This study assessed the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Parsa District, Nepal. Nearly half of males and one-third of females were using substances like tobacco, alcohol or drugs. Overweight and obesity levels were high, with 66% of males and 15.5% of females overweight by BMI criteria. Blood pressure measurements found 12% pre-hypertensive and 5% hypertensive. Risk factors like overweight/obesity were associated with increased blood pressure. The study suggests urgent health programs are needed for primordial prevention of non-communicable diseases in this population.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology, including its basic concepts, principles, scope, and measurement tools. Some key points:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, and is used to prevent and control health problems. It describes disease patterns and identifies risk factors.
- Epidemiological principles are applied in various areas like clinical research, disease prevention, and health services evaluation. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to quantify disease frequency and burden.
- The scope of epidemiology includes measuring mortality, morbidity, disability, births, risk factors, and assessing health needs in populations. Different study designs are used to investigate disease etiology and evaluate interventions.
Delay in a seeking care among tuberculosis patients attending tuberculosis cl...said warsame
This document appears to be a thesis submitted for a bachelor's degree in public health focusing on delays in seeking care among tuberculosis patients in Yaqshid district, Mogadishu, Somalia. It includes an abstract stating that a cross-sectional study of 80 TB patients found that the majority (70%) had delays over 30 days in seeking care from symptom onset. Most delays were due to lack of knowledge about TB causes, transmission and treatment. The thesis will analyze sociocultural factors associated with treatment delays and their implications for TB prevention and control efforts.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-demographic profile and outcomes of AIDS patients admitted to B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) in Nepal between 2003-2006. The study found that the majority of patients were males between 20-40 years old, from the Mangolian caste, and from the Sunsari district. Half of the patients improved with treatment and were discharged, while approximately 15% expired. The number of AIDS cases at BPKIHS is increasing annually, highlighting the need for greater awareness activities and advocacy regarding available treatment facilities.
1) The study assessed the nutritional status of 84 pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment at a hospital in Nepal.
2) It found that 50% of patients were well-nourished, while 39.3% were mildly or moderately malnourished and 10.7% were severely malnourished.
3) Nutritional status was not significantly associated with socio-demographic factors but was highly associated with BMI, loss of body fat, loss of muscle mass, and current health status.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Somalia. It provides background on NCDs globally and in Africa, noting they account for over half of deaths worldwide and their treatment is expensive. The document then discusses the problem of NCDs in Somalia, where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are increasing causes of death. The rationale for the study is described, focusing on identifying risk factors like lifestyle and diet that contribute to NCDs. The objectives are to assess NCD prevalence, risk factors, and their distribution in Somalia. Research questions and hypotheses relate to links between behaviors like smoking/inactivity and NCD risk.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology, including its basic concepts, principles, scope, and measurement tools. Some key points:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, and is used to prevent and control health problems. It describes disease patterns and identifies risk factors.
- Epidemiological principles are applied in various areas like clinical research, disease prevention, and health services evaluation. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to quantify disease frequency and burden.
- The scope of epidemiology includes measuring mortality, morbidity, disability, births, risk factors, and assessing health needs in populations. Different study designs are used to investigate disease etiology and evaluate interventions.
Delay in a seeking care among tuberculosis patients attending tuberculosis cl...said warsame
This document appears to be a thesis submitted for a bachelor's degree in public health focusing on delays in seeking care among tuberculosis patients in Yaqshid district, Mogadishu, Somalia. It includes an abstract stating that a cross-sectional study of 80 TB patients found that the majority (70%) had delays over 30 days in seeking care from symptom onset. Most delays were due to lack of knowledge about TB causes, transmission and treatment. The thesis will analyze sociocultural factors associated with treatment delays and their implications for TB prevention and control efforts.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-demographic profile and outcomes of AIDS patients admitted to B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) in Nepal between 2003-2006. The study found that the majority of patients were males between 20-40 years old, from the Mangolian caste, and from the Sunsari district. Half of the patients improved with treatment and were discharged, while approximately 15% expired. The number of AIDS cases at BPKIHS is increasing annually, highlighting the need for greater awareness activities and advocacy regarding available treatment facilities.
1) The study assessed the nutritional status of 84 pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment at a hospital in Nepal.
2) It found that 50% of patients were well-nourished, while 39.3% were mildly or moderately malnourished and 10.7% were severely malnourished.
3) Nutritional status was not significantly associated with socio-demographic factors but was highly associated with BMI, loss of body fat, loss of muscle mass, and current health status.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Somalia. It provides background on NCDs globally and in Africa, noting they account for over half of deaths worldwide and their treatment is expensive. The document then discusses the problem of NCDs in Somalia, where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are increasing causes of death. The rationale for the study is described, focusing on identifying risk factors like lifestyle and diet that contribute to NCDs. The objectives are to assess NCD prevalence, risk factors, and their distribution in Somalia. Research questions and hypotheses relate to links between behaviors like smoking/inactivity and NCD risk.
This document discusses health indicators and provides information on various types of indicators used to measure health. It begins by defining health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community. It then covers the characteristics of good indicators, their uses, and various ways to classify indicators such as by mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and health care delivery. Specific examples of indicators are given for Sudan, including crude death rate and infant mortality rate. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible, and relevant.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess health status. It defines what health indicators are, describes different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, nutritional status, health care delivery, and socioeconomic indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, hospital beds, and explains how each can be calculated and used. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible measures of health.
This study examined the demographic profiles, risk factors, health problems, reasons for admission, and knowledge of diabetes patients admitted to BPKIHS hospital in Nepal. The results showed that over half of patients were aged 40-60 years old, Hindu, and married. About 60% had hypertension, 39% had eye problems, and 25% had kidney issues. The top reasons for admission were adjusting insulin doses, investigations, and treating complications. While most patients knew they had diabetes, their knowledge of causes, treatments, and prevention was limited. The study concluded there is a need for diabetes education programs to improve patient knowledge.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
Pattern of medical admissions in a tertiary health centre in abakaliki south ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed 1,247 medical admissions to a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria over one year. The majority of patients (70%) were between ages 30-69. Infectious diseases accounted for 20.45% of admissions, while cardiovascular and neurological disorders each accounted for around 20%. Non-communicable diseases made up 57.02% of cases. There was a double burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Males had a higher prevalence of neurological and liver diseases, while females had more infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the need for preventative health strategies and health planning to address this significant disease burden.
Majority of AIDS patients admitted to BPKIHS were males aged 20-40 years from the Sunsari district. The study found that 83.4% of admitted AIDS patients were between 20-40 years old, 89.6% were male, and 47.9% came from Sunsari district. Half of the patients improved with treatment and were discharged, while 22.9% were discharged without improvement in their condition.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document discusses health indicators and their use in measuring health status and goals. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly or indirectly measure health changes. The document then describes different types of indicators (e.g. mortality, morbidity), provides examples (infant mortality rate, life expectancy), and discusses how indicators can be classified (e.g. by type, related to inputs/outputs). It also outlines ideal characteristics of indicators and describes several specific health indicators in detail like mortality and nutritional status indicators.
Knowledge and Perception on Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Prof...MatiaAhmed
The rapid rise of Noncommunicable diseases represents one of the major
health challenges to global development in the 21st century. Among the 20 Grand
Challenges in Chronic NCDs the priority focuses of area is to explore the level of knowledge
and perception among health professionals and its determinants
This document summarizes a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Kashmir, India that examined hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among the local population aged 18 and older. The study found that only 10.2% of participants had heard of hepatitis B prior to the study. Of those aware, 37.6% knew modes of transmission but knowledge of prevention methods was lower. Just 2% of participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine, with only 27% of those completing all three doses. Given these low levels of knowledge and vaccination, the study concludes there is a need for public health education campaigns in Kashmir to increase awareness and prevention of hepatitis B.
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
The document summarizes India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) which aims to contain the spread of HIV in India through a four-pronged strategy of prevention, care and support, treatment, and strengthening infrastructure. The HIV epidemic in India is concentrated among high-risk groups like female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injecting drug users. The NACP implements targeted interventions for these groups, promotes condom use, treats sexually transmitted infections, and provides counseling, testing, and treatment services. While the response has stabilized the epidemic in some states, emerging hotspots in northern states require increased focus and attention to fully achieve reversal goals.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It involves measuring disease frequency, investigating causes, and controlling health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to understand and reduce the burden of disease in society. Key aspects include describing disease distribution, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. The history of epidemiology began with early physicians like Hippocrates and made advances through pioneers such as John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow, who conducted seminal studies linking disease to environmental factors. Epidemiology now covers a wide range of fields and plays an important role in public health.
Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in indiaSujay Iyer
The ICMR-INDIAB study found high prevalences of noncommunicable diseases in India, with nearly two-thirds of individuals estimated to have diabetes or prediabetes. Results showed the highest diabetes prevalence was in Tamil Nadu (10.4%) and Chandigarh (13.6%), while obesity was most common in Chandigarh (31.3%). Hypertension prevalence was highest in Tamil Nadu (27.6%) and dyslipidemia affected nearly 80% of the population overall. Less than a third of individuals exhibited good glycemic control, highlighting the need for improved disease management and prevention through increased physical activity and healthier diets.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Unintentional Injuries Among Old People i...Scientific Review SR
Objective: To describe the KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice, KAP) and explore the influence factors for UIs (unintentional injuries, UIs) among the elderly (aged>﹦60 years) in urban districts of Zunyi, China. Methods: Using random cluster sampling method, a survey was conducted with questionnaires, to collect UIs and related KAP in the elderly and analyze its influencing factors. Results: The annual incidence of UIs (falls, burns, traffics, etc.) was 17.46% in some urban districts of Zunyi. Among them, 27.94% elderly regarded UI as a type of disease; the channels to acquire related knowledge through TV (79.05%), listening to others’ narration (56.83%), community publicity (26.03%), books or newspapers (22.86%) and internet (9.84%). While 76.51% of the elderly believed that UIs were preventable; 81.59% old people worried about UIs; 93.97% of the elderly chose to seek help when they suffered UIs; and 95.25% of elderly people followed traffic rules when crossing the road. In the case of gas use, 25.77% of the cases were checked and closed each time, 40% and 20% old people would check the time before taking the medicine, and purchasing food. Factors affecting the occurrence of UIs were age, heart disease (both P<0.05). Moreover, the living condition had an effect on “whether considering UIs as a kind of disease” (P=0.003). Conclusion: The KAP of UIs in the elderly is not optimistic, though most elderly people think the damage can be prevented; prevention on UIs related behavior needs to be enhanced. We should arouse the public to pay more attentions to keep elderly people far away UIs risk factors in this area.
This document defines demography and lists various demographic indicators used to measure population health. It discusses indicators for mortality like crude death rate and life expectancy. It also covers indicators for fertility like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and reproductive rates. Finally, the document provides recent vital statistics for India from the World Bank on metrics like infant mortality rate, maternal mortality, population growth rate, and life expectancy.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
This study assessed the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among adults in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017 on 3,368 adults using WHO STEPS survey tools. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 18.92%. Factors associated with higher odds of hypertension included older age, higher wealth index, overweight, khat chewing, low fruit/vegetable consumption, and not using coffee/tea. Nearly one in five adults had hypertension, highlighting the need for early detection and monitoring programs, especially in older and overweight individuals.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among Dr. Gawad Alwab...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
This document discusses health indicators and provides information on various types of indicators used to measure health. It begins by defining health indicators as variables that reflect the health status of a community. It then covers the characteristics of good indicators, their uses, and various ways to classify indicators such as by mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and health care delivery. Specific examples of indicators are given for Sudan, including crude death rate and infant mortality rate. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, feasible, and relevant.
This document discusses health indicators and how they are used to measure and assess health status. It defines what health indicators are, describes different types of indicators including mortality, morbidity, nutritional status, health care delivery, and socioeconomic indicators. It provides examples of specific indicators like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, hospital beds, and explains how each can be calculated and used. The document emphasizes that indicators should be valid, reliable, sensitive, specific, and feasible measures of health.
This study examined the demographic profiles, risk factors, health problems, reasons for admission, and knowledge of diabetes patients admitted to BPKIHS hospital in Nepal. The results showed that over half of patients were aged 40-60 years old, Hindu, and married. About 60% had hypertension, 39% had eye problems, and 25% had kidney issues. The top reasons for admission were adjusting insulin doses, investigations, and treating complications. While most patients knew they had diabetes, their knowledge of causes, treatments, and prevention was limited. The study concluded there is a need for diabetes education programs to improve patient knowledge.
Is cardiovascular screening the best option for reducing future cardiovascula...UKFacultyPublicHealth
Universal screening for cardiovascular disease through NHS Health Checks is less effective and equitable than population-wide policy interventions, according to a microsimulation study. The study found that universal screening would prevent around 19,000 cases and 3,000 deaths between 2016-2030, while population-wide policies could prevent 67,000 cases and 8,000 deaths. A combination of population-wide policies and targeted screening in deprived areas could prevent 82,000 cases and 9,000 deaths. The study used an individual-level modeling approach to estimate the potential impact and equity effects of different prevention strategies in England.
Pattern of medical admissions in a tertiary health centre in abakaliki south ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed 1,247 medical admissions to a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria over one year. The majority of patients (70%) were between ages 30-69. Infectious diseases accounted for 20.45% of admissions, while cardiovascular and neurological disorders each accounted for around 20%. Non-communicable diseases made up 57.02% of cases. There was a double burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Males had a higher prevalence of neurological and liver diseases, while females had more infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the need for preventative health strategies and health planning to address this significant disease burden.
Majority of AIDS patients admitted to BPKIHS were males aged 20-40 years from the Sunsari district. The study found that 83.4% of admitted AIDS patients were between 20-40 years old, 89.6% were male, and 47.9% came from Sunsari district. Half of the patients improved with treatment and were discharged, while 22.9% were discharged without improvement in their condition.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document discusses health indicators and their use in measuring health status and goals. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly or indirectly measure health changes. The document then describes different types of indicators (e.g. mortality, morbidity), provides examples (infant mortality rate, life expectancy), and discusses how indicators can be classified (e.g. by type, related to inputs/outputs). It also outlines ideal characteristics of indicators and describes several specific health indicators in detail like mortality and nutritional status indicators.
Knowledge and Perception on Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Prof...MatiaAhmed
The rapid rise of Noncommunicable diseases represents one of the major
health challenges to global development in the 21st century. Among the 20 Grand
Challenges in Chronic NCDs the priority focuses of area is to explore the level of knowledge
and perception among health professionals and its determinants
This document summarizes a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Kashmir, India that examined hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among the local population aged 18 and older. The study found that only 10.2% of participants had heard of hepatitis B prior to the study. Of those aware, 37.6% knew modes of transmission but knowledge of prevention methods was lower. Just 2% of participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine, with only 27% of those completing all three doses. Given these low levels of knowledge and vaccination, the study concludes there is a need for public health education campaigns in Kashmir to increase awareness and prevention of hepatitis B.
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
The document summarizes India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) which aims to contain the spread of HIV in India through a four-pronged strategy of prevention, care and support, treatment, and strengthening infrastructure. The HIV epidemic in India is concentrated among high-risk groups like female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and injecting drug users. The NACP implements targeted interventions for these groups, promotes condom use, treats sexually transmitted infections, and provides counseling, testing, and treatment services. While the response has stabilized the epidemic in some states, emerging hotspots in northern states require increased focus and attention to fully achieve reversal goals.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It involves measuring disease frequency, investigating causes, and controlling health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to understand and reduce the burden of disease in society. Key aspects include describing disease distribution, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. The history of epidemiology began with early physicians like Hippocrates and made advances through pioneers such as John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow, who conducted seminal studies linking disease to environmental factors. Epidemiology now covers a wide range of fields and plays an important role in public health.
Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in indiaSujay Iyer
The ICMR-INDIAB study found high prevalences of noncommunicable diseases in India, with nearly two-thirds of individuals estimated to have diabetes or prediabetes. Results showed the highest diabetes prevalence was in Tamil Nadu (10.4%) and Chandigarh (13.6%), while obesity was most common in Chandigarh (31.3%). Hypertension prevalence was highest in Tamil Nadu (27.6%) and dyslipidemia affected nearly 80% of the population overall. Less than a third of individuals exhibited good glycemic control, highlighting the need for improved disease management and prevention through increased physical activity and healthier diets.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Unintentional Injuries Among Old People i...Scientific Review SR
Objective: To describe the KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice, KAP) and explore the influence factors for UIs (unintentional injuries, UIs) among the elderly (aged>﹦60 years) in urban districts of Zunyi, China. Methods: Using random cluster sampling method, a survey was conducted with questionnaires, to collect UIs and related KAP in the elderly and analyze its influencing factors. Results: The annual incidence of UIs (falls, burns, traffics, etc.) was 17.46% in some urban districts of Zunyi. Among them, 27.94% elderly regarded UI as a type of disease; the channels to acquire related knowledge through TV (79.05%), listening to others’ narration (56.83%), community publicity (26.03%), books or newspapers (22.86%) and internet (9.84%). While 76.51% of the elderly believed that UIs were preventable; 81.59% old people worried about UIs; 93.97% of the elderly chose to seek help when they suffered UIs; and 95.25% of elderly people followed traffic rules when crossing the road. In the case of gas use, 25.77% of the cases were checked and closed each time, 40% and 20% old people would check the time before taking the medicine, and purchasing food. Factors affecting the occurrence of UIs were age, heart disease (both P<0.05). Moreover, the living condition had an effect on “whether considering UIs as a kind of disease” (P=0.003). Conclusion: The KAP of UIs in the elderly is not optimistic, though most elderly people think the damage can be prevented; prevention on UIs related behavior needs to be enhanced. We should arouse the public to pay more attentions to keep elderly people far away UIs risk factors in this area.
This document defines demography and lists various demographic indicators used to measure population health. It discusses indicators for mortality like crude death rate and life expectancy. It also covers indicators for fertility like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and reproductive rates. Finally, the document provides recent vital statistics for India from the World Bank on metrics like infant mortality rate, maternal mortality, population growth rate, and life expectancy.
This study assessed behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in Chitwan District, Nepal. The researchers surveyed 1650 adolescents aged 15-19 years using questionnaires about substance use, dietary habits, and physical activity. They found high levels of behavioral risk factors. Specifically, about 50% of males and 30% of females reported using substances like tobacco, alcohol, or drugs. Only 14% of respondents reported satisfactory levels of physical activity. Additionally, a high percentage of adolescents consumed too much salt and fat in their diets. The high prevalence of behavioral risk factors suggests the need for awareness programs to educate adolescents on healthy behaviors.
This study assessed the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among adults in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017 on 3,368 adults using WHO STEPS survey tools. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 18.92%. Factors associated with higher odds of hypertension included older age, higher wealth index, overweight, khat chewing, low fruit/vegetable consumption, and not using coffee/tea. Nearly one in five adults had hypertension, highlighting the need for early detection and monitoring programs, especially in older and overweight individuals.
Epidemiology of Hypertension among Adults in Al-Azhary Area in Khartoum-State...inventionjournals
Hypertension (HT) is one of the most important risk factors in cardiovascular disease which causes early death in adults. Hypertension is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Hypertension a silent killer as it is symptomless and remains undiagnosed, and not controlled if diagnosed. This is a descriptive cross - sectional community based study was conducted in Al-Azhary area in Khartoum StateSudan, with aim to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and to identify the possible risk factors associated with hypertension among adults. Data were collected from 303 participants (53.5% females and 46.5% males) using structured pretested questionnaire and blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension was 19.1% (95% CI 0.61-1.93).There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence rate OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.61-1.93, P = 0.767). The results showed there was strong association between age group and hypertension (P = 0.0001), also there was statistical association between marital status, family history and hypertension positivity P.values =(0.0001 and 0.027) respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension among participants with diabetes, Vascular diseases and kidneys problems OR= (5.44(95% CI 1.89- 15.69, P = 0.017), 4.4(95% CI 0.86 - 2.39, P = 0.074) and 3.56 (95% CI 0.92-13.68, P = 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: one out of every five respondents of the study had hypertensive (19.1%). Age group, marital status, family history, history of (diabetes, vascular diseases and kidneys problems)were statistically significant predictors of hypertension positivity.
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among rural women in...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among Dr. Gawad Alwab...Dr. Gawad Alwabr
1) The study examined the prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity among 450 rural women in Yemen aged 18-60.
2) The results found high rates of physical inactivity (94%), qat chewing (66.3%), and low consumption of fruits (19.5%) and vegetables (39%) daily. 31.3% were obese, 15% had high blood pressure, and 7.8% had diabetes.
3) Older age, being married, and lower education levels were significantly associated with higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Obesity and high blood pressure were also significantly associated with each
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3 1
ASSIGNMENT 3
4
Assignment 3
Diamond Fulton-Hicks
Saint Leo University-HCA:402
Mrs.Claudette Andrea
04/05/2020
According to the CDC, Youth Risk Behaviors are used in monitoring the six groups of health-associated practices that are contributing to the top causes of deaths and disability amongst youths and adults. Some of these behaviors are those which are contributing to unintended injuries and violent behavior; sexual practices which lead to unintentional pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections; alcohol and other drug use; tobacco use; detrimental dietary practices; and the insufficient engagement in the physical exercise. This paper is therefore based on discussing these health behaviors top factors associated with the increased death and disability rates amongst youths and adults (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Alcohol and other drug use
Alcohol and other illicit drug are used by the majority of the youths as compared to tobacco use. It is contributing to about 41 percent of all deaths that are caused by motor vehicles. When compared to other behaviors that put human at risk concerning health, alcohol is causing a wider variety of injuries and it is approximated that 100,000 deaths occurs as a result alcohol consumption every year in the U.S. About 46 percent of Americans have been intoxicated in the previous years and roughly 4 percent have been intoxicated weekly (Kann, et al., 2014).
Behaviors causing unplanned injuries and violence such as suicide
The injuries and violent behavior are considered to be amongst the top causes of death amongst the youth of ages 10 to 24 years. The motor vehicle crashes are contributing to 30 percent of deaths and other accidental injuries contribute to 15 percent. Homicide and suicide are contributing to 15 and 12 percent death cases respectively (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Tobacco Use
It is estimated that there are about 3,600 adolescents of ages 12 to 17 years in the United States who have tried their first cigarette. The use of cigarettes is contributing to 1 to every 5 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d).
Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors
Healthy eating is linked to the reduction in the risks of diseases that exposes individuals to death and these diseases include heart disease. In 2009, it was reported that about 23.3 percent of the high school learners reported increased habit of consuming fruits and vegetables five or more times every day. Studies have shown the relationship in the habit of eating the restaurant foods and the increased BMI thus exposing individuals to diseases such as obesity and other cardiovascular diseases (Kann, et al., 2014).
Physical Inactivity
The decline in physical activity is common among children when they get older. Most of the youths are spending their time in a sedentary lifestyle such as watching television with less participation in physical ...
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and provides information on their global burden, definitions, surveillance, risk factors, and social and economic implications. It notes that NCDs caused 36 million deaths globally in 2008, with 80% of NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In India specifically, NCDs account for 53% of total deaths and their economic costs are substantial. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. Surveillance of NCDs and their risk factors is important for planning prevention and control programs.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and non-communicable diseases.
The document discusses several global health issues, concerns, and trends including tuberculosis, drug use and abuse, HIV/AIDS, non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, climate change, mental health, immunization and vaccines, alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction, and malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It also describes the World Health Organization's role in global health leadership and several global health initiatives to address issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, tobacco control, and non-communicable diseases.
A prevalence of common risk factors of hypertension among young generation li...SriramNagarajan16
Hypertension is one of the upward health related challenge in Bangladesh and hypertension in young generation is increasing
but there is a shortage of data about the risk factors in this age group. The aim was to evaluate and approximation the
frequency of some common risk factors of hypertension among young generation living in Dhaka city. It was a crosssectional study; conducted during March 2016 to June 2016 in Dhaka city. Data were collected by face-to-face interview after
verbal informed consent by a survey questionnaire and stress was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and analyzed by SPSS
version 16. The study was conducted on 150 (n=150) young adults where 76% were male and 24% were female and their
mean age was 22.13 and 23.33% of them were overweight and only 1(n=1) was obese and 44% of them took average amount
of junk food while 14% took huge amounts and 59.33% of them had family history of hypertension and 70.66% of them were
in high stress. The mentioned age range shows a good amount of predominance of hypertension probably indicating a hidden
epidemic. It is needed to improve the measures of key anticipation and early detection of hypertension among young
generation
Epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus dm among different ethnic segments...pharmaindexing
This study conducted an epidemiological survey of diabetes mellitus among different ethnic groups in Pakistan. The survey found:
1) The prevalence of diabetes in adults over 25 was 0.74 with a relative risk of 1.49, while prevalence in geriatrics was lower at 0.22.
2) Type 2 diabetes had a prevalence of 0.72 while type 1 was lower at 0.21.
3) The ethnic group with the highest prevalence was Sindhi of Urdu speaking origin at 28%, followed by Punjabi at 27% and Sindhi of Sindhi speakers at 20%.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
This document analyzes health data from Jamaica to examine chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) among working-aged and retirement-aged cohorts. It finds that between 47-51% of all deaths in Jamaica from 2002-2008 were due to CNCDs, with the majority (55-65%) occurring among those aged 60+. Specifically, the retirement-aged cohort (ages 60+) had a CNCD prevalence rate of 37.6%, compared to 8.2% for the working-aged cohort. Comorbidity (multiple conditions) affected 27.4% of the retirement cohort and 15.6% of the working cohort. The study aims to inform policies that address CNCDs in a targeted manner based
Prevalence of cvd risk factors among qatari patients with type 2 diabetes mel...Dr. Anees Alyafei
This study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among 532 Qatari patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary health care centers in 2014. The majority of patients were found to be at high or very high risk for CVD within 10 years based on their risk factor profiles. Lifestyle risk factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking were highly prevalent. Over 90% of patients did not meet recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable intake. Metabolic risk factors like overweight/obesity and uncontrolled diabetes were also common. Three-quarters of patients had a history of hyperlipidemia or hypertension. The study concludes that reducing CVD risk among this population will require a greater focus on modifying lifestyle-related
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
This document discusses assessing awareness of overweight and lifestyle modification in patients with non-communicable diseases. It aims to assess awareness of overweight, evaluate lifestyle modification, and examine the association between overweight and lifestyle changes. A descriptive survey was conducted using standardized questionnaires on 305 non-communicable disease patients. The results found moderate awareness of overweight in most patients, poor lifestyle modification in majority of patients, and significant associations between awareness/lifestyle and gender/occupation.
This study analyzed epidemiological data on hypertension collected from 53 patients at a tertiary hospital in India. The results showed that hypertension was more prevalent in males than females, and most common in the 40-60 year old age group. Risk factors like urban living, lower education, higher BMI, smoking, drinking, sedentary lifestyle and comorbid conditions were associated with higher rates of hypertension. The most commonly prescribed medication for hypertension was a combination of atenolol and amlodipine.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The document provides background information on Nepal's health system. Some key points:
- Nepal is transitioning to a federal democratic republic after a period of political instability and has set a goal to graduate from least developed country status by 2022.
- It faces challenges of poverty, inequality, and a high burden of disease. The health system provides services through a three-tier structure at the federal, provincial, and local levels.
- Financing comes from various sources including government spending which allocates a portion of its budget to health but this share has declined in recent years despite overall spending increases. Out-of-pocket costs remain high.
This document discusses public health projects and project planning and development. It provides definitions of projects from various sources that characterize projects as temporary endeavors with defined objectives, timeframes and resources aimed at producing unique outputs. It describes key project characteristics like objectives, constraints of time and budget, flexibility, and the need for planning and control. The document also discusses classifying projects by sector, scale, and other attributes and notes the unique nature of healthcare projects involving quality of care, complex finances and the personal nature of health.
The document provides information about conducting a Community Diagnosis Programme (CDP). It defines community diagnosis as a comprehensive assessment of a community's health status in relation to social, physical, and biological factors. The purposes of CDP are to identify community health needs and problems in order to plan, implement, and evaluate health programs. Key aspects of CDP include collecting demographic and health data through surveys, analyzing the data to make diagnoses, presenting findings to the community, and developing community health interventions and programs. Methods of assessment discussed include nutritional, maternal and child health, family planning, and anthropometric measurements.
Tobacco use: A Major Risk Factor for Non-Communicable Diseases in Central NepalDr. Kishor Adhikari
1) The study assessed tobacco use and its association with blood pressure in central Nepal. It found that 42.1% of males and 18.4% of females currently used tobacco.
2) Tobacco use was found to have no significant relationship with systolic blood pressure but had a significant relationship with diastolic blood pressure.
3) Logistic regression showed that tobacco use increases the odds of high diastolic blood pressure by 33.2%. Reducing tobacco use is recommended to help prevent non-communicable diseases in Nepal.
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
This presentation is helpful for MBBS 1st year students to have basic Ideas on family health. This can be used by Masters in Public Health (MPH) students as well.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
1. ISSN: 0975-8585
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical
Sciences
Prevalence of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases among Adolescent in
Parsa District of Nepal
Kishor Adhikari1, Varidmala Jain 2, Manoranjan Adak3, Neena Gupta2, and AK Koshy4
1
Assistant Professor, Community Medicine, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Public Health, SHIATS, Allahabad, India
3
Professor, Biochemistry, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal
4
Professor, Community Medicine, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal
2
ABSTRACT
Non-communicable disease (NCD) refers to non-infectious diseases or illnesses that are caused by
something other than pathogens. The combined burden of these diseases is rising fastest among lower-income
countries, populations and communities, where they impose large, avoidable costs in human, social and economic
terms. Programmes and policies targeted for NCDs are in their infancy phase in these countries. To assess the
prevalence of risk factors of NCDs among adolescents we conducted a cross-sectional study in Parsa District by
adopting step-2 approach of World Health Organization's (WHO) stepwise framework for the surveillance of risk
factors of NCDs. Different anthropometric measurements were taken. Body mass index (BMI) and waist: hip ratio
(WHR) were calculated, blood pressure (BP) measurements were also taken. Nearly half of male respondents and
about one third of female respondents were using some or other types of addiction. Prevalence of class I obesity
was slightly more among females based on BMI classification criteria whereas waist-hip ratio (WHR) criteria
suggested females to be 4 times more obsessed than males. Nearly 12% and 5% of the adolescents fall in prehypertension and hypertension category respectively. Over weight/obesity was significantly associated with
systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure. (p=0.05) The study finding suggests that there is an urgent need of health
programmes aimed as primordial prevention.
Keywords: Non communicable diseases (NCDs), Risk factors, Obesity, Blood pressure (BP)
*Corresponding author
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INTRODUCTION
Non-communicable disease refers to those conditions which are chronic, evolve slowly,
and progress relentlessly. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines NCDs as including
chronic disease (principally cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and asthma/chronic
respiratory disease), injuries, and mental health. They are commonly thought of as "diseases of
affluence”, but in reality, four-fifths of deaths from NCDs are in low- and middle-income
countries and older people in developing countries are particularly at risk. [1] NCDs are
increasing rapidly in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) report shows
that some 60 per cent of all deaths in the world are now caused by NCDs where every third
death in the world is due to cardiovascular diseases, and coronary heart disease is the number
one killer in the world. [2] The NCDs have become serious threats to the health of developing
countries which ranked as third most likely risk to come true and the forth most severe in its
impact in 2009. [3] Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death globally,
killing more people each year than all other causes combined. [4] Contrary to popular opinion,
available data demonstrate that nearly 80% of NCD deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries. Of the 57 million deaths that occurred globally in 2008, 36 million, almost two thirds,
were due to NCDs, comprising mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic
lung diseases. [5]
Non-communicable diseases are increasingly becoming a major cause of morbidity,
mortality and disability in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Rapid changes in the economic,
social, and demographic determinants of health as well as adoption of unhealthy lifestyles by
large segments of population are contributing factors for NCDs. [1]
The impact of NCDs is devastating in terms of premature morbidity, mortality, and
economic loss. [6] There is an extensive literature demonstrating that NCDs are more likely to
occur with unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, active and passive smoking, and use of betel nut
and smokeless tobacco [6-9], whereas prevention of these factors has positive effects on
reducing NCDs rates and all-cause mortality. [10, 11] It has been reported that up to 80% of
deaths due to heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes and 40% of deaths due to cancers
could be prevented by eliminating known lifestyle risk factors. [5]
As there is an absence of a routine surveillance or registry system, the actual burden
and trend of NCDs in Nepal is unknown so very high proportion of death due to NCDs may be
unnoticed or excluded. Death due to NCDs in Nepal is estimated to be 42.1% compared to 48.9
for South Asia. [12] Research work done particularly in the last decade has shown that the
conventional risk factors of NCDs are present in a high proportion in the Nepalese
population.[13] Parsa District is one of the industrial districts of Nepal and the life-style and
behaviors of people here is being changed rapidly.
High-risk behaviors are initiated usually in the adolescent age group. Therefore, this
group is important target for primordial prevention. To estimate the trend of NCDs proper
surveillance for the risk factors of NCDs is prerequisite in every country. Studies on risk factors
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of non-communicable diseases in Nepal are inadequate. To construct the policy and
programmes regarding NCDs, there should be numbers of such studies. So, our present study is
conducted with the objective of identifying the prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable
diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Nepal is a landlocked poor developing country in the South East Asian Region (SEAR) of
WHO with total land area of 1,41,181 square kilometers. According to the latest census 2011,
the total population of Nepal is 26.6 million with population density of 181 per square KM. The
sex-ratio is 94.41 males for 100 females. Parsa District lies in the southern part of Nepal
bordering to India. Being industrial zone, there are numbers of factories which may be helpful
to raise economic status of its residents. Birgunj Sub Metropolitan city is 180 kilometers to
south of the capital city Kathmandu and 5 km to the north of Raxaul of India. There are a total
of 1, 12,484 population with annual growth rate of 4.89 in Birgunj sub-metropolitan city
according to 2001 census.
Study design
It was a cross sectional study based on framework of the WHO stepwise approach for
surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases. [14] WHO stepwise approach
STEPS is a sequential process, starting with gathering information on key risk factors by the use
of questionnaires (Step 1), then moving to simple physical measurements (Step 2), and only
then recommending the collection of blood samples for biochemical assessment (Step 3). Our
study followed Step 2 approach which includes as a minimum the Step 1 core module
(Information by questionnaire) and adds simple physical measurements i.e. blood pressure,
height, weight and waist circumference.
Study population and sampling method
Adolescents of age group 15 to 19 years from different wards of Birgunj submetropolitan city in Parsa district constituted the study population. Adolescents of age group
10-14 years were excluded to avoid Variability of blood pressure and use of multi-sized cuff.
Sample size was calculated by using the formula:
N=
z2 p q
e2
Where,
n = sample size
z = 1.96 for 95% confidence interval
P = Prevalence (prevalence of one of risk factor i.e. smoking in Nepal-23.45%)
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q = 1- p (0.7655)
e2 = Permissible error (5%)
A total of 241 adolescents (121 males and 120 females) were taken by following
multistage sampling technique. In the first stage, Birgunj sub-metropolitan city was chosen
purposively. In the second stage, 6 wards were selected randomly among total 19 wards of
Birgunj sub-metropolitan city by using lottery method. In the third stage, samples were drawn
from each selected ward randomly by following probability proportionate sampling technique.
For getting the actual respondents from each ward, name list of adolescents (male and female
of 15-19 years) were made and required number of respondents were chosen by following
systematic sampling technique. And finally, selected study subjects were met in their actual
households and required information were collected. Body mass index waist-to-hip ratio and
blood pressure were also measured. BMI was calculated and classified according to WHO
proposed criteria. [15] Classification of BP was based on JNC-7 (criteria set by seventh report of
the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High BP)
criteria. [16]
RESULTS
49.8% of the respondents were male while 50.2% were female. Higher percentage of
the respondents were students (82.6%) followed by laborer (12.4%) and others (5.0%).
Overall prevalence of substance use was found to be 36.5%, of which 42.1% were male
and 30.8% were female. Forty two point two per cent male and 30.8% female were using
tobacco products followed by alcoholic beverages 28.9% of male and 17.5% female. (Table 1)
Majority of respondents (82.0%) spent their time by sitting and relaxing more than 60
minutes a day. Nearly 13.0% didn’t involve in moderate physical activities whereas 31.0%
involved in such activities more than sixty minutes a day. Likewise, majority of respondents
(47.0%) never involved in vigorous physical activities whereas only 8.0% spent more than 60
minutes per day. (Table 2)
By following the weight classification based on BMI, 66.0% male and 15.5% female falls
under the category of overweight while 4.9% and 5.0% respectively falls under the category of
class one obesity. According to weight classification based on waste-to-hip ratio 19.0% male
and 33.3% female fall under the overweight category. Overall obesity was 5.8% following WHR
criteria. (Table 3, 4)
Overall 12.0% of respondents were found pre-hypertensive and the prevalence of stage
one hypertension was found more (8.3%) in male than female (0.8%). (Table 5)
More numbers of increased blood pressure have found among the respondents of
increased body weight. Pre-hypertension and stage one hypertension have found positive
correlation with the increased body weight. (p<0.05) (Table 6)
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Table 1 Types of substances used by the respondent
Substances
Male (n=121)
Female (n=120)
Tobacco products
Alcoholic beverages
Narcotics products
51 (42.2)
35 (28.9)
12 (9.9)
37(30.8)
21 (17.5)
7 (5.8)
*Multiple responses
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
Table 2 Time spend by the respondents in different physical activities
Time spent
Never
<30 minutes
30-60
>60 minutes
minutes
By sitting or relaxing /day
3 (1.2)
18 (7.5)
20 (8.3)
200 (82.3)
1
By doing Moderate Phy. Act. /day
30 (12.5)
62 (25.7)
74 (30.7)
75 (31.1)
2
By doing Vigorous phy. Act. /day
113 (46.9)
98 (40.7)
9 (3.7)
21 (8.7)
*Multiple responses
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
1
It includes continuous walking, slow bicycling, carrying light load etc.
2
It includes heavy lifting, digging, fast bicycling, etc
Total
241 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
Table 3 Weight classification of the respondents according to BMI
Sex
Weight of the respondent according to BMI
Under weight
(BMI <18.5)
Class I obesity
(BMI 3034.99)
34 (28.1)
73 (60.3)
8 (6.6)
6 (4.9)
28 (23.3)
65 (54.2)
21 (15.5)
6 (5.0)
62 (25.6)
138 (57.3)
29 (12.1)
12 (4.9)
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
Male
Female
Total
Normal weight
(BMI 18.5-24.99)
Total
Over weight
(BMI 25-29.9)
121 (100.0)
120 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
Table 4 Weight classification according to waist to hip ratio
Sex
Normal
Male
Female
Total
Waist to hip ratio
Over weight
Total
Obese
95 (78.5)
23 (19.0)
3 (2.5)
68 (56.7)
40 (33.3)
12 (10.0)
163 (67.6)
63 (26.1)
15 (6.2)
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
121 (100.0)
120 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
Table 5 Blood pressure classification of respondents
Sex
Male
Normal
Blood Pressure
97(80.2)
Female
Total
Waist to hip ratio
PreHypertensive
14 (11.6)
104 (86.7)
201 (83.4)
15 (12.5)
29 (12.0)
Total
Stage I
Hypertensive
10(8.3)
121 (100.0)
1 (0.8)
11 (4.6)
120 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
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Table 6 Relation of BMI with Blood pressure
Weight classification according to BMI
Under weight and normal body weight
Over weight and obesity
Total
Blood pressure (MmHg)
Normal
Pre-hypertension and
stage I hypertension
185 (92.1)
16 (40.0)
201 (83.4)
16 (7.96)
24 (60.0)
40 (16.6)
Total
p value
201 (100.0)
40 (100.0)
241 (100.0)
< 0.05
*figures in the parenthesis denote percentages
DISCUSSION
Present study revealed that 42% of male respondents and 31% of female respondents
were using some or other types of addiction. Among the substance users, surprisingly, most of
the respondents were using tobacco products with or without other substances. Similar study
conducted on junior college students of western Nepal has reported over all 13.9% of
respondents ever used tobacco product in any form. [17] Similar study conducted among
school students in western Nepal highlighted prevalence of ever tobacco chewing as 21.3%
(males 30.2% and females 10.9%). [18]The cause of increased prevalence of tobacco use in the
present study may be due to including illiterate and school dropped adolescents also compared
to college going groups.
It was found that nearly one third of the males and one fifth of female respondents
were using some type of alcohol. This finding is similar to the study conducted by R Dhital and
et al. [19]
Substance abuse related findings suggest that addiction habits are becoming more and
more common in adolescents where females are also not exception.
Present study shows that only one-third respondents spent time by doing moderate
physical activities of more than 60 minutes a day whereas some percentage of respondents
never engaged in such activities. Likewise, only 8% respondents spent time by doing vigorous
physical activity more than 60 minutes a week whereas nearly fifty percentage respondents
never engaged in such activities. So, in context of physical activity, it can be concluded that,
majority of respondents were not living sufficiently active lives and they are potentially at
increased risk of varieties of NCDs.
Prevalence of class I obesity was slightly more among females (5%) than males (4.9%)
based on BMI classification criteria whereas waist-hip ratio (WHR) criteria suggested females to
be 4 times more obsessed than males i.e. 12% and 2.48% respectively.
It was found that the prevalence of Pre-hypertension among male and female was
11.6% and 12.5% respectively. There were also 8.3% male and 0.8% female respondents having
stage one hypertension. The overall prevalence of pre-hypertension and stage one
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hypertension were 10.7% and 4.56% respectively. A study by Meena et al reported that nearly
one third of the study subjects were overweight and obese respectively using the BMI criteria
and BMI was significantly and positively correlated with blood pressure and waist hip ratio.
[20]A study by Sharma et al reported 34% of the participants were suffering from hypertension
in eastern Nepal. [21] Another study by Vaidya et al Found overall 22.7% prevalence of
hypertension in the study population. [22] The higher percentage of smoker in these studies
could be due to taking respondents of higher age group comparing to that study.
It is found that the trend of blood pressure is increasing as the weight variable is
increasing. Among the people who falls under the category of underweight and normal weight
together 201 subjects, only 8% fall under the category of Pre-hypertension and stage I
hypertension whereas among 40 respondents, who belonged to overweight and obese
category, 60% fall under the category of Pre-hypertension and stage I hypertension. Systolic
and diastolic blood pressures were significantly (p < 0.05) and positively related to BMI. Similar
finding were reported by other studies. [23, 24]
CONCLUSION
It is found from the present study that fair numbers of today’s adolescents even in
developing countries are following high risk practices and are also having many of the hidden
conditions of non-communicable diseases like hypertension and obesity which are not usually
diagnosed and paid attention. It is therefore very important to be alarmed about their health
status in this early phase of life and start full flagged screening of the adolescent population to
minimize sever problems in future.
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