This document discusses various topics related to environmental science and electricity, including: 1. The four components of an electrical circuit: energy source, conductor, switch, and electrical load. It also describes what a resistor is. 2. Greenhouse gases and their effects on climate change. Deforestation is mentioned as well. 3. Different types of renewable energy resources like hydroelectric, solar, wind, and nuclear power. 4. The formation of the Earth from a large dust cloud approximately 4.54 billion years ago and how its interior structure developed over time, including the magnetic field that protects it.

1. GEOPHYSICS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

2. NO QUIZ TODAY. YAY!

3. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES?
LET’S REVIEW THOUGH
What is electricity and the four components of a circuit? What is a
resistor as well?

4. HOW DOES ELECTRICITY WORK
• Electricity is the flow of electrons
around a circuit.
• But why do the electrons flow around
a circuit?
• Can a circuit be made of anything…
like a piece of wood?
• Metals like copper have what is know
as free electrons
• What the math is an electron?

5. WHAT ARE THE PIECES OF A CIRCUIT?
• Think about what goes on we you flip a
switch that turns your living room lights on.
• There are four basic components to a circuit:
1. The Energy Source - Battery, power
outlet, stuff like that!
2. The Conductor - The copper wires. What
types of stuff are conductors?
3. The Switch - Pretty easy, it flips on/off
light…but how?
4. The Electrical Load - A lightbulb,
computer, playstation

6. •A RESISTOR ONLY LETS SOME
ELECTRICITY THROUGH A CIRCUIT.
•RESISTORS ARE USED IN ALMOST
EVERY TYPE OF CIRCUIT.
•IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ONLY
LET A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF
ELECTRICITY THROUGH TO A
NIGHT LIGHT, COMPUTER OR
REFRIGERATOR!!!
RESISTORS
This is a resistor!
A RESISTOR SAYS TO THE CURRENT!

7. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES?
LET’S REVIEW THOUGH
Describe a circuit diagram? Be sure to include what the symbols look like!
1. LED symbol
2. Resistor symbol
3. Switch symbol
4. Battery symbol

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS AND SYMBOLS
Battery
Resistor
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• A diode acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows
current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts
current from flowing in the opposite direction
• Diodes change alternating current (ac) into pulsating direct
current (dc).

9. Just a reminder of what the led symbol means

10. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES?
LET’S REVIEW THOUGH
Describe is a greenhouse gas?
What country did it affect recently?
What happens to beaches when the earth heats up?

11. GREENHOUSE GASES
• Overall, greenhouse gases are a good thing.
• Without them, our planet would be too cold,
and life as we know it would not exist.
• But there can be too much of a good thing.
• Scientists are worried that human activities are
adding too much of these gases to the
atmosphere.

12. GREENLAND’S MELTING ICE
Because temperatures are higher than normal,
Greenland’s ice is melting and raising sea levels.

13. BLUE WHALE SCIENCE
Just so you can picture this:
A blue whale weighs 115 tons.
The amount out melted ice put into the ocean by rising sea levels is
equal to the weight of 5,217,391,304 blue whales (over 5 billion
blue whales)

14. SALT WATER INTRUSION

15. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES?
LET’S REVIEW THOUGH
Describe deforestation?
Where does a lot of deforestation happen in the world?
How do trees help with the greenhouse effect?

16. WHAT THE FORESTS LOOKED LIKE BEFORE US
DEFORESTATION
• Deforestation is the permanent removal
of trees to make room for something
besides forest.
• This includes clearing land for agriculture,
timber for fuel, construction,
manufacturing.
• Before hoomans could walk really really
well, there was 666,666,670,000 trees.
(A long, long time ago in a galaxy far away…not really…it was Earth in
the Milky Way)
• Thats 7 times the amount of dollars that
Bill Gates has in his bank account!

17. TREES HELP WITH GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
• Growing trees is one of the simplest and most cost effective ways of combating greenhouse effects.
• As trees grow they absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
• When communities plant trees they can help to reduce the impacts of climate change in their local area and
around the world.
• This is something you could do to help fight the greenhouse effect!

18. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES?
LET’S REVIEW THOUGH
Describe deforestation?
Where does a lot of deforestation happen in the world?
How do trees help with the greenhouse effect?

19. WHAT ARE SOME OTHER ENERGY RESOURCES
• Can anyone name a few?
• Hydroelectric
• Solar
• Wind
• Nuclear
• Biofuels

20. HOW MANY RENEWABLE RESOURCES ARE USED
• Many of the energy sources use a
turbine generator
• In a turbine generator, a moving fluid—
such as water, steam, gases, or air—
pushes a conductor in a circle.
• Just outside the conductor is a huge
magnet
• Remember moving magnets by a
conductor move electrons.
• The reverse is also true, a moving
conductor by magnets moves electrons.
Keep this in mind for the future slides

21. DOMINO EFFECT
Something very small (like melting ice) can have large
consequences (like no salt water taffy)

22. NUCLEAR POWER (FUSION)
• The Sun uses Nuclear Fusion which mixes two atoms together by throwing them at
each other at really really really high speeds.
• What if we could use nuclear fusion?
• Well, that’s where Tokamaks come into the story.

23. THE
ORIGINS
OF THE
EARTH

24. AN ORIGIN STORY (LIKE IN THE COMICS)
EARTH THE BABY
• Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago (along with the
rest of the solar system)
• So, there was this big dust cloud that collapsed in on
itself.
• Most of the dust went to the center and formed the Sun
• While the other bits that didn’t make formed planets, like
the earth.
• The earth formed by what is known as accretion (like
when you mix flour, eggs, and butter together to make
cookies!)

25. THE EARTH (THE TEENAGER)
• The earth had tons of volcanoes on it.
• Outgassing is probably wha created our
atmosphere.
• This is like when a balloon releases all
the air you put into it back into the
atmosphere.
• That’s what the volcanoes were doing!

26. THE EARTH’S CRUST
• As the earth cooled, a crust formed.
Thats what we are are enjoying walking
and sitting on today.
• The opposite of sandwich bread crust!

27. EARTH THE 30 YR OLD ADULT
• If you dug a hole from one side of the
earth to the other, the earth has a
diameter of 7891 miles.
• This is approximately the length of
America times two!
• So, you could drive from your home in
New Jersey to California and back
again! That’s the diameter of the earth.

28. THE CENTER OF THE EARTH
• We know the earth has to have a solid
center.
• When we drill into the ground
temperatures rise and rise and …you
know
• If temperatures kept getting hotter
and hotter then the center of the
earth would be hotter than the sun.
And we know that cannot be true!

29. EARTH’S MAGNETIC SHIELD
THE ARMOR OF THE EARTH
• Remember that molten lava center of the earth.
• Well, some of the lava is molten iron. Remember metals are great conductors!
• Because of this, there are electric currents moving all throughout the center of the
earth.
• These electric currents create a huge magnetic field around the earth!

30. EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
THE ARMOR OF THE EARTH
• The magnetic field protects us
from the harmful rays of the sun
and only lets in a little of the suns
rays.
• There are also charged particles
that bombard the earth all the
time!
• The magnetic field protects from
most of those as well!
• These are called cosmic rays!

31. A BIRDS SUPER POWER!
THE QUANTUM ROBIN
• Many birds have migration patterns
• They move to warm places where ever the
warmth is.
• The birds actually follow the magnetic field
of the earth!
• The bird has a chemical in their eyes called
Crytochrome
• This creates a chemical reaction with the
suns light and allows the birds to SEE the
magnetic field of the earth!