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This document proposes using low-temperature plasma to reduce NOx emissions from turbojet engines by an order of magnitude. Previous work showed NO destruction increased with carbon-containing additives in a plasma at atmospheric pressure and 3000-5500K. The proposed work would test plasmas on products of hydrocarbon combustion at conditions matching turbojet engines, up to 40atm pressure and 1700K temperature. Estimates show an order of magnitude NO reduction requires a 2.75kW plasma powered by fuel cells or turbines. The goal is developing a clean, inexpensive method of reducing NOx from fossil fuel combustion.
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emissions-feb2016-160722103546.pdf
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- Emissions from diesel engines include particulate matter from fuel that is overmixed or undermixed with air. Soot forms when the carbon to oxygen ratio exceeds a critical value.
- Emission control methods include improving combustion, optimizing operating parameters like spark timing, and using aftertreatment devices. Catalytic converters use precious metals to catalyze the conversion of CO, HC, and NOx to less harmful emissions through oxidation and reduction reactions.
Chapter05 130905234543-
The document discusses Chapter 5 of a chemistry textbook on gases. It covers the physical properties of gases, air pollution, gas laws including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and the ideal gas law. It also discusses partial pressures in gas mixtures, stoichiometry of gas reactions, and the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Several example problems demonstrate using the gas laws and ideal gas equation to solve problems involving gases.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
Ferrous and non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
The Mintek process is a large-scale batch silicothermic process for extracting magnesium that operates at atmospheric pressure. It aims to overcome issues with an earlier Magnetherm process. In the Mintek process, the furnace must operate above 1600°C, potentially as high as 1800°C, to achieve an economically acceptable rate of magnesium extraction while maintaining low energy consumption. Several factors like temperature, feed recipe, slag depth relative to furnace diameter, and reactions in the arc attachment zone influence the process.
Quantifying NOx Emissions
NOx emissions refer to a group of nitrogen oxides the are commonly found in combustion gases. These harmful emissions are caused by fuel combustion processes occurring in cars and industrial applications. They can cause environmental issues like photochemical smog, acid rain, and ozone accumulations. NOx has also been linked to asthma complications, pulmonary complications, as well as coughing and wheezing.
Correctly quantifying these emissions in air pollution control equipment is necessary to maximize the control of NOx gases. This presentation focuses on quantifying thermal NOx. This type of NOx is usually formed in the hottest parts of the burner flame.
ICR NOx Optimised reburn staging and SNCR
This document discusses methods for controlling NOx emissions from cement plants, including reburn, staging, and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). It provides three key points:
1) Hot reburn involves combusting fuel volatiles sub-stoichiometrically at 1300°C for 0.15s or 1200°C for 1.2s to promote the conversion of NO to N2 before allowing air to mix. This can reduce NOx levels below 500 mg/Nm3 without SNCR.
2) Air staging, where fuel is injected below tertiary air ducts at 70% sub-stoichiometry for 1s, can also achieve NOx levels under 500 mg/Nm
presentation_Seong.ppt
This document describes a model for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx emissions using ammonia (NH3) in a fixed-bed reactor. The model considers mass and momentum transport equations and simulates the reaction kinetics. Results show NO and NH3 concentrations decreasing along the reactor length as reactants are converted. The model is validated against a previous model and simulates NO conversion trends with varying parameters like temperature, NH3/NO ratio, porosity, and kinetic parameters under dry and wet conditions.
2006-01-0240
This document describes a computational procedure for predicting nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines. The procedure involves using perfectly stirred reactor calculations with detailed chemical kinetics to determine NO formation rates over a range of conditions, then fitting the results to correlations that can be implemented in multi-dimensional engine simulations. Validation shows the approach can reasonably predict species profiles in jet-stirred reactor experiments, though some species like CO have quantitative discrepancies. The procedure accounts for effects of residence time, temperature, and equivalence ratio on non-equilibrium radical formation and subsequent NO production.
Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Scr performance and urea decomposition at low temperature
This document summarizes selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines using urea as a reducing agent. It discusses the SCR mechanism by which NOx is converted to nitrogen and water using ammonia produced from urea decomposition. Experimental results show that a longer SCR catalyst achieves higher NOx conversion below 200°C due to the fast SCR reaction. Nitrous oxide emissions increase with higher urea injection amounts above 200°C. Recent developments aim to improve low-temperature SCR performance using modified catalyst compositions like copper zeolite or layered double hydroxides.
NOx
This document summarizes sources and control methods for nitrogen oxides (NOx). It discusses that NOx is primarily produced during high-temperature combustion processes from automobiles, boilers, and industrial operations. It has negative health and environmental effects. The document outlines various NOx control technologies including combustion modifications to reduce peak temperatures and residence times, as well as add-on controls like selective non-catalytic reduction, selective catalytic reduction, and dry sorption that chemically convert NOx to less harmful compounds. Wet scrubbers are deemed not suitable for NOx control since nitric oxide is insoluble in water.
Recent Trends in NOx Reduction Techniques from Gas Turbine Combustion
Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources and its rapid depletion is of widespread concern whereas at the same time global warming has prompted researchers to develop technologies to increase the combustor performance without any harmful impact on our environment.NOx Formation mechanisms have been discussed. Classification of NOx reduction techniques has been done. Important works related with swirling air injection into the combustion chamber for distributed combustion reactions have been discussed.
Nitric acid Industries
Lecture Slides by Prof. Imitaz Ali at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute for Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI).
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This document summarizes a presentation on chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology for power generation using coal synthesized gas. CLC uses oxygen carriers to transfer oxygen from air to fuel, allowing for inherent separation of carbon dioxide during combustion. The presentation outlines CLC technology, selection of oxygen carriers and reactor configurations reported in literature. It also provides analysis of a syngas-fueled CLC system layout and thermodynamic modeling of an optimized 800 MWth plant integrated with a supercritical steam cycle. The optimized design achieves higher efficiencies through increased steam temperatures.
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Comparison of cycles and measurement of exhaust gases.pptx
Comparison of cycles and measurement of exhaust gases.pptx
Bidirectional syngas generator TSW work on advanced large scale non steady st...
Bidirectional syngas generator TSW work on advanced large scale non steady st...
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Scr performance and urea decomposition at low temperature
Scr performance and urea decomposition at low temperature
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Environmentally neutralpropulsion
- 1. Environmentally-Neutral Aircraft Propulsion Using Low Temperature Plasma John Leylegian, Jason Tyll, and Wallace Chinitz GASL, Inc. Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 NIAC Annual Meeting - June 6, 2000
- 2. Motivation • NOx formation is a consequence of the combustion of various fuels. • Nitric oxide (NO): • Quickly forms nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a respiratory irritant. • Active participant in photochemical smog formation.
- 3. Motivation (2) • Current methods of NOx reduction involve catalysts used either alone (e.g. Rh), or in an atmosphere containing hydrocarbons (e.g. Cu or Fe). • Rhodium is too expensive for widespread use, and extra hydrocarbons in fuel exhaust are undesirable.
- 4. Objective • To reduce NOx in turbojet emissions by an order of magnitude using a low-temperature plasma. • “Low-temperature plasma” implies plasma excitation temperatures in the range of 3000 to 5500 K.
- 5. Previous Work • Luo et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 102:7954, 1998) decomposed NO in He using a low-temperature plasma at atmospheric pressure. • The degree of NO destruction is a function of initial NO concentration, residence time, input voltage, and additives.
- 6. Additive Effects on NO Reduction from Previous Work • CO2 and H2O inhibited the destruction of NO. • CO, O2, C2H6, and other carbon species accelerated the destruction of NO.
- 7. Extending This Concept to the Turbojet Engine (Could it still work?) • Higher temperatures (up to 1700 K) • Higher pressures (up to 40 atm) • Shorter residence times (~0.1 s) • Presence of different species (O2, N2, CO2, H2O)
- 8. Turbojet Engine 1. Air is compressed and heated in diffuser/compressor 2. Fuel mixed in and burned in combustor 3. Partially expanded in turbine to provide power for compressor 4. Expansion continues through nozzle, generating thrust
- 9. Proposed Work • Perform experiments similar to those of Luo et al., using the products of hydrocarbon combustion, at conditions similar to those encountered in a turbojet engine.
- 10. Program Outline
- 11. Rig Schematic
- 12. Estimation of NO Levels in Jet Exhaust • Variation of NO in ethylene/air products with equivalence ratio: 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Equivalence Ratio Mole Fraction NO 1 atm 5 atm 10 atm 20 atm 40 atm
- 13. Estimation of NO Levels in Jet Exhaust • Equilibrium temperatures of ethylene/air mixtures: 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Equivalence Ratio Adiabatic Flame Temperature (K) 1 atm 5 atm 10 atm 20 atm 40 atm
- 14. Estimation of NO Levels in Jet Exhaust • Variation of NO in ethylene/air products with temperature: 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Flame Temperature (K) Mole Fraction NO 1 atm 5 atm 10 atm 20 atm 40 atm
- 15. Determination of Power Requirements (1) Rate constant for overall reaction: NO → ½N2 + ½O2 converted to Arrhenius form: k = A T 0.75 where A is a function of the input power.
- 16. Determination of Power Requirements (2) Using the power-rate constant data of Luo et al. and the LSENS code, the power required for an order-of-magnitude reduction in NO mole fraction can be determined: P (W) = 4.868 XNO –1.0196 For XNO = 0.002, P = 2.75 kW
- 17. Power Sources • Fuel Cells: Automotive PEM fuel cells available up to 20 kW (if DC is required) • Fuel Cell + Inverter (if AC is required) • Turbine
- 18. Summary • Oxides of nitrogen, produced by fossil fuel combustion, are environmental and health hazards. • Use of plasmas to reduce NO levels is a clean and inexpensive method. • A plasma generator is being designed to test this method on hydrocarbon-air combustion products at high temperature and pressure.