There is large potential for generating solar power in Uttarakhand (India) endowed with natural resources. The extensive use of solar energy through solar PV panels in Distributed and Renewable Electricity Generation is significant to utilize multi climatic zones of hilly areas. In this regard, UREDA (Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency) targets to achieve a huge boost of solar PV battery backup with approved subsidy budget of INR 6 billion to 50 billion by 2019/20 under JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission). This investment will increase productivity, enhance employment opportunities and improve quality of education. However, maximization of power output from panels used for same is achieved through use of MPPT (Maximum Power Point Trackers). The commercially installed solar power systems can be made to accomplish higher efficiency by implementing MPPT systems in start ups. In this paper, the effort is made to use MPPT system designed by intelligent controller for implementation in PV based utility systems. The regulated voltage output from MPPT system is obtained irrespective of fluctuations in environment. These variations are tested for changing temperature and irradiance due to shading or partial unavailability of sun. The results of same have been optimized through MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model designed is intended to be a beneficial source for PV engineers and researchers to provide high efficiency with the use of MPPT.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
This document discusses the estimation and cost analysis of installing a 300 kW roof-top photovoltaic system at the University B D T College of Engineering in Davangere, India. It analyzes the available roof space of 3,000 square meters that can accommodate 1,200 solar panels generating a total of 300 kW of power. The estimated total cost of the system is 24 million rupees with an estimated payback period of 6 years based on energy savings from self-consumption and revenue from excess power exported to the grid. The roof-top PV system would help meet the college's annual energy demand of 264,960 units and generate an estimated 492,750 units annually.
Solar PV Energy Conversion System and its ConfigurationsIJERA Editor
Solar PV based energy conversion system is now used in commercial and residential buildings. Advancements in
Power electronics leads the researchers to enhance the use of solar application in various configurations. These
configurations may be used to utilize the energy optimally. The main objective of this paper is to present an
overview of the various configurations of solar PV energy conversion system.
Performance Analysis of Grid Connected Solar Captive Power PlantJagan Rampalli
The document analyzes the performance of a 75kWp grid-connected solar power plant for an educational institution in Odisha, India. It finds that the plant generates an average of 20.05 kW daily and has a load factor of 15.66%. Simulation estimates annual generation of 108,503 kWh. The plant helps meet the institution's load demand, which peaks from 11am to 4pm daily. When generation exceeds load, excess power is exported to the grid through net metering. When load is higher than generation, power is imported from the grid to meet the demand. The plant contributes to meeting the institution's electricity needs through clean solar energy.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
Photovoltaic (PV) power harnesses sunlight to generate electricity and has the potential to serve as a viable national energy source. PV cells use semiconductors that generate a direct current when exposed to sunlight, which is then converted to alternating current and transferred to power grids. While initial costs remain high, technology innovations have increased efficiencies and reduced prices. Widespread adoption of PV power would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil while taking advantage of the nation's solar energy potential. However, challenges around energy storage and developing infrastructure for solar at a national scale remain.
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Solar/Wind Power System for a Small CommunityIOSR Journals
The document models and analyzes a hybrid solar/wind power system for a small community in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data on solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed from 2002-2004 is used to simulate the power output of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, and their combination in a hybrid system using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the hybrid system is capable of meeting the community's 2.015 kW load demand throughout the year except in July, and that months with higher solar radiation or wind speeds yield more power. Combining solar and wind resources provides a more reliable off-grid power solution than either resource alone.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
This document discusses the estimation and cost analysis of installing a 300 kW roof-top photovoltaic system at the University B D T College of Engineering in Davangere, India. It analyzes the available roof space of 3,000 square meters that can accommodate 1,200 solar panels generating a total of 300 kW of power. The estimated total cost of the system is 24 million rupees with an estimated payback period of 6 years based on energy savings from self-consumption and revenue from excess power exported to the grid. The roof-top PV system would help meet the college's annual energy demand of 264,960 units and generate an estimated 492,750 units annually.
Solar PV Energy Conversion System and its ConfigurationsIJERA Editor
Solar PV based energy conversion system is now used in commercial and residential buildings. Advancements in
Power electronics leads the researchers to enhance the use of solar application in various configurations. These
configurations may be used to utilize the energy optimally. The main objective of this paper is to present an
overview of the various configurations of solar PV energy conversion system.
Performance Analysis of Grid Connected Solar Captive Power PlantJagan Rampalli
The document analyzes the performance of a 75kWp grid-connected solar power plant for an educational institution in Odisha, India. It finds that the plant generates an average of 20.05 kW daily and has a load factor of 15.66%. Simulation estimates annual generation of 108,503 kWh. The plant helps meet the institution's load demand, which peaks from 11am to 4pm daily. When generation exceeds load, excess power is exported to the grid through net metering. When load is higher than generation, power is imported from the grid to meet the demand. The plant contributes to meeting the institution's electricity needs through clean solar energy.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
Photovoltaic (PV) power harnesses sunlight to generate electricity and has the potential to serve as a viable national energy source. PV cells use semiconductors that generate a direct current when exposed to sunlight, which is then converted to alternating current and transferred to power grids. While initial costs remain high, technology innovations have increased efficiencies and reduced prices. Widespread adoption of PV power would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil while taking advantage of the nation's solar energy potential. However, challenges around energy storage and developing infrastructure for solar at a national scale remain.
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Solar/Wind Power System for a Small CommunityIOSR Journals
The document models and analyzes a hybrid solar/wind power system for a small community in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data on solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed from 2002-2004 is used to simulate the power output of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, and their combination in a hybrid system using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the hybrid system is capable of meeting the community's 2.015 kW load demand throughout the year except in July, and that months with higher solar radiation or wind speeds yield more power. Combining solar and wind resources provides a more reliable off-grid power solution than either resource alone.
Prospect of Hybrid Solar-Wimd Power Generation System in BangladeshMilton Sarker
Renewable energy likes solar, wind, wave and tidal
could be utilized in some areas of Bangladesh. The
geographical location of Bangladesh is ideal for
tapping solar energy effectively. There is also
enormous potential for harnessing electrical power
from wind in some selected areas of the country and
in the coastal region. In this paper possibility of
wind-solar hybrid system has been studied. It will
help to reduce the huge oil bill that the country is
facing now, provided the national planners give
adequate attention and support for the development
of wind solar hybrid power generation. After a
preliminary survey supported by measured field data
of wind velocities and solar radiation all over the
country, two specific sites Potenga and Thakurgaon
have been primarily identified where more than 100
kW wind-solar hybrid power generations is possible.
1. The document summarizes a case study of a 3 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant in Kolar, Karnataka.
2. Key details include the plant's technical specifications, performance in 2010 including energy generated and sold to the grid, and operational and maintenance issues faced.
3. Analysis of the plant's performance found good module performance but reduced generation due to inverter issues, with efficiency more sensitive to temperature than solar radiation.
Design and Calculation of Solar Power Plant in Myanmarijtsrd
PV technology is the most famous among the several renewable energy technologies that was adopted globally. According to Myanmar weather condition, solar power plants are the best renewable energy source to provide electricity for both urban and rural areas. The case study is selected Tat Thit Kyun where is situated Latitude 18°44N and Longitude 95°11E 5.6 mile away from Padaung Township. 312 kWh demand is needed for 387 numbers of household. Data is obtained from Meteorological data of the village and NASA. Dr. Zarchi San | Dr. Than Zaw Htwe | Daw Thidar Win Ngwe "Design and Calculation of Solar Power Plant in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27999.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27999/design-and-calculation-of-solar-power-plant-in-myanmar/dr-zarchi-san
This document presents a study on the design and economic feasibility analysis of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide electricity for a single household in rural India. The key points are:
1) A PV system was designed to meet the daily electricity demand of 7480 Wh for a household in Pune, India. This included sizing the PV array at 11.3 m2 and 1356 WP, and batteries at 1500 Ah.
2) A life cycle cost analysis of the 20-year system found the present worth costs to be $6960 for the PV array, $2557.50 for initial batteries, and additional battery costs of $1840.93, $1325.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization towards cost effective solar mini grids in bangladeshDipta Majumder
People living in remote rural areas e.g. islands of Bangladesh don’t have access to electricity due to financial and technical challenges. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)-Diesel based hybrid mini grids can be a way to electrify remote rural areas of Bangladesh. However, solar energy is costly compared to conventional energy sources. Hence, optimization is essential to ensure success of solar mini grids in remote rural areas. Optimization of mini grid plant capacity based on demand is discussed. Diesel consumption and excess electricity from plant are the key optimization parameters. A case at Paratoli, Narsingdi, Bangladesh is taken into consideration to validate the optimization. Data is further analyzed to find out the future requirements and effects after optimization.
Analysis of 2MW Solar Power Plant in Madhya PradeshIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a 2 megawatt solar power plant in Madhya Pradesh, India. It discusses the methodology used to monitor the plant's daily and seasonal output. Tables show the output of three inverters in kilowatt-hours for March, June, and August. Charts depict the variation in output and how it relates to solar irradiation and module temperature. The document concludes that the plant's performance is comparable to other PV systems worldwide and provides insight into the long-term performance of solar power under actual operating conditions in Madhya Pradesh.
Hybrid power generation using renewable energy sources for domestic purposesIAEME Publication
This paper will describe a hybrid system for generating dispatchable electric power using
wind, solar and hydro energy combined together for domestic purposes and storage. The essential
subsystems include vertical axis wind turbines solar panel and a pico-hydro system. This hybrid
power generation system will be particularly useful in charging batteries, lighting up of CFL, playing
of radio. This hybrid wind / solar/hydro system would be a more economical means for achieving
zero-emission, firm, dispatchable capacity than independent construction of wind and solar plant or a
pico- hydro plant generating system.
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable ResourcesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
Implementation of Solar Distribution Grid for Agriculture Resources through M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a solar distribution grid for agricultural resources in India using MATLAB. It begins by introducing the problem of unreliable grid power for irrigation and proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) solution. It then reviews existing power supply methods for agriculture and the technical issues with grid-connected PV systems. The document provides details on modeling solar resource assessment factors like insolation and panel orientation in MATLAB. It also examines PV array output calculation and maximum power point tracking to optimize solar energy harvesting. The goal is to simulate distributing solar power from arrays to agricultural fields and control it for irrigation needs.
This document analyzes the potential and cost-effectiveness of a 2.5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant to meet the energy demands of a garment zone in Jaipur, India. It estimates the energy demand of the zone to be 2.21 MW and designs an on-site PV plant requiring 13.14 acres of land. It also considers an off-site option due to high land costs. The on-site plant has an IRR of 11.88%, NPV of 119.52 million INR, and payback period of 7.73 years. The off-site plant has higher IRR and NPV, and a shorter payback period. The levelized cost of energy is lower
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using the perturb and observe method. MPPT is a technique used in solar panel systems to extract the maximum available power from the panels by matching the panel voltage to the maximum power point on its power-voltage curve. The document provides background on renewable energy and solar power generation. It then describes modeling a solar panel as a current source and diode, and explains how solar panel characteristics change with insulation and temperature. The key goal of MPPT is to continuously track the maximum power point of the solar panel as conditions vary.
Design hybrid micropower system in mistah village using homer modelIAEME Publication
The document presents a case study analyzing different hybrid micropower system designs for a remote village in Iraq using the HOMER modeling software. Three cases are analyzed: 1) diesel generator only, 2) wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries, and 3) PV, wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries. The optimal configuration was found to be case 2, with a total net present cost of $705,643 and cost of energy of $0.422/kWh. This hybrid system was shown to have lower costs than grid extension for distances over 3.55km from the main power station. Emissions were also calculated and found to be lower for the hybrid systems compared to diesel generator
This document summarizes the scope of wind-solar hybrid systems as renewable energy sources in India. It discusses that India has abundant solar and wind energy resources but both have disadvantages when used independently. A hybrid system combines both to increase efficiency. The document surveys solar and wind energy potential in India and the cities of Pune and Nasik specifically. It provides an overview of how a hybrid system works, its advantages over individual systems, installation capacities and configurations. Methods to further increase efficiency like maximum power point tracking are also discussed. The hybrid system is presented as a reliable and cost-effective solution to meet energy demands in India.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
The document describes the design and simulation of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas using solar and wind energy resources. Key points:
- The system was designed to provide electricity to off-grid rural households using local renewable resources to avoid the high costs of grid extension.
- Models of the solar photovoltaic system and variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator were developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
- The solar and wind systems were integrated by connecting them to a common DC bus, allowing both sources to supply the isolated load. Power conversion circuits like boost converters and inverters were included to condition the output.
- Simulation results of the integrated renewable energy system design
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
Prospect of Hybrid Solar-Wimd Power Generation System in BangladeshMilton Sarker
Renewable energy likes solar, wind, wave and tidal
could be utilized in some areas of Bangladesh. The
geographical location of Bangladesh is ideal for
tapping solar energy effectively. There is also
enormous potential for harnessing electrical power
from wind in some selected areas of the country and
in the coastal region. In this paper possibility of
wind-solar hybrid system has been studied. It will
help to reduce the huge oil bill that the country is
facing now, provided the national planners give
adequate attention and support for the development
of wind solar hybrid power generation. After a
preliminary survey supported by measured field data
of wind velocities and solar radiation all over the
country, two specific sites Potenga and Thakurgaon
have been primarily identified where more than 100
kW wind-solar hybrid power generations is possible.
1. The document summarizes a case study of a 3 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant in Kolar, Karnataka.
2. Key details include the plant's technical specifications, performance in 2010 including energy generated and sold to the grid, and operational and maintenance issues faced.
3. Analysis of the plant's performance found good module performance but reduced generation due to inverter issues, with efficiency more sensitive to temperature than solar radiation.
Design and Calculation of Solar Power Plant in Myanmarijtsrd
PV technology is the most famous among the several renewable energy technologies that was adopted globally. According to Myanmar weather condition, solar power plants are the best renewable energy source to provide electricity for both urban and rural areas. The case study is selected Tat Thit Kyun where is situated Latitude 18°44N and Longitude 95°11E 5.6 mile away from Padaung Township. 312 kWh demand is needed for 387 numbers of household. Data is obtained from Meteorological data of the village and NASA. Dr. Zarchi San | Dr. Than Zaw Htwe | Daw Thidar Win Ngwe "Design and Calculation of Solar Power Plant in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27999.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27999/design-and-calculation-of-solar-power-plant-in-myanmar/dr-zarchi-san
This document presents a study on the design and economic feasibility analysis of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide electricity for a single household in rural India. The key points are:
1) A PV system was designed to meet the daily electricity demand of 7480 Wh for a household in Pune, India. This included sizing the PV array at 11.3 m2 and 1356 WP, and batteries at 1500 Ah.
2) A life cycle cost analysis of the 20-year system found the present worth costs to be $6960 for the PV array, $2557.50 for initial batteries, and additional battery costs of $1840.93, $1325.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization towards cost effective solar mini grids in bangladeshDipta Majumder
People living in remote rural areas e.g. islands of Bangladesh don’t have access to electricity due to financial and technical challenges. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)-Diesel based hybrid mini grids can be a way to electrify remote rural areas of Bangladesh. However, solar energy is costly compared to conventional energy sources. Hence, optimization is essential to ensure success of solar mini grids in remote rural areas. Optimization of mini grid plant capacity based on demand is discussed. Diesel consumption and excess electricity from plant are the key optimization parameters. A case at Paratoli, Narsingdi, Bangladesh is taken into consideration to validate the optimization. Data is further analyzed to find out the future requirements and effects after optimization.
Analysis of 2MW Solar Power Plant in Madhya PradeshIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a 2 megawatt solar power plant in Madhya Pradesh, India. It discusses the methodology used to monitor the plant's daily and seasonal output. Tables show the output of three inverters in kilowatt-hours for March, June, and August. Charts depict the variation in output and how it relates to solar irradiation and module temperature. The document concludes that the plant's performance is comparable to other PV systems worldwide and provides insight into the long-term performance of solar power under actual operating conditions in Madhya Pradesh.
Hybrid power generation using renewable energy sources for domestic purposesIAEME Publication
This paper will describe a hybrid system for generating dispatchable electric power using
wind, solar and hydro energy combined together for domestic purposes and storage. The essential
subsystems include vertical axis wind turbines solar panel and a pico-hydro system. This hybrid
power generation system will be particularly useful in charging batteries, lighting up of CFL, playing
of radio. This hybrid wind / solar/hydro system would be a more economical means for achieving
zero-emission, firm, dispatchable capacity than independent construction of wind and solar plant or a
pico- hydro plant generating system.
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable ResourcesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
Implementation of Solar Distribution Grid for Agriculture Resources through M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a solar distribution grid for agricultural resources in India using MATLAB. It begins by introducing the problem of unreliable grid power for irrigation and proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) solution. It then reviews existing power supply methods for agriculture and the technical issues with grid-connected PV systems. The document provides details on modeling solar resource assessment factors like insolation and panel orientation in MATLAB. It also examines PV array output calculation and maximum power point tracking to optimize solar energy harvesting. The goal is to simulate distributing solar power from arrays to agricultural fields and control it for irrigation needs.
This document analyzes the potential and cost-effectiveness of a 2.5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant to meet the energy demands of a garment zone in Jaipur, India. It estimates the energy demand of the zone to be 2.21 MW and designs an on-site PV plant requiring 13.14 acres of land. It also considers an off-site option due to high land costs. The on-site plant has an IRR of 11.88%, NPV of 119.52 million INR, and payback period of 7.73 years. The off-site plant has higher IRR and NPV, and a shorter payback period. The levelized cost of energy is lower
The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using the perturb and observe method. MPPT is a technique used in solar panel systems to extract the maximum available power from the panels by matching the panel voltage to the maximum power point on its power-voltage curve. The document provides background on renewable energy and solar power generation. It then describes modeling a solar panel as a current source and diode, and explains how solar panel characteristics change with insulation and temperature. The key goal of MPPT is to continuously track the maximum power point of the solar panel as conditions vary.
Design hybrid micropower system in mistah village using homer modelIAEME Publication
The document presents a case study analyzing different hybrid micropower system designs for a remote village in Iraq using the HOMER modeling software. Three cases are analyzed: 1) diesel generator only, 2) wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries, and 3) PV, wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries. The optimal configuration was found to be case 2, with a total net present cost of $705,643 and cost of energy of $0.422/kWh. This hybrid system was shown to have lower costs than grid extension for distances over 3.55km from the main power station. Emissions were also calculated and found to be lower for the hybrid systems compared to diesel generator
This document summarizes the scope of wind-solar hybrid systems as renewable energy sources in India. It discusses that India has abundant solar and wind energy resources but both have disadvantages when used independently. A hybrid system combines both to increase efficiency. The document surveys solar and wind energy potential in India and the cities of Pune and Nasik specifically. It provides an overview of how a hybrid system works, its advantages over individual systems, installation capacities and configurations. Methods to further increase efficiency like maximum power point tracking are also discussed. The hybrid system is presented as a reliable and cost-effective solution to meet energy demands in India.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
The document describes the design and simulation of a stand-alone integrated renewable energy system for remote areas using solar and wind energy resources. Key points:
- The system was designed to provide electricity to off-grid rural households using local renewable resources to avoid the high costs of grid extension.
- Models of the solar photovoltaic system and variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator were developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
- The solar and wind systems were integrated by connecting them to a common DC bus, allowing both sources to supply the isolated load. Power conversion circuits like boost converters and inverters were included to condition the output.
- Simulation results of the integrated renewable energy system design
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
Performance analysis of grid-tied photovoltaic system under varying weather c...IJECEIAES
Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
“SIMULATION ON OPTIMISATION OF POWER QUALITY USING HYBRID POWER SYSTEM”IRJET Journal
This document presents a simulation study on optimizing power quality in a hybrid power system comprising hydro and solar photovoltaic energy sources. The study was conducted by students from the Department of Electrical Engineering at RIT Karnataka, India. The simulation aimed to ensure reliable power supply by combining renewable energy sources and address power quality issues like voltage sags caused by faults. MATLAB/Simulink was used to model a hybrid system with a hydro turbine and solar PV array supplying power to a three-phase load. Maximum power point tracking controllers were used to optimize output from each source. A dynamic voltage restorer scheme was also tested to compensate for voltage sags and improve power quality. The results demonstrated effective power generation from the hybrid system
Forecasting Solar Power by LSTM & DBN Techniques using MLIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning techniques like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Deep Belief Networks (DBN) to forecast solar power generation. It analyzes pure datasets on solar panel output, weather, and air pollution to extract features. An Autoencoder-LSTM model is proposed that uses the autoencoder for feature learning and LSTM to incorporate temporal data. The model is trained on extracted features and forecasts are compared to actual data to evaluate performance. Accurate solar power forecasting can improve energy grid stability and reduce operational costs.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Power Systemijtsrd
This paper presents the design of small scale three phase grid connected system for rural location. The proposed hybrid system includes a 3.5 kW PV panel with a DC DC boost converter with controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT, DC AC inverter with decoupled power controller supplying the load and connected to the grid. The MPPT controller is used to harvest maximum power from the solar panel and decoupled power controller is used for tracking the real and reactive powers and also improves the system stability. MATLAB simulation of the proposed model is carried out to show the effectiveness of grid connected photovoltaic systems. Sheikh Shaheen | Mohd Ilyas "Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33049.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33049/modeling-and-simulation-for-a-35-kw-gridconnected-photovoltaic-power-system/sheikh-shaheen
PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOL...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance. Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy. Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-seminar pptlakshmi nidoni
The document discusses rural electrification through solar and wind hybrid systems. It proposes using both solar and wind energy sources together to provide continuous power for rural areas. The hybrid system would integrate solar photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, batteries for energy storage, and a control system to combine power from the different renewable sources. Design of such a hybrid system requires collecting data on solar radiation levels, wind speeds, and power output of the solar and wind components. The hybrid approach aims to reduce the need for energy storage by harnessing multiple renewable resources.
Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Wind Hybrid Systems for Off-Grid Rural...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study investigated the viability of using hybrid models of renewable power generation in certain geographical areas where the climate is suitable. A real model of the set-up was created and the data obtained was compared to simulated models to improve accuracy. The data from both the real set-up and the simulated model were then compared to climatic conditions in certain rural areas of India. As of submission of this report, wind is not a prevalent source of energy in the southern Indian state of Karnataka; this project aims to conclude whether such non-utilisation is justified or whether it would be beneficial if such hybrid models be used in certain areas of suitable conditions.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Solar PV and Wind Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It begins with an abstract that describes how combining solar and wind power can provide better reliability than individual systems and be more economical. The document then reviews technologies for solar PV cells and wind turbines. It describes two types of hybrid solar-wind systems - grid-connected and stand-alone. Several research papers on hybrid solar-wind systems are summarized that address optimization, power electronics, and integration challenges. The document concludes that hybrid systems can help address the intermittent nature of solar and wind power.
Hybrid power generation using renewable energy sources for domestic purposesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a hybrid power generation system using renewable energy sources for domestic purposes. The system combines vertical axis wind turbines, solar panels, and a pico-hydro system to generate dispatchable electric power. It stores the generated power in batteries which can then be used to power devices like CFLs, radios, and fans. A hybrid system is more economical than individual wind, solar, or hydro systems and provides continuous power without fluctuations by integrating the different renewable sources. The document describes the working of each component and concludes by discussing the advantages like rural electrification, continuous power supply, and reduced maintenance compared to traditional systems.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Ant Colony Optimization for Optimal Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration under ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an optimization approach for optimal reconfiguration of a photovoltaic (PV) array under partial shading conditions. The approach uses Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to determine the optimal electrical connections between PV modules in a total cross-tied array layout. The objectives are to maximize power output and minimize switching operations. The ACO algorithm considers factors like irradiance levels and switching costs to find a configuration that distributes shade uniformly and extracts more power than a static layout. Simulation results show the ACO approach enhances power output compared to the initial cross-tied configuration.
Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Based PV Array to Produce Electric EnergyIRJET Journal
This document reviews maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic (PV) array to produce electric energy. It discusses how an MPPT charge controller uses a perturbation and observation algorithm to optimize the match between the solar PV panels and a battery bank. This improves the efficiency of the solar panels and protects the battery from overcharging. The MPPT controller helps transfer maximum available power from the PV array to charge the batteries by adjusting the voltage level as sunlight intensity fluctuates throughout the day.
Group members Fahad Jamshed, Zafar Khan, Mansoor Haider, and Haider Ali propose a solar powered three phase inverter project to address Pakistan's energy crisis. The project involves dual-axis sun tracking using light sensors and microcontrollers to position solar panels optimally, maximum power point tracking using a buck converter and P&O algorithm to extract maximum power from the solar panels, and a three phase inverter to convert the solar power to alternating current usable for the power grid or other applications. The document provides background on Pakistan's energy issues, reviews renewable energy options with a focus on solar energy potential in Pakistan, and describes the technical components and operation of the proposed system.
Similar to Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using Photovoltaic Systems (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
1) Researchers developed a prototype contactless transaction system using QR codes and digital payments to support physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in traditional markets.
2) The system allows sellers and buyers in traditional markets to conduct fast, secure transactions via smartphones without direct cash exchange. Buyers scan sellers' QR codes to view product details and make e-wallet payments.
3) Testing showed the system's functions worked properly and users found it easy to use and useful for supporting contactless transactions and digital transformation of traditional markets. However, further development is needed to increase trust in digital payments for users unfamiliar with the technology.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
This document describes the implementation of a double-layer structure on an octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) to improve its performance at 5.8 GHz. The double-layer consists of two double positive (DPS) substrates placed above the OMYA. Simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer configuration increases the gain of the OMYA by 2.5 dB compared to without the double-layer. The measured bandwidth of the OMYA with double-layer is 14.6%, indicating the double-layer can increase both the gain and bandwidth of the OMYA.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
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eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
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Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
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An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
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Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
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Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
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This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
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Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
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- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
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- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using Photovoltaic Systems
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
ISSN: 2302-9285
Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2017, pp. 105~121, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v6i2.613 105
Received February 18, 2017; Revised April 19, 2017; Accepted May 3, 2017
Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using
Photovoltaic Systems
Chandani Sharma*, Anamika Jain
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
*Corresponding author, e-mail: Chandani19nov@gmail.com, Mob: 8958308881
Abstract
There is large potential for generating solar power in Uttarakhand (India) endowed with natural
resources. The extensive use of solar energy through solar PV panels in Distributed and Renewable
Electricity Generation is significant to utilize multi climatic zones of hilly areas. In this regard, UREDA
(Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency) targets to achieve a huge boost of solar PV
battery backup with approved subsidy budget of INR 6 billion to 50 billion by 2019/20 under JNNSM
(Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission). This investment will increase productivity, enhance
employment opportunities and improve quality of education. However, maximization of power output from
panels used for same is achieved through use of MPPT (Maximum Power Point Trackers). The
commercially installed solar power systems can be made to accomplish higher efficiency by implementing
MPPT systems in start ups. In this paper, the effort is made to use MPPT system designed by intelligent
controller for implementation in PV based utility systems. The regulated voltage output from MPPT system
is obtained irrespective of fluctuations in environment. These variations are tested for changing
temperature and irradiance due to shading or partial unavailability of sun. The results of same have been
optimized through MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model designed is intended to be a beneficial source for PV
engineers and researchers to provide high efficiency with the use of MPPT.
Keywords: distributed and renewable electricity generation, UREDA, JNNSM, MPPT, MATLAB/SIMULINK
1. Introduction
Energy is the linchpin of our economy and a vital component for all progress on earth.
As per energy statistics of TIFAD (Technical Information Forecasting Assessment Databank)
proper energy balance is required to be established to save energy crisis. Currently, the
consumption of Non Renewable sources like coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear are used to meet
energy demands. Global Survey states that total non renewable energy sources used for
electricity generation are 10.8 million [1]. Also if the consumption of fossil fuels continues at
same rate, all sources will gradually deplete by end of this century.
Reviews show that one third of world‟s population does not have access to electricity
and not connected to national grid. India faces acute energy scarcity hampering growth and
progress to a large extent. As such searching another alternative is necessary to meet rapid
growing needs of energy. Solar radiation received on earth is a direct source for generating
heat, electricity and power to meet demands of energy efficient systems throughout the world.
Solar electric energy demand has grown consistently by 20 to 25% per annum over past 20
years due to decreasing cost and prices. The decline has driven (a) increasing efficiency of
solar cells (b) manufacturing techniques and (c) economies of scale. Thus, Solar energy
amongst various RET (Renewable Energy Technology) being abundant, clean and green is an
evergreen solution to advance electricity production globally [2].
Solar energy is available for 300 days with average irradiance in range of 4-7 KW/m
2
annually. The abundance of solar energy appears as an ultimate choice for power consumption
and distribution applications. In India, specifically state of Uttarakhand receives 4.5 to 5.5
KW/m
2
irradiance throughout the year around [3]. The state of Uttarakhand also provides
climatic benefits of three types (a) cold and sunny/cold and cloudy for hilly upper shivaliks, (b)
semi moderate as in Dehradun and (c) plain composite type as in Haridwar, Roorkee, Kashipur
and Rudrapur. Power demand in state during recent years has grown from 10% to 15%
annually. Moreover, hydropower is beaten in Uttarakhand as compared to solar energy that can
2. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2017 : 105 – 121
106
be considerably used for roof top and wastelands. Solar systems are of two types grid
connected and stand alone. When large number of solar panels are used for installation grid
connection is established serving as a power plant for region while small scale electrical loads
designed to meet direct distribution in home is done through stand alone devices supported with
battery back-ups [4].
Photovoltaic (PV) systems refer to the systems converting solar energy into electricity.
PV system directly converts sunlight into electricity either through direct capture or distributed
reception. Distributed reception refers to change in panel output due to deviations in
temperature and irradiance by partial or complete shaded environmental conditions. In
Uttarakhand, Solar power plants are already available in range of 300W to 100KW extended
upto 500KW with battery back-up upto 44MW through PV designing scheme run by UREDA [5].
In this context, Pan-India exposure plan integrates four distinct approaches through (a) grid
connected power plants (b) roof top solar plants (c) solar pumping sets and (d) solar
street lights.
The use of PV plants for electricity production helped masses to retain their homes in
Chaumasi village where 35 families used to abandon amongst 68 families on account of non
availability of electricity. After great disaster, Kalimath valley again revolutionized through use of
PV devices in home electricity distribution. The problems of transport due to heavy rains result
frequent power cuts by disconnecting power supply as happened in Kotma village. The problem
is solved by use of solar PV panel driven street lights and terrace lighting. Under JNNSM and
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) joint ventures “off-grid and decentralized solar
applications” for first phase of JNNSM, 33KV/11KV in 3-phase system and 440V/220V in 1-
phase system is achieved and in progress to set up 2000 units producing 44MW of electricity in
second phase upto 2020 [6]. Amongst upcoming ventures, “Marvela” first solar city in
Uttarakhand is being planned in Haridwar city. Garbage dump areas and broken roads when
covered with panels promote infrastructure development. The unutilized hill tops/building
rooftops and wastelands around buildings are being made to replace diesel generator sets used
in load shedding by operating solar panel MPPT systems [7].
In the present paper, MPPT is developed for STC (Standard Test Conditions) as well as
distributed environment conditions for varying temperature and irradiance. STC (Standard Test
Condition) tend to maintain fixed 25
0
C temperature and irradiance 1KW/m
2
over panel surface.
These conditions operate panel at MPP (Maximum power point). MPP describes a unique
intersection point on panel that delivers maximum power output and efficiency from panel at
STC. MPPT system maintains MPP. Using MPPT, the distributed energy across panel due to
varying environment is efficiently captured and utilized [8]. The MPPT system developed in work
is validated with commercially available Solarex MSX-60W panel [9]. The designed model
meets all specifications of Solarex panel. Firstly system is simulated under STC and thereafter
designed such that it maintains STC under fluctuating environment also to deliver MPP
continuously. MPPT is designed using Buck (step down) converter and Fuzzy Logic Intelligent
controller. The developed MPPT system regulates output voltage from panel and maximizes it
relative to variations under distributed environmental conditions [10-14].
2. Design of MPPT
The commercial PV arrays that delivers 60W at output by generating 21V is Solarex
MSX-60W. The panel is designed using Simulink modeling of solar cell equations through
MATLAB. The equations modeled are:
(i) Thermal Voltage equation
(1)
(ii) Diode Current equation
(
( )
) (2)
3. Bulletin of EEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using… (Chandani Sharma)
107
(iii) Load Current equation
(3)
(iv) Photo-current equation
( ) (4)
(v) Shunt Current equation
( )
(5)
(vi) Reverse Saturation Current equation
(
( ( )
( )
)
) (6)
(vii) Reverse Current equation
(
( )
) (7)
(viii) Output Power equation
(8)
When above equations are rearranged to develop PV panel, the subsystem obtained
appears as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Solar panel subsystem
The modeled system is simulated for STC and specifications similar to Solarex MSX-
60W panel are obtained. The specifications obtained from designed panel are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Specifications for Solarex and Model Developed
Specification
G=1KW/m2
and T=25°C
Solarex MS-60W Our Model
PMPP 60 W 59.39 W
VMP 17.1 V 16.64 V
IMP 3.5 A 3.567 A
ISC 3.8 A 3.7981 A
VOC 21.1 V 21.07 V
4. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2017 : 105 – 121
108
The designed model on simulation at STC displays the I-V (Current Voltage) and P-V
(Power Voltage) characteristic curves shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. I-V and P-V characteristics of panel
It is clear from solar cell characteristics that they appear inverse exponential. The I-V
characteristic curve represent panel output as perfect current source for maximum current i.e.
short circuit current ISC and P-V characteristic curve represent panel output as perfect voltage
source for maximum voltage i.e. open circuit voltage VOC. Since characteristic curves appear
nonlinear, solar cell neither serves as a perfect current source nor perfect voltage source.
The two characteristic curves I-V and P-V intersect at point generated by short circuit
current ISC taken 3.798A and open circuit voltage VOC taken as 21.07V. This unique point is
represented as Maximum power point and is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Determination of panel specifications
To obtain MPP under fluctuating environment conditions, it is necessary to combine PV
system with converter and controller. The converter transforms value of output DC or AC as per
requirement and controller maintains it throughout the system operation. The block diagram of
assembled structure is referred as MPPT given in Figure 4.
5. Bulletin of EEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Entrepreneurship Through Start-ups in Hill Areas Using… (Chandani Sharma)
109
Figure 4. Block diagram of MPP tracker circuit
Since direct connection of panel with load is costly and losses generating therefore
converter is used as an interface for panel output (DC in present work). Review shows that Buck
(step down) Converters provide advantages of simpler design, easier implementation, current
limiting and short circuit protection over other converters. Thus, DCM (Direct Component Model)
of Buck converter is modeled to obtain converted dc output as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Buck converter using direct components
The output voltage of converter is driven by switch (MOSFET: Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) which conducts and develops output across load
resistor. The converter is combined with PV subsystem and is tested for varying values of
temperature and irradiance. The readings after simulation for distributed conditions i.e. variable
temperature and irradiance are given in Table 2. The converter output voltage appears as
displayed in Figure 6.
Table 2 Simulation of PV and converter subsystem
T °C VOC desired (V) Converter Output (V)
5 21.31 20.58
10 21.25 20.88
15 21.19 21.02
20 21.13 21.03
25 21.07 21.01
30 21.01 20.93
35 20.95 20.79
40 20.89 20.48
45 20.83 20.06
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Figure 6. PV and converter subsystem voltage output
It is clear from PV and converter subsystem operation that there is large difference
between desired (21.07V) and obtained converter output (21.01V). Thus system is not sufficient
to deliver maximum output and needs to be connected with Controller for same. The
effectiveness of converter operation is dependent on controller. A Controller generates control
function for monitoring converter to get desired output from panel. For Buck converter, input is
guided using Controller to deliver output voltage at capacitor and finally across load resistor.
There are different types of controllers available. The traditional approach used in
designing conventional controllers was dependent on deterministic variables of yes-or-no type.
The system responded to operator‟s experience by tuning the data collected by simulating PV
model. The decision of the operator was not exact but considered good enough for normal
functioning in the conditioning of process.
However, intelligent controllers particularly FLC (Fuzzy Logic controllers) offer a
promising solution to this conceptual design through fuzzy modeling. This is an artificial
intelligent system that removes the dependence on tuning system. FLC uses set of rules to
automatically monitor system closer to MPP taken as set point. The diagram for FLC is shown in
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Fuzzy logic control loop system
The fuzzy logic is a non linear adaptive mechanism that using capability of transforming
linguistic information and expert knowledge into control signals and therefore, are preferred over
traditional approaches such as optimal and adaptive control techniques. Fuzzy logic control is
most suitable for complex, ill defined and non linear problems as in case of PV systems.
A Mamdani type of Fuzzy Logic Controller is developed for controlling the MPP under
changing environmental conditions. The input variables in a fuzzy control system are mapped
by sets of membership functions known as "fuzzy sets". The process of converting a crisp input
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value to a fuzzy value is called "fuzzification". Given "mappings" of input variables into
membership functions and truth values, the controller then makes decisions for what action is to
be taken based on a set of "rules". The universe of discourse (complete range) for both the
input variables is chosen and the range of the input variables can be changed according to the
changing demand for the varying input. Similarly, the universe of discourse (range) for the
output variables is chosen for the varying input and MPP is monitored by the converter
switching.
The fuzzy logic controller designed has two inputs and one output over sampling instant
„n‟. The error in voltage E (n) equation 2.9/2.10 and change in error in voltage ΔE (n) equation
2.11 are taken as the inputs of the controller and controller duty cycle DC equation 2.12 is taken
as the output/final control element of the controller. The Mamdani system designed is shown
in Figure 8.
E (n)=Set point value-Measured value (9)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(10)
ΔE (n)=E (n)–E (n-1) (11)
(12)
where: E (n) =Error Input
P (n) =PV power computed at an instant n
P (n-1) =PV power computed at an instant n-1
I (n) =PV current computed at an instant n
I (n) =PV current computed at an instant n-1
ΔE (n) =Change in Error Input
E (n-1) =Error computed at an instant n-1
DC =Duty Cycle
Figure 8. Matlab window showing the fuzzy logic controller for MPPT
Three membership functions are taken with crossover points less than 0.5 for inputs:
error and change in error while taken greater than 0.5 for output duty cycle. The Matlab
windows of Figure 9, 10, and 11 show the two inputs: E (n), ΔE (n) and an output DC for
developed FLC.
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Figure 9. Matlab window showing the subsets of input E (n) (error in voltage)
Figure 10. Matlab window showing the subsets of input ΔE (n) che (change in error
in voltage)
Figure 11. Matlab window showing the output duty cycle D
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The fuzzy membership functions can be derived into a 33-rule matrix that consists
of 9 rules. The rule matrix consists divided in two forms, Antecedents displayed alongside error
and change in error followed by Consequents inside the table. Antecedents precede
consequents. Figure 12 shows the fuzzy logic rules formulated for the designed FLC.
Figure 12. Fuzzy logic rule matrix
The fuzzy logic rule-base developed using subsets of inputs [error E (n) and change in
error ΔE (n)] and output [D] by functions [N negative, Z zero, P positive] are explained in
rules as,
Rule 1: IF E (n) is N AND ΔE (n) N, THEN D is not changed.
Rule 2: IF E (n) is N AND ΔE (n) Z, THEN D is decreased (fall).
Rule 3: IF E (n) is N AND ΔE (n) P, THEN D is decreased (fall).
Rule 4: IF E (n) is Z AND ΔE (n) N, THEN D is increased (rise).
Rule 5: IF E (n) is Z AND ΔE (n) Z, THEN D is not changed.
Rule 6: IF E (n) is Z AND ΔE (n) P, THEN D is decreased (fall).
Rule 7: IF E (n) is P AND ΔE (n) N, THEN D is increased (rise).
Rule 8: IF E (n) is P AND ΔE (n) Z, THEN D is increased (rise).
Rule 9: IF E (n) is P AND ΔE (n) P, THEN D is not changed.
These nine rules are written in rule editor of the FIS and are fired when the input is
given to the controller. Based on these rules, the system works, and the implication method is
applied. The generalization or outputs obtained after the implication method are aggregated and
the defuzzification is done to find the crisp output.
Defuzzification method is applied to obtain a quantitative summary and generate crisp
output. The Defuzzification method used is the centroid method. The centroid of Gaussian
membership functions termed as fuzzy centroid is calculated. The coordinate of the centroid is
the defuzzified value and is given by equation (2.13).
(13)
where: D =Defuzzified value
µ (Dj) =Degree of membership function
Union of the membership functions is found by the MAX aggregation method. The 3D
graph is represented in Figure 13, where x-axis is marked with the input e (error in voltage) and
the y-axis is marked with the input che (change in error in voltage), while the z-axis is labeled as
the output dc (duty cycle).
(Dj)
Dj
-
(Dj)
1
1
n
j
n
j
D
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Figure 13. Matlab window showing 3D surface viewer
The Fuzzy Logic Controller so developed is incorporated with PV and converter system.
The Simulink model of designed and developed MPPT using FLC is given in Figure 14.
Figure 14. MPPT system using fuzzy logic controller
The results obtained after simulating above system for distributed conditions are
tabulated in Table 3.
Table 3. FLC Simulation for PV and Converter Subsystem Using FLC
T °C Converter output with FLC
5 20.84
10 20.86
15 20.89
20 20.97
25 21.04
30 21.05
35 21.07
40 21.08
45 21.09
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It can be seen from Table that when results are improved using FLC in converter output
(21.04V) as compared to without controller (21.01V). Figure 15 shows that appreciably good
results are obtained for MPP controlled through FLC.
Figure 15. Converter output using FLC compared with panel output
Thus, model improves performance with MPPT using FLC. This system when
incorporated in industries can serve as a boon for various utility based applications.
3. Implementation of Designed MPPT System for Applications
The developed MPPT system finds utility to serve in Uttarakhand‟s first solar city
“Marvella” planned in Haridwar. The developed MPPT system when used in project may reduce
cost and resources consumption with various applications [15-28]. These are illustrated under
following sectors:
a. Grid and Roof-top electricity distribution (GRD)
The Mini PV Grid i.e. small power generation plant producing electricity upto 10KW can
be used to light up five solar homes consuming full electricity throughout the day. The plant can
be prepared by combining 170 Solarex MSX-60W panels. When connected with MPPT, the
plant can generate electricity as per requirements within a solar home. The panels can be
mounted at the sides of home or roof-top or along windows and sheds. As long as sunlight is
available solar panels keep charging and storing energy in battery bank. The MPPT
implementation can deliver respective output under shaded or partial cloudy days. At night,
energy is retrieved back from charged batteries. Figure 16 shows how a solar powered home
with rooftop structure dependent on electrification from panels will look like.
Figure 16. Solar powered home
b. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
The designed MPPT system can serve in telecom towers required for communication
within the city. As such 450 million liters of diesel can be saved annually required by a telecom
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tower to operate upon. Furthermore, Space requirement, emissions released, Opex (operational
expenditure), Capex (Capital Expenditure), battery cost, fuel efficiency and loading usage within
a day is less for Solar as compared to other tools. Figure 17 shows “solarised telecom tower
technology” that can be integrated with system developed.
Figure 17. Solar operating mobile tower
c. Roadside lighting Devices (RLD)
RLD relates to equipments running by PV that can be worked for running smoothly on
road and parking places. These can be used in solo purposes i.e. stand alone mini emergency
lights, automatic street lights, parking sox lamps and solar projectors. They appear to be power
saving in nature as direct supply light intensity consumes higher wattage as compared to green
appliances. The MPPT system in present work delivers 21V which is capable for all appliances
operated upto 20V as detailed above.
The most common green appliances are solar lanterns, street lights, CFL‟s, Sox lamps
and power kits. These are shown in Figure 18. These devices possess characteristics like no
vibration, fast startup, longer life, easy replacement and controls for lighting without requirement
of starter or ballast. The main advantage of sox lamps are that their operating temperature
easily fixates that can be provided by controls with no filaments to burn out.
Figure 18. Solar lantern/street light/sox lamp
Other than sox lamps are solar projectors which are more advanced application of solar
used for lighting complete village along with granary. Different sets of LED‟s, RGB lighting that
can be effective in street lighting along with terrain lighting and traffic lighting too. These
projectors are constructed using multicolored LED‟s as in Figure 19. They can prove as best
alternative in shopping centers, hotels, entertainment, billboards, advertising barriers etc.
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Figure 19. Solar projectors motion sensor function
Solar city road ways lighting can be powered without interruptions using these
instruments. Theses significantly help in reducing load on direct electric supply.
d. Powered Electric Appliances (PEA)
PEA relates to equipments running by PV that can be worked for running electric
appliances. PEA operates through solar batteries, chargers, inverters and multitask operating
devices for charging mobile phones, laptops, e-readers, tubes and electronic items. Solar
chargers may overcharge and limit current if overcharged. During such condition, Solar Charge
regulators or controllers can limit fixed output when employed using MPPT system. The same is
shown in Figure 20. Another hi-tech application of charging and traveling is in Figure 21
showing solar soft rockers that are movable cabinets with chargers.
Figure 20. Solar charge controllers
Figure 21. Solar charger
An innovative product UTL (Unite to light) multiplexing many applications. UTL is a solar
powered portable lighting device much simpler in construction being superior to solar lanterns
and lighting tubes. These devices are operable with rechargeable batteries and glowing LED‟s
(Light emitting diodes). When MPPT is used and battery is charged in daytime, UTL gives good
maintenance at night. Other additional features are detachable panel and electronic power
management system. UTL is shown in Figure 22.
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Figure 22. UTL for personal lighting arrangement
By endeavors of R & D many solar appliances are innovated for solution to energy
demand-supply crisis. Various solar plug in appliance as mini coolers and refrigerators in Figure
23, can be made to operate with full efficiency using MPPT.
Figure 23. Solar powered cooler/refrigerator
Solar AC‟s and Solar Refrigeration is an adapting solution for climatic changes caused
due to CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons). Catering and household applications of solar may be done
by box type solo or community cooker that may be constructed using single or double reflector
units. In order to incorporate multitasking, baking units and solar canteens can be focused
upon. Cooking vessels using parabolic arrays provide a source of large absorption of sun rays.
Different types of solar cookers are shown in Figure 24.
Figure 24. Parabolic solar cookers
e. Solar Waster Systems (SWS)
The unpredictability of direct water supply in hilly areas creates uncertainty always as
concerns operated motors for and generator sets for water supply. Solar water pumps can be
connected for water drinking or other purposes like space heating, cooling and drying, water
desalination etc. Solar water heater uses convection process for movement of hot water in
glazing and storage tanks made from blackboard paints or GI sheets. Figure 25 shows Solar
water pumps and sprayers for a single user in domestic purposes can be used to lift up water
from underground. They can bore upto 100 meters and draw water out of grounds as in
fountains or water boring systems in field when used in Uttarakhand region.
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Figure 25. Solar water tank using motor
f. Other utility services (OUS)
Consumer product industries are focusing on solar integrated devices. Portable solar
bags with adjustable mini panels act as power units in charging mobile phones. Solar
calculators, watches, radios, headphones and alarms are being designed to meet standards of
solar uses in industry. Solar clothes with solar caps mounted with lights can serve as torches at
night. Umbrellas to capture energy in summers could be an effective application of solar
followed by litted jewelry for women in decorative industry. These novel devices can be
operated with MPPT integrated using a small chip. Some of these are shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26. Body worn solar items
It is clear that the benefits of using MPPT module includes (a) working even when
power out (b) no global warming as reduction of fossil fuels and generator sets (c) every time
shining campus (d) no risk of shocking as safe for all and (e) SMART green-clean energy
operation as they can be used for covering garbage dumps and road pits leading to better
sewage system.
For MPPT system in present work, all accessories are assembled within same module
and serve less complex structure related to orientation of system. Fuzzy intelligent controller
used in MPPT also delivers robust response comparable with SCADA (Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition systems) presently used in PV supported tools. The system serves as an
alternative to SCADA systems.
4. Conclusion and Future Work
With increase in solar PV applications, large number of small scale projects are avalible
to develop entrepreneurs contributing to “Make in India” thereby increasing economic stability.
Since energy is directly proportional to standard of living, the use of solar systems will
revolutionize PV potential to a great extent in Uttarakhand.
The developed MPPT system has been simulated for variable temperature and
irradiance conditions and delivers satisfactory response to maintain MPP. The MPPT system
can be used in utility application based systems operating on 21V or requiring 60W for stand
alone devices. By increasing number of panels wattage and load handling capability of stand
alone system can be increased.
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements may be made to all those individuals and institutions not mentioned
elsewhere in the paper but that made an important contribution.
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