
to support normal red blood cell (RBC) production. Inadequate dietary iron,
iron absorption, bleeding, or loss of body iron in the urine maybe the
cause.
• HGB<13.5 g/dL (men) <12 (women)
• HCT<41% (men) <36 (women)
• a ferritin concentration of more than 100 ng/mL (100 mg/L)effectively
rules out iron deficiency, and a ferritin of less than 15ng/mL (15 mg/L) rules
in iron deficiency.
• More common in women as a result of menstrual losses
18. Causes of iron deficiency anaemia
• Inadequate intake of Iron.
• Malabsorption of iron due to hypochlorhydria &
diarrhoea.
• Increased requirement of iron in a growing child & in
pregnancy.
• Increased loss of iron due to injury, recurrent epistaxis
& peptic ulcer.
• Chronic blood loss such as menustrual & menopausal
bleeding parturition.
• Subtotal or complete gastrectomy.
19. Iron requirements
• Children 1mg per day
• Males 0.5-1mg per day
• Menstruating females 1-2mg per day
• Pregnant females 1.5-2.5mg per day
• An adequate diet contains 15mg of iron, 10% of which is
absorbed.
• Normal plasma iron: 80 – 120 μg.
20. Clinical features
• Pallor of the skin
• Fatigue and weakness
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Sleepiness
• Palpitations
• Hair loss
• Fainting
• Depression
• Breathlessness
21. Treatment of IDA
• Iron supplements and with ferrous sulphate for ferrous
gluconate
• Vitamin c may aid in the body’s ability to absorb iron.
• Vitamin supplements are to be given orally (Folic acid and
vitamin b12)
• In severe cases blood transfusion may be necessary.
• Intake of iron rich diet.
• Nutrition education.
22. Hypertension
Definition:-
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood
pressure (HBP), is a long term medical condition in which the
blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
The SBP will be more than or equal of 140 mmHg and DBP
will be more than or equal of 90 mmHg.
24. Prevention & control of hypertension
1. Early case detection and treatment
2. Health promotion
3. Nutrition
4. Reduce the weight
5. Physical activity and regular exercise
6. Encourage self care activities
7. Lifestyle changes
8. Health education
25. Complication of hypertension
• Heart attack or stroke. ...
• Aneurysm. ...
• Heart failure. ...
• Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in your kidneys. ...
• Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the eyes. ...
• Metabolic syndrome. ...
• Trouble with memory or understanding. ...
• Dementia.
26. Stroke
Definition:-
A stroke is defined as the clinical syndrome of rapid onset
of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24 hours or leading to
death with no apparent cause other than a vascular one.
A stroke is a rapid loss of brain function due to the
disturbance in the blood supply to brain. A stroke happens
when blood flow to a part of the brain stops and it is
sometimes called a “brain attack
27. Prevention of stroke
1. Eating a healthy diet
2. Maintaining a healthy weight
3. Exercise regularly
4. Not smoking
5. Avoiding alcohol or moderating consumption.
28. Rheumatic heart disease
Definition:-
Rheumatic heart disease is a chronic condition resulting from
rheumatic fever which involves all the layers of the heart (i.e.
Pancarditis) and is characterized by scarring and deformity of
the heart valves.
The commonest valves affecting are the mitral and aortic, in
that order. However all four valves can be affected
30. Clinical features
1. Fever
2. Sweating
3. Polyarthritis(more than 4 joint effects)
4. Subcutaneous nodules
5. Carditis
6. Tachycardia(heart rate more than 100)
7. Cardiac murmur
8. Skin rashes
31. Prevention and control
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Health promotion
• Improving living condition
• Improving socio economic status
• Benzathine benzyl penicillin
32. Coronary heart disease
Definition:-
A narrowing of the coronary arteries that prevents adequate
blood supply to the heart muscle is called coronary artery
disease. Usually caused by atherosclerosis, it may progress to
the point where the heart muscle is damaged due to lack of
blood supply. Such damage may result in infarction,
arrhythmias, and heart failure.
33. Risk factors
Non modifiable factors
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Family history
4. Genetic factors
Modifiable risk factors
1. Cigarette smoking
2. High blood pressure
3. Elevated cholesterol
4. Obesity
5. Diabetes
6. Stress
7. Alcohol intake
34. Prevention
1. Early diagnosis and treatment
2. Dietary modification
3. Physical activity
4. Exercise promotion
5. Regular checkups and follow up for high blood pressure
6. Health education
36. Causes of cancer
1. Smoking
2. Chewing of tobaacco
3. Alcohol intake
4. Exposure to chemicals such as benzene, arscenic, vinyl
chloride.
5. Radiations
6. Air water pollution and pesticides
7. Genetic factors
37. Warning signs of cancer
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits.
2. A sore that does not heal.
3. Unusual bleeding or discharge.
4. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere.
5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing.
6. Obvious change in a wart or mole.
7. Nagging cough or hoarseness.
38. Prevention and control
• Avoid intake of tobacco and alcohol
• Avoid smoking
• Maintain personal hygiene specially to prevent cervical
cancer
• Avoid exposure to radiation and industrial carcinogens
• Control air pollution
• Health education on preventive aspects identification of
risk factors about the control
• Evaluation and monitoring
39. Diabetes mellitus
Definition:-
• Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of metabolic
diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over
a prolonged period.
• Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent
urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.
40. Types of diabetes mellitus
1. Type 1 DM. Results from the pancreas's failure to
produce enough insulin. This form was previously
referred to as "insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus"
(IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.
2. Type 2 DM. Begins with insulin resistance, a condition
in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly. This
form was previously referred to as "non insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset
diabetes".
41. Prevention and control of DM
1. Maintaining normal body weight
2. Adopting healthy nutritional habits
3. Doing physical exercise
4. Having alcohol and sweet foods
5. Prevent malnutrition by adequate intake of proteins
6. Eliminate food toxins or chemical ingestion
7. Early diagnosis and treatment
43. Blindness
Definition:-
WHO definition of blindness Visual acuity of less than
3/60 (Snellens) or its equivalent, In the absence
appropriate vision charts (By non-specialized personnel),
the WHO has now added the “Inability to count fingers in
daylight at a distance of 3 meters” to indicate less than
3/60 or its equivalent
44. Causes of blindness
1. Accidents,
2. glaucoma,
3. DM,
4. vascular disease,
5. cataract & degeneration of ocular tissue
6. Leading causes of childhood blindness
7. Xerophthalmia, congenital cataract, congenital
cataract, congenital glaucoma & optic atrophy.
45. Prevention and control of blindness
1. Improving intake of vitamin A in diet
2. Adequate and save water supply
3. School eye health services
4. Vitamin A prophylaxis
5. Occupational eye health services
47. Types of accidents
1. Road traffic accidents
2. Industrial accidents
3. Domestic accidents
4. Other accident such as drowning, suicides, train accidents.
48. Mental illness
Definition of mental health :-
The American Psychiatric Association (APA 1980) defines
mental health as: “Simultaneous success at working, loving &
creating with the capacity for mature & flexible resolution of
conflicts between instincts, conscience, important other
people & reality.”
49. Definition of mental illness
Mental illness is maladjustment in living. It produces a
disharmony in the person’s ability to meet human needs
comfortably or effectively & function within a culture.
A mentally ill person loses his ability to respond according to
the expectations he has for himself & the demands that
society has for him.
50. Cause of mental illness
1. Metabolic disease
2. Tumours of brain
3. Cerebral arteriosclerosis
4. Genetic cause
5. Epilepsy
6. Neurological disease
7. Tension, frustration & stress.
8. Croma duty accident
9. Intake of alcohol or psychotic drugs
51. Prevention and control
1. Early diagnosis and treatment
2. Family based health services
3. Care during life cycle of human beings
4. Improve social environment
5. Mental health education
6. Group and individual psychotherapy
52. Obesity
Definition:-
Obesity is expressed in terms of body mass index, obesity
means the depositions of adipose tissue due to either increase
in number of fat cells or size or combination of both.
54. Hazards / illeffects of obesity
• High blood pressure (Hypertension)
• High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides
(Dyslipidaemia)
• Type 2 diabetes
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Gallbladder disease
• Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint)
• Sleep apnoea and breathing problems
55. Prevention and control of obesity
1. Reduction in simple carbohydrates and fats.
2. Increase fibre content.
3. Adequate amount of essential nutrients.
4. Regular physical exercise.
5. Taking appetite suppresing drugs to control the obesity.
6. Surgical treatment like gastric bypass, gastroplasty can be
adopted.
7. Health education should be given to people regarding diet
physical exercise and disadvantages of having obesity.
56. Iodine deficiency
Introduction:-
• It is an essential micronutrient.
• Required in minute amounts for normal growth and
development and well being of all human beings.
• Synthesis of thyroid hormones (20-50 mg iodine)
Thyroxine (T₄) Tri-iodothyronine(T₃)
• TSH can control uptake of iodine by thyroid gland, indirectly
control of BMR
57. Signs and symptoms
• Putting on weight. One of the most noticeable signs of an iodine
deficiency is unexpected weight gain.
• Feeling weak.
• Feeling tired.
• Losing hair.
• Drying skin.
• Feeling cold.
• Learning or memory problems.
• Pregnancy complications.
59. Prevention of iodine deficiency disorders
• It can prevent it by eating a varied diet
• including good food sources of iodine, like seafood an
yogurt.
• Cooking with iodized salt is one of the main ways to
maintain sufficient levels
60. Fluorosis
Definition:-
Fluorosis is a disease caused by deposition of fluorides in the
hard and soft tissues of the body.
It is not merely caused by excess intake of fluoride but there
are many other attributes and variables which determine the
onset of fluorosis in human population.
It is usually characterised by discoloration of teeth and
crippling disorders.Definition
62. Prevention and control
1. Provision of safe source of water with chloride content 0.27
mg/L.
2. Nutritional counseling the counselling includes food habits
type of food consumed during day.
3. Advised to take foods rich in calcium, vitamin C,E and
antioxidants .
63. Epilepsy
Definition:-
Epilepsy is a recurrent seizure disorder characterized by
abnormal electrical discharge from brain, often in the cerebral
cortex.
Epilepsy is a chronic seizures disorder with recurrent &
unprovoked seizures.
64. Types of epilepsy
1. Partial seizures
A. With motor symptoms .
B. With special sensory or
somatosensory symptoms
C. With psychic symptoms
2.Generalized seizures
• A. Absence
• B. Myoclonic
• C. Clonic
• D. Tonic
• E. Tonic-clonic
• F. Atonic
• G. Infantile spasms
65. Causes of epilepsy
• Head trauma
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Central nervous system infections
• Multiple sclerosis
• Brain tumors
• Family history
• Hypertension
• Alcohol consumption
66. Prevention and control
• Get plenty of sleep each night — set a regular sleep
schedule, and stick to it.
• Learn stress management and relaxation techniques.
• Avoid drugs and alcohol.
• Take all of your medications as prescribed by your doctor.
• Avoid bright, flashing lights and other visual stimuli.
• Skip TV and computer time whenever possible.
• Avoid playing video games.
• Eat a healthy diet.
