Background: Diabetes affects millions of people each year, it is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide.
Periodontal disease has recently been recognized as the “sixth complication” of diabetes mellitus, the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is actually bi-directional. Generally, poor oral hygiene, a long history of diabetes, greater age, and poor metabolic control are associated with more severe periodontal disease. Method: The study is an analytical cross-sectional study, 406 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus selected through systematic random sampling from 5 UNRWA health centers. The World Health Organization’s basic methods tools were used to collect data and assess oral health.
Background: Oral Health (OH) is an essential component of general health, oral diseases have a negative social impact and
adverse consequences on the quality of life, while their treatment places a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and countries. Oral diseases are related to a number of risk factors and determinants that are common to Diabetes Mellitus (DM) which have oral implications. This study aimed to know DMFT index among type 2 diabetic patients attending UNRWA health centers in Gaza Governorates. Method: An analytical cross-sectional study of 406 patients with type 2 DM selected through systematic random sampling from 5 UNRWA health centers. The World Health Organization’s basic methods tools were used to collect data and assess OH.
Abstract—Diabetes Mellitus is a lifestyle disease it is increasing with increase of urbanization. It is a side effect of development. Nowadays with the development of community it is also on increase trend. So this study was conducted on 250 patients of diabetes attended at Diabetic Clinic of SMS Hospital Jaipur, with the aim to find out socio-demographic profile of these diabetes cases. General information about the these case was gathered in a pre-designed semi-structured performa. It was found in this study that majority of cases were in age group of 31 to 45 years with slight male dominance. Education wise majority were Graduate followed by secondary educated and others. Likewise occupation wise majority were either unemployed of professional. Majority of cases were from Socio economic Class II and III. So it can be concluded that diabetes is a disease of middle age slight male dominance and of educated middle class individuals. Further studies are required to establish this fact.
Microalbuminuria in Saudi Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus_Crimson Publis...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. The development of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes increases the risk for renal and cardiovascular disease.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Primary Health Care Clinics at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 334 Saudi with type 1 diabetes were randomly selected.
Results: Total of 334 patients with T2DM included in this study; 102 (30.5%) male and 232 (69.5%) female with mean age 25.8±3.4. MA was present in 99 (29.6%). MA was not significantly more prevalent in female (69.4%) with female predominance (sex ratio male: female) 1:2.3. HTN with MA was significantly more prevalent in 51(51.5%) of MA group with odd ratio 1.7 (1.2-2.4), p=0.001 with no siginificant difference between both gender. Patients with MA have significant higher HbA1c than patients with normal buminuria and there was a significant difference between gender (p< 0.0001) and when compared to HbA1c groups (p=0.002).
Conclusion: The frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes in this study is high. It is mandatory to have adequate diagnostic, therapeutic and educational resources in addition to competent physicians who can manage microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by using a continuing, comprehensive and coordinated approach.
Background: Diabetes affects millions of people each year, it is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide.
Periodontal disease has recently been recognized as the “sixth complication” of diabetes mellitus, the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is actually bi-directional. Generally, poor oral hygiene, a long history of diabetes, greater age, and poor metabolic control are associated with more severe periodontal disease. Method: The study is an analytical cross-sectional study, 406 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus selected through systematic random sampling from 5 UNRWA health centers. The World Health Organization’s basic methods tools were used to collect data and assess oral health.
Background: Oral Health (OH) is an essential component of general health, oral diseases have a negative social impact and
adverse consequences on the quality of life, while their treatment places a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and countries. Oral diseases are related to a number of risk factors and determinants that are common to Diabetes Mellitus (DM) which have oral implications. This study aimed to know DMFT index among type 2 diabetic patients attending UNRWA health centers in Gaza Governorates. Method: An analytical cross-sectional study of 406 patients with type 2 DM selected through systematic random sampling from 5 UNRWA health centers. The World Health Organization’s basic methods tools were used to collect data and assess OH.
Abstract—Diabetes Mellitus is a lifestyle disease it is increasing with increase of urbanization. It is a side effect of development. Nowadays with the development of community it is also on increase trend. So this study was conducted on 250 patients of diabetes attended at Diabetic Clinic of SMS Hospital Jaipur, with the aim to find out socio-demographic profile of these diabetes cases. General information about the these case was gathered in a pre-designed semi-structured performa. It was found in this study that majority of cases were in age group of 31 to 45 years with slight male dominance. Education wise majority were Graduate followed by secondary educated and others. Likewise occupation wise majority were either unemployed of professional. Majority of cases were from Socio economic Class II and III. So it can be concluded that diabetes is a disease of middle age slight male dominance and of educated middle class individuals. Further studies are required to establish this fact.
Microalbuminuria in Saudi Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus_Crimson Publis...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most common chronic non-communicable diseases. The development of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes increases the risk for renal and cardiovascular disease.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Primary Health Care Clinics at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 334 Saudi with type 1 diabetes were randomly selected.
Results: Total of 334 patients with T2DM included in this study; 102 (30.5%) male and 232 (69.5%) female with mean age 25.8±3.4. MA was present in 99 (29.6%). MA was not significantly more prevalent in female (69.4%) with female predominance (sex ratio male: female) 1:2.3. HTN with MA was significantly more prevalent in 51(51.5%) of MA group with odd ratio 1.7 (1.2-2.4), p=0.001 with no siginificant difference between both gender. Patients with MA have significant higher HbA1c than patients with normal buminuria and there was a significant difference between gender (p< 0.0001) and when compared to HbA1c groups (p=0.002).
Conclusion: The frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes in this study is high. It is mandatory to have adequate diagnostic, therapeutic and educational resources in addition to competent physicians who can manage microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by using a continuing, comprehensive and coordinated approach.
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This presentation is a keynote address delivered by me in regional level conference of indian association of preventive and social medicine(IAPSM) in oct.2013 at goverment medical college haldwani,uttrakhand
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Introduction: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of erectile dysfunction in a population of diabetic patients in the Thies region.
Prevalence of Hyperuricemia at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, B...BRNSS Publication Hub
Serum uric acid (SUA) and the prevalence of hyperuricemia have been increasing both in developing and developed countries over the past decades. Recent studies suggest that hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Although the incidence of gout in Nepalese adults is increasing, epidemiologic studies on hyperuricemia in the general Nepalese population are limited. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of hyperuricemia at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted from December 2015 to November 2016. A total of 1513 (507 males and 625 females) outpatient department from Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal, were participated in this survey. Total subject was investigated for SUA by uricase/phenol-aminophenazone (PAP) method. SUA concentration of >7 mg/dl in men and >6 mg/dl in women was considered as hyperuricemia. Overall prevalence of hyperuricemia among the total population (1513) was 25.18%. Among hyperuricemia population, the prevalence of men and women was 25.33% and 25.05%, respectively. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was high in young Nepalese adults of age <20 years (39.53% in men and 35.06% in female). Similarly, >60 years age group, hyperuricemia in men and women was 32.85% and 28.88%, respectively. The prevalence of hyperuricemia among <20 years age group was relatively high followed by >60 years age group. There was high prevalence of hyperuricemia among the men compare to women of these populations of Biratnagar, Nepal.
Magnitude of Vascular Symptoms among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy Induced Hy...ijtsrd
Pregnancy is considered as a normal physiological event and is typically, a time of joy and anticipation. Identifying the symptoms will help to screen the high risk cases at booking. It will help the health professionals to plan the suitable surveillance routine to detect preeclampsia for the rest of the pregnancy Methodology Descriptive research design was used to assess the presence of vascular symptoms among pregnant women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension PIH . Pregnant women who diagnosed with pregnancy induced hypertension, belongs to hilly area, primigravida, gestational age between 26 - 30 weeks and experiencing at least three vascular symptoms, were included in the study. One hundred and six 106 women with pregnancy induced hypertension were selected for study by using purposive sampling technique. The tools used to collect the data were 1. Demographic questionnaire, 2. Scale to assess the Vascular Symptoms. To assess the magnitude of edema 4 point edema scale was used. To assess the head ache and epigastric pain numerical pain scale was used. Informed written consent was taken from each participant. Results Half of the women 50 had moderate BP, highest percentage 58.50 of women had moderate proteinuria, almost half of the participants 56.60 had moderate edema, more than one third of the participants 69.81 had normal weight gain. Head ache depicts that highest percentage 40.57 of women had mild head ache, one third 38.68 of women had mild pain, two third 68.87 of women had normal fetal growth or no IUGR, and 65.09 of women verbalized that they are experiencing Insomnia and 20.75 of the women verbalized that they are experiencing depression. Conclusion The symptoms underlying evidence base can be used to assess risk at booking especially in hilly area. High quality antenatal care can be provided for those cases in order to minimize the complications in both mother and the fetus. B. Gomathi | Anuchitra R | Ruchira Nautiyal ""Magnitude of Vascular Symptoms among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) in Hilly Areas of Uttarakhand"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30064.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30064/magnitude-of-vascular-symptoms-among-pregnant-women-with-pregnancy-induced-hypertension-pih-in-hilly-areas-of-uttarakhand/b-gomathi
THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES POPUL...indexPub
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and visual impact of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in Hazara, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2023. The sample consisted of 1332 patients who attended the Outpatient Department for eye examination, with 133 (10%) identified as diabetics. Parameters such as glycemic control, HbA1C levels, comorbidities, family history, medication, lifestyle factors, and ocular manifestations were analyzed. Results: The study indicated that 73.01% of diabetic patients had uncontrolled glycemic levels. The prevalence of refractive errors was high (84.12%), and the incidence of DR was significant, with 6.34% having proliferative DR. The findings also emphasized lifestyle factors, including screen usage and spectacle usage patterns. In addition, weight-height proportions and a family history of diabetes were associated with the incidence of DR. Conclusion: The high prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes and significant incidence of DR underscores the urgent need for improved diabetes management and regular screenings for early detection of DR. The results advocate for prioritizing regular health checkups, enhancing public health strategies, and improving accessibility to healthcare facilities, particularly in rural regions.
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This presentation is a keynote address delivered by me in regional level conference of indian association of preventive and social medicine(IAPSM) in oct.2013 at goverment medical college haldwani,uttrakhand
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Introduction: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of erectile dysfunction in a population of diabetic patients in the Thies region.
Prevalence of Hyperuricemia at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, B...BRNSS Publication Hub
Serum uric acid (SUA) and the prevalence of hyperuricemia have been increasing both in developing and developed countries over the past decades. Recent studies suggest that hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Although the incidence of gout in Nepalese adults is increasing, epidemiologic studies on hyperuricemia in the general Nepalese population are limited. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of hyperuricemia at Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted from December 2015 to November 2016. A total of 1513 (507 males and 625 females) outpatient department from Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal, were participated in this survey. Total subject was investigated for SUA by uricase/phenol-aminophenazone (PAP) method. SUA concentration of >7 mg/dl in men and >6 mg/dl in women was considered as hyperuricemia. Overall prevalence of hyperuricemia among the total population (1513) was 25.18%. Among hyperuricemia population, the prevalence of men and women was 25.33% and 25.05%, respectively. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was high in young Nepalese adults of age <20 years (39.53% in men and 35.06% in female). Similarly, >60 years age group, hyperuricemia in men and women was 32.85% and 28.88%, respectively. The prevalence of hyperuricemia among <20 years age group was relatively high followed by >60 years age group. There was high prevalence of hyperuricemia among the men compare to women of these populations of Biratnagar, Nepal.
Magnitude of Vascular Symptoms among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy Induced Hy...ijtsrd
Pregnancy is considered as a normal physiological event and is typically, a time of joy and anticipation. Identifying the symptoms will help to screen the high risk cases at booking. It will help the health professionals to plan the suitable surveillance routine to detect preeclampsia for the rest of the pregnancy Methodology Descriptive research design was used to assess the presence of vascular symptoms among pregnant women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension PIH . Pregnant women who diagnosed with pregnancy induced hypertension, belongs to hilly area, primigravida, gestational age between 26 - 30 weeks and experiencing at least three vascular symptoms, were included in the study. One hundred and six 106 women with pregnancy induced hypertension were selected for study by using purposive sampling technique. The tools used to collect the data were 1. Demographic questionnaire, 2. Scale to assess the Vascular Symptoms. To assess the magnitude of edema 4 point edema scale was used. To assess the head ache and epigastric pain numerical pain scale was used. Informed written consent was taken from each participant. Results Half of the women 50 had moderate BP, highest percentage 58.50 of women had moderate proteinuria, almost half of the participants 56.60 had moderate edema, more than one third of the participants 69.81 had normal weight gain. Head ache depicts that highest percentage 40.57 of women had mild head ache, one third 38.68 of women had mild pain, two third 68.87 of women had normal fetal growth or no IUGR, and 65.09 of women verbalized that they are experiencing Insomnia and 20.75 of the women verbalized that they are experiencing depression. Conclusion The symptoms underlying evidence base can be used to assess risk at booking especially in hilly area. High quality antenatal care can be provided for those cases in order to minimize the complications in both mother and the fetus. B. Gomathi | Anuchitra R | Ruchira Nautiyal ""Magnitude of Vascular Symptoms among Pregnant Women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) in Hilly Areas of Uttarakhand"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30064.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30064/magnitude-of-vascular-symptoms-among-pregnant-women-with-pregnancy-induced-hypertension-pih-in-hilly-areas-of-uttarakhand/b-gomathi
THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES POPUL...indexPub
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and visual impact of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in Hazara, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2023. The sample consisted of 1332 patients who attended the Outpatient Department for eye examination, with 133 (10%) identified as diabetics. Parameters such as glycemic control, HbA1C levels, comorbidities, family history, medication, lifestyle factors, and ocular manifestations were analyzed. Results: The study indicated that 73.01% of diabetic patients had uncontrolled glycemic levels. The prevalence of refractive errors was high (84.12%), and the incidence of DR was significant, with 6.34% having proliferative DR. The findings also emphasized lifestyle factors, including screen usage and spectacle usage patterns. In addition, weight-height proportions and a family history of diabetes were associated with the incidence of DR. Conclusion: The high prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes and significant incidence of DR underscores the urgent need for improved diabetes management and regular screenings for early detection of DR. The results advocate for prioritizing regular health checkups, enhancing public health strategies, and improving accessibility to healthcare facilities, particularly in rural regions.
A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Biochemical Profile in Geriatric Patien...PARUL UNIVERSITY
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and
biochemical characteristics of geriatric patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (DM) attending tertiary care teaching hospital,
SVIMS, Tirupati. OBJECTIVES: To document clinical
features, biochemical parameters and anti-diabetic medications
received as per records. METHODOLOGY: This
retrospective study was performed in Department of
Endocrinology in SVIMS, Tirupati, over a period of 6 months.
Demograghic details, laboratory parameters and
pharmacotherapy details were collected in the pre-designed
annexure form. RESULTS: A total of 100 diabetic elderly
patients were included in the study. Out of which 57 were men,
43 were women. Most of them were under the age group of
60-64 years followed by other age groups. 28 patients were
having the diabetes duration of 11-15 years. Some of them were
having diabetic complications (such as diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy). Among 100
patients, 32 patients were normal weight, 22 patients were
overweight, 28 patients were obese-I, 18 patients were obese-II.
About 85% of patients were having high lipid levels. Some
patients were on Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAS), some
patients were using both Insulin & OHAS.CONCLUSION:
The present study comprised of 100 elderly type 2 diabetic
patients in which males were higher in number when compared
to females, most of the patients were in the age of group of
60-64 years. Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity
associated with DM followed by Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD). Diabetic neuropathy was the most prevalent
complication followed by Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic
nephropathy. In this study 46% of the patients were obese. Most
of the patients were on OHAS alone, some were on OHAS and
Insulin combination therapy while very few were on insulin
therapy alone. Dyslipidemia was present in 85% of the patients
and the most common form of dyslipidemia was low HDL and
high LD
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
Novel Approach Of Diabetes Disease Classification By Support Vector Machine W...IJARIIT
Early diagnosis of any disease with less cost is always preferable. Diabetes is one such disease. It has become the fourth leading cause of death in developed countries and is also reaching epidemic proportions in many developing and newly industrialized nations. Diabetes leads to increase in the risks of developing kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, blood vessel damage and heart disease also. In this study, we investigate an automatic approach to diagnose Diabetes disease based on Bacterial Foraging Optimization and Artificial Neural Network .firstly, we applied Bacterial Foraging Optimization for features selection and then we implement artificial neural network for finding out the classification accuracy. The proposed SVM method obtains 87.23% accuracy on UCI diabetes dataset which is better than other models.
Secondly, we applied again Bacterial foraging optimization for features selection and then we applied support vector machine for finding out the classification accuracy .The proposed Correlation with SVM method obtains on UCI dataset.
Article Type: Editorial
Title: Challenges Met by Healthcare Professionals (Nurses) at the time of Covid-19 Pandemic
Year: 2021; Volume: 1; Issue: 2; Page No: 3 – 4
Author: Sumathi Senthilvel
DOI: 10.55349/ijmsnr.20211234
Affiliation: Associate Editor, IJMSNR, Formerly Assistant Professor in Nursing, Department of Fundamental Nursing, Amrita College of Nursing. Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala. Email ID: AssociateEditor@ijmsnr.com
Article Summary: Submitted : 26-October-2021
Revised : 10-November-2021
Accepted : 02-December-2021
Published : 31-December-2021
Background: Diabetic Retinopathy is a non-communicable disease and metabolic disorder. It is a public health problem in Worldwide. In this paper, finding influencing factors and how much probability to development of DR among known T2DM patients.
Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional and observational study among T2DM patients, with and without DR in the diabetes clinic with sample of 150 patients. Statistical analysis used chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates of DR after controlling of confounders.
Results: In this present study, among 150 patients, 39 (26%) patients had DR. Smoking habit was strongly associated with development of DR (AOR=15.39, p=0.002), patients had history of hypertension was associated with DR (AOR=1.10, p=0.016), medication, in that insulin users were strongly associated with DR (AOR=5.72, p=0.002), duration of diabetes mellitus with >10 years was associated with DR (AOR=1.18, p=0.001), total cholesterol with abnormal was 5-fold more increase in risk with the development of DR (AOR=5.86, p=0.065) but not significant, high hba1c with >6.5% was associated with the progression of DR (AOR=1.34, p=0.035), and fasting blood sugar with abnormal was associated with the progression of DR (AOR=1.01, p=0.027) except age but, showed positive association with DR. Probability of developing DR in a T2DM patient was 98%.
Conclusion: From this study, we revealed that influencing variables were hba1c, smoking habit, intake of tablet/insulin, duration of DM, history of hypertension and fasting blood sugar. The chance/probability of developing retinopathy was very high among known diabetes patients those who had longer duration of DM. Hence, we have recommended a periodic eye screening is mandatory in T2DM patients.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, influencing factors, probability, multivariate analysis
Study of Serum Omentin-1 in Relation to Insulin Resistance in Type II Diabete...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus in Prediction of Its Management in Kakamega Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: This descriptive study aimed at studying whether the effects of diabetes mellitus can predict its management in Kakamega County and Kenya. 327 respondents took part in the survey, with 135 (41.3%) being females and 192 (58.7%) being males. Most of the respondents, 190 (62.5%) had acquired primary education, 23 (7.6%) of the respondents had attained post-secondary education. 91(29.9%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. Most of the respondents did know the side effects of diabetes mellitus 204 (67.1%). Those who said loose of body weight 91 (29.9%) as side effects of diabetes were many as compared to those who identified non-healing wounds 9 (3%). Most of the respondents indicated that they did exercise as part of utilization of glucose in the blood stream. Although bicycling was done as an exercise but those who did were 13 (4.3%) as those who did not were 291 (95.7%). A balanced diet results in control of blood pressure and dyslipidemia which was a good riddance in the study area. Both the national government and the county government of Kenya and Kakamega respectively should strengthen health systems through innovative health care and promotion on effects of diabetes mellitus so that the burden of diabetes mellitus is reduced on both the health care services and the community in Kakamega and Kenya.
ABSTRACT Pharmacists today are aware that the practice of pharmacy has evolved over the years to include not only preparation and dispensing of
Similar to Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus dm among different ethnic segments of population in pakistan a nationwide ethnographapical study (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Congenital urinary tract obstructions are common cause of kidney damage sometimes which sometimes presents itself without symptoms leading to abnormalities in blood filtration and consequently retarded kidney function. A cohort study was conducted in such patient to find out the short comings in treatment strategy.
Case presentation
A four years old child, weighing 14 kg was brought with severe constipation, fever, chest congestion and cough later developed left eye disorientation after admission to hospital, diagnosed with urinary tract obstruction, indicating acidosis and loss of electrolytes due to excessive loss of water. His therapy management included surgical treatment, dialysis and to improve his electrolyte levels within the normal with the treatment chest congestion and fever.
Conclusion
This case study reports the post operative treatment of congenital urinary tract obstructions in a tertiary care hospital and highlights the discrepancies observed. Antibiotic rationality and irrational prescribing was observed. The case study highlights the need of a clinical pharmacist in the health care team.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
Lucinactant is a novel synthetic surfactant, approved by the FDA on March 6th 2012, for use in treatment of RDS. It’s superiority as compared to the previously approved surfactants lie in containing sinapultide, a 21-amino acid peptide also known as KL4 peptide, which has been designed to mimic the activity of human surfactant protein. Lucinactant is completely devoid of any animal derived components. It is the fifth drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of RDS. It has shown immense efficacy in phase two clinical trials and animal model studies and exhibited better efficiency when compared to other surfactants in both 24 hour and two week mortality rates of infants in RDS. Lucinactant tends reduce the surface tension at the air-liquid interface of alveolar surfaces and allows lungs to function normally. It was observed that the side effects were lesser with Lucinactant when compared with other naturally derived surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
Microorganisms have a profound effect on medical science as they not only infect & cause disease but also produce metabolic products that can cure infections. Soil happens to be a source for a variety of microorganisms. Most of the bacteria, particularly actinomycetes produce biologically active secondary metabolites. Though there are a number of antibiotics available, there is a pressing need for the discovery of new source for antimicrobials against the pathogens due to the development of drug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms. In addition to, new pathogenic strains are also developing and causing infection to human beings. Bioactive compounds are compounds that are produced by any living organism and are known to exhibit various biological activities both in-vitro & in-vivo. Bioactivity may be antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anticancerous, immunomodulation, antifertility & others. Soil bacteria were isolated by standard technique and by making use of selective media. The isolates were identified and subjected for preliminary screening to look for their ability to produce bioactive materials. A total of 96 strains were isolated from three different soil samples. 14 of them were found to have antibacterial activity against the human pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E.coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi by preliminary screening. Further the selected (3) bacteria were grown in the suitable culture media for the production of bioactive metabolites by using rotary shake flask. The active metabolites was isolated by solvent extraction and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The antimicrobial screening of the active metabolites showed prominent effect against the clinical pathogens under the study.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
Cefoperazone (a third generation cephalosporin) has effective in vitro activity against majority of pathogens. Levofloxacin (a flouroquinolone) is one which prescribed more due to its increased antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. Microbial resistance to antibiotics is now prevalent and poses a serious clinical threat. An attempt has been made to evaluate sensitivity of Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. A total of 120 isolates were collected from different pathological laboratories and medical centers in Karachi, Pakistan. The above stated clinical isolates were extracted from urine/stool, skin, blood and sputum samples. Results show least resistance of Levofloxacin as compare to Cefoperazone against Escherichia coli (32.5% and 42.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36% and 48%) while Staphylococcus aureus is still susceptible towards Cefoperazone and least sensitive to Levofloxacin by showing 26.6% and 50% resistance respectively. Study concluded that the prevalent pathogens are still susceptible towards Levofloxacin and Cefoperazone but the gradual increase in resistance is alarming to the general practice of prescribing antibiotic which require routine evaluation and surveillance to ensure the effectiveness of the antibacterial agents.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
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Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus dm among different ethnic segments of population in pakistan a nationwide ethnographapical study
1. www.ijrpp.com
~ 40~
ISSN Print: 2278 – 2648 IJRPP |Vol 3 | Issue 1 | Jan-Mar-2014
ISSN Online: 2278_ 2656 Journal Home page: www.ijrpp.com
Research article Open Access
Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus DM among different
ethnic segments of population in Pakistan: A nationwide
ethnographapical study
Mehwish Rizvi1
, Sidra Tanwir1
, *Atta Abbas1,2
, Arif Sabah1
, Zeb-un-Nisa1
, Imran
Mushtaq1
, Muhammad Ahmed1
, Kalb- e- Ali Zaidi1
, Muhammad Nabeel1
, Sumaira
Shakeel Siddiqui1
, Faiza Hussain1
and Anam Qureshi1
.
1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
2
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well Being, University of Sunderland, England,
United Kingdom.
* Corresponding author: Atta Abbas
E-mail id: bg33bd@student.sunderland.ac.uk
Abstract
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has been estimated that the
number of people with diabetes mellitus will greatly increase in the upcoming years. This prevalence has been
projected to be greatest in the region of South Asia although several developing countries have reported a rise in the
patients suffering from this disease as well.
Methods
A cross sectional survey was conducted in health care settings of various cities of Pakistan for 8 months i.e. March
2013 to October 2013. It targeted patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus with probability sampling technique. The
survey employed descriptive statistics, cross tabulation, chi square test and epidemiological calculations of relative
risks RR and prevalence rate PR.
Results
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in adult population above 25 years was found to be 0.74 with RR of 1.4938. Type 2
DM was observed at a PR of 0.72 with RR of 1.4444. The Sindhi race of Urdu speaking origin was seen to be
suffering from the disease for most part (28%), followed by Punjabi race (27%) and Sindhi race of Sindhi speakers
(20%). The gender of patient and phenotype of DM were associated. (P value <0.05).
Conclusion
Diabetes Mellitus is emerging as a serious threat in Pakistan. There is an urgent need of establishing preventive and
management programs to counter this rising disease.
Keywords: Epidemiology; Prevalence; Diabetes Mellitus DM; Ethnic; Pakistan.
International Journal of Research in
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated
with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of
various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves,
heart, and blood vessels.1
A major advance was made
in the late 1960s when insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM, type 1) was distinguished from non-
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type
2). Another milestone was the realization in the
1970s that in most cases IDDM has, presumably, an
autoimmune origin2
. This helped in better
understanding of the etiology of diabetes mellitus and
hence educed optimism regarding the prevention
techniques. Diabetes epidemiology has had a
profound impact on diabetes research, care and
prevention. Diabetes and its complications pose a
major threat to future public resources throughout the
world3
.
Surveillance of diabetes is a necessary first step
towards its prevention and control4
.While the
prevalence of diabetes can provide information about
the burden of disease in the community, prevalence
rates do not capture individuals' risks of developing
diabetes during a defined period5
whereas the lifetime
risk estimates the length and quality of life with
disease are informative and easily understood
measures of the effect of disease in individuals6
.
Studies have shown that in developing countries, the
majority of people with diabetes are in the 45 to 64
year age range7
, In contrast, the majority of people
with diabetes in developed countries are >64 years of
age. Assuming that age-specific prevalence remains
constant, the number of people with diabetes in the
world was expected to approximately double between
2000 and 2030, based solely upon demographic
changes8
. Increasing evidence of effective
interventions, including changes in diet and physical
activity or pharmacological treatment to reduce
prevalence of diabetes, provides an impetus for wider
introduction of preventive approaches9
. Furthermore,
improved survival may contribute to increasing
prevalence of diabetes in the future especially in
developed countries 10
.
Prevalence rates of DM vary considerably amongst
different populations and ethnic groups11
. Several
studies have shown that South Asian migrants and
their offsprings have higher prevalence rates of DM
than the native host populations12
.
According to National Institute of Diabetes and
Endocrinology, with an estimated prevalence of 7.6
per cent at present, it is estimated that by 2030,
Pakistan will have the fourth largest diabetic
population in the world — around 13.8 million
people13
. Despite geographical differences and
cultural diversity amongst the ethnic groups in
Pakistan, all carry a similarly high risk of DM14
. In a
number of studies conducted in Pakistan, marked
association between glucose intolerance and
hypertension was observed with indication of a
gradient from normoglycaemia, through IGT, to
diabetes15
.
This study was carried out to estimate the
epidemiological rate of diabetes in Pakistan in
reference to prevalence and its relationship with
gender, co morbidities and the phenotypes of diabetes
mellitus.
METHODS
A cross sectional survey was conducted in health care
settings of various cities of Pakistan for 8 months i.e.
March 2013 to October 2013. The survey consisted
of research instrument in the form of a questionnaire
which targeted patients diagnosed with diabetes
mellitus DM with probability sampling technique.
The inclusion exclusion criteria included all patients
diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and all other
patients were excluded. Prior to the data collection, a
written consent was obtained from the patient. The
survey employed descriptive statistics, cross
tabulation, chi square test and epidemiological
calculations of relative risks RR and prevalence rate.
A statistical significance of p values <0.05 for chi
square was accepted. The epidemiological results are
expressed as upper and lower limits of 95%
confidence interval. SPSS v20 (Statistical Package
for Social Sciences version 20) and MedCalc® was
used to interpret the data.
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Results
Of the total 152 patients screened the prevalence of
diabetes mellitus in adult population above 25 years
was found to be 0.74 (0.6675 to 0.8014 for 95% CI)
with a relative risk of 1.4938 (1.208 to 1.8531 for
95% CI). However in geriatrics was 0.22 (0.2901 to
0.4364 for 95% CI) with a relative risk of 0.4444
(0.3137 to 0.6297 for 95% CI) (SD 0.44). In terms of
phenotype of diabetes mellitus, type 2 DM was
observed at a prevalence rate of 0.72 (0.6464 to
0.7834 for 95% CI) with a relative risk of 1.4444
(1.1615 to 1.7963 for 95% CI). The type 1 DM was
observed at 0.21 (0.1544 to 0.2791 for 95% CI) with
a relative risk of 0.4321 (0.3036 to 0.6149) (SD
0.42). The results are tabulated in table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Epidemiological Findings
Population Prevalence Rate 95% CI Relative Risk 95% CI
Adult 0.74 0.6675 to 0.8014 1.4938 1.208 to 1.8531
Geriatric 0.22 0.2901 to 0.4364 0.4444 0.2901 to 0.4364
Disease Phenotype
Type 1 DM 0.21 0.1544 to 0.2791 0.4321 0.3036 to 0.6149
Type 2 DM 0.72 0.6464 to 0.7834 1.4444 1.1615 to 1.7963
When the ethnicity and disease of DM was cross
tabulated, The Sindhi race of Urdu speaking origin
was seen to be suffering from the disease for most
part (28%), followed by Punjabi race (27%) and
Sindhi race of Sindhi speakers (20%). Similar results
were observed for races of Baloch (10%) and
Pukhtoons (12%) with latter being slightly higher.
and the results being statistically insignificant (P
value >0.05, SD 0.25). Majority of the population
suffering from diabetes mellitus appeared to be
married (92%) with few being unmarried (8%). SD
0.25. Graph 1.1 demonstrates the findings.
Graph 1.1 Ethnographic data of patients
When the gender and type of DM were cross
tabulated, statistical significance was obtained with P
values<0.05). Males with type 1 DM were found to
be N = 11, observed to N = 18, expected. However,
males with type 2 DM were found to be N = 67,
observed to N = 60, expected. The females were seen
as N = 24 observed to N = 17, expected and in case
of type 2 DM, N = 50, observed to N = 57, expected.
Graph 1.2 demonstrates the cross tabulation results of
the findings.
28%
20%
27%
10% 12%
3%
Ethnicity
Ethnograph
Sindh (Urdu Speaking) Sindh (Sindhi Speaking)
Punjab Baloch
Pukhtoons Others
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Graph 1.2 Cross tabulation of gender with phenotype of DM
Majority had high blood sugar (81.9%) and a third of
population was seen with co morbidity of
hyperlipidemia (32.1%). A third (31.5%) did modify
their diet due to this reason and almost half (56.8%)
appeared to undergo exercise such as brisk walk, etc.
Discussion
Escalation in rates of diabetes, especially type 2
(NIDDM) diabetes in Pakistan is posing threats to the
economy and quality of life of people due to poor
glycemic control and very high rates of
complications16
. Reports from National diabetes
survey and National health survey differs both in
observations regarding prevalence of diabetes and in
relative burden of diabetes in various provinces and
among males and females17
. Epidemiology and
causes for prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan have a
number of risk factors. Mainly the genetic
predisposition and environmental dynamics are the
major contributors in the high prevalence rate of
diabetes in Pakistan. The complications associated
with diabetes which leads to morbidities and
mortalities are the core causative factors in the
establishment of this disease as a solemn social
burden.
This study was aimed at establishing the
epidemiology and the related determinants of
diabetes in Pakistan. The studies done on prevalence
of diabetes in the migrant South Asian populations
elsewhere have consistently shown a much higher
prevalence of diabetes than the indigenous population
of the Indian subcontinent and the native population
of the host country18
. In the Coventry diabetes study,
Simmons et al. noted diabetes in 11% of Asian men
and 8% of Asian women as compared to 3% in white
men and 4% in white women19
. The higher
prevalence rate thus observed in the population as a
whole is consistent with the higher rates predicted in
the region and role of genetics in predisposition of
South Asians to diabetes20
.
In contrast with other studies in migrant South Asian
communities 21
and the recently conducted studies in
India22
where the prevalence rates of NIDDM and
IGT increased with age in both men and women
whereas a lower prevalence is seen in geriatrics. This
is suggestive of introduction of interventions that
may help prevent primary diabetes in this group.
Ethnic differences have been observed with in the
country, this could be attributed to the role of
lifestyle, genetic or environmental differences which
are observed across Pakistan.
A positive family history ‘of diabetes, obesity and
abdominal fat distribution have been described as
related risk factors in a number of studies 23
. A strong
association was observed with the co morbidities in
the study. Also the high carbohydrate dietary pattern
observed as a traditional paradigm contributes to
oxidative stress and the overall increment in
11
67
24
50
18
60
17
57
0
20
40
60
80
Male with DM type
1
Male with DM type
2
Female with DM
type 1
Female with DM
type 2
Cross tabulation of gender with phenotype of DM
Observed Count Expected Count
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prevalence. It was observed that the females in
Pakistan irrespective of ethnicity were seen to suffer
from Type 1 DM for most part, a possible
explanation to this finding can be attributed to the
fact that females in Pakistan suffering from
polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS exhibit diabetes
and obesity as a triage of co-morbid conditions.24
The Urdu speaking race of Sindhi ethnicity was
observed to have highest incidence of the disease
which is explicable since studies have shown that
Indian emigrants in Pakistan which settled in the
country after independence which later integrated in
the country and became the inhabitants of Sindh had
this ailment.9,14,18
. In case of the Punjabi race, it was
almost at par with the former however in this the
issue can be attributed to the lack of health awareness
among individuals in the Punjab state and the overall
susceptibility of the IndoPak population to DM since
the both races are descendants of Indian
Subcontinent. Contrastingly, the low incidence
among other ethnicities underscores the theory as the
Balochi and Pukhtoon race are descendants from Iran
and Afghan / Central Asian origin respectively.
Intervention through education is the most effective
method for prevention and management of diabetes.
As indicated by the study diabetes is emerging as a
serious threat in Pakistan, yet the awareness among
the healthcare providers and the general population
remains low.
Conclusion
With rising trend and prevalence of diabetes in
Pakistan and the expected further increase, it is
essential to increase the level of awareness, the
importance of physical activity and improvement in
the availability of the dietetic services to ensure more
components preventive and management of diabetes.
Author’s Contribution
MR conceived the idea with ST and jointly prepared
the introduction, the methods and study design was
formulated by the AA and AS, the data was collected
across Pakistan by IM, MA, KAZ, MN, SSS and FH.
The data was entered in analytical software by AA,
ZN and MR, the discussion and conclusion was done
by ST and AA. The abstract was prepared by AS and
final editing of the manuscript was done by AA and
ST.
Source of funding
None.
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their gratitude to all patients who
participated in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests exists.
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