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Entomology LECTURE2 (1).pptx
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- 2. Linnaean Classification System •A way to impart order to a complex environment • Species is the basic unit of biological classification • Genus represents a group of closely related species • Family represents a group of closely related genera • Order represents a group of closely related genera • Etc., etc., etc.
- 3. Insect are successfulin diversity Insects possess an amazing diversity in size, form, and behavior. Protective shell or exoskeleton, they are small, and they can fly. Small size and ability to fly permits Escape from enemies dispersal to new environments. The Ant: A Most Successful Insect
- 4. Insects arethe dominant life-form on earth. Millions may exist in a single acre of land. About one million species have been described, and there may be as many as ten times that many yet to be identified. Of all creatures on earth, insects are the main consumers of plants. Play role in the breakdown of plant and animal material Food source for many other animals Insect populations also possess considerable genetic diversity A great potential for adaptation to different or changing environments
- 5. Arthropods, and RelatedPhyla • Annelids (Segmented Worms) – Segmented bodies – No legs – Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.) • Onychophorans (Velvet Worms) – Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms – Head with eyes, rasping jaws – Unjointed ‘lobopodia’ • Arthropods
- 6. Annelids: Segmented Worms –Segmented bodies – No legs – Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.) Annelid: Earthworm Annelid: Leech Annelid: Polychaete
- 7. Onychophorans: Velvet Worms –Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms – NEMATODES ( intestinal parasites) – Head with eyes, rasping jaws – Unjointed ‘lobopodia’ Image Source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/nereid.gif Image Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-6767/Onychophoran
- 8. The Arthropod Phylum •A phylum is a major group of organisms. • Insects are a Class in the Phylum of Arthropods. • Characteristics of Arthropods Include: – Segmented Bodies – Jointed Legs – Exoskeleton – Open Circulatory System – No Backbone – Bi-lateral Symmetry
- 9. Phylogeny of Major Groups Definedby embryology Blastopore becomes anus Defined by: Exoskeleton Jointed legs Time
- 10. Major Groups ofArthropods • Class Xiphosura – Common Name: Horseshoe Crabs • Class Arachnida – Includes Scorpions, Spiders and Mites • Subphylum Mandibulata – Includes Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes • Class Insecta
- 11. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Xiphosura (Common Name: Horshoe Crabs) • No antennae • Two distinct body divisions – Body with broadly oval shell and long, slender tail – Abdomen with leaf-like gills on ventral side • First pair of appendages are chelicera • All are aquatic Image Source: http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Arthropods/Arthropod%20Images/horseshoe.GIF
- 12. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Arachnida • Two distinct body divisions • 4 pair of legs • First pair of appendages are chelicerae • No antennae Chelicerae Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- 13. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Arachnida: Order Araneida (Common Name: Spiders) • Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs • First pair of appendages are chelicerae • All possess venom glands and spinnerets • Pedipalps in male are modified for sperm Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Spinnerets Chelicerae delivery Pedipalps (male)
- 14. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Arachnida: Order: Scorpionida Common Name: Scorpions • Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs • First pair of appendages are chelicerae • Relatively large arachnids • Pedipalps are large and claw-like • Abdomen distinctly segmented, and ending in a sting • Found in arid regions in the South and West Segmented Abdomen Cephalothorax Pedipalps Sting Photo Image Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- 15. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Arachnida: Order Acarina Common Name: Ticks & Mites • Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs • First pair of appendages are chelicerae • No true head • All ticks are parasites of warm-blooded animals • Mites are abundant in the soil and debris, but may also be parasitic Photo Image Courtesy of: Virginia Cooperative Extension Service http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/spidermites.html European Red Mite Two-Spotted Spider Mite
- 16. Major Classes ofArthropods Subphylum Mandibulata, Class Crustacea Common Name: Crustaceans • Two pair of antennae • At least 5 pairs of legs • Two distinct body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen) – Cephalothorax is covered by a hardened hood (carapace) • Most are detritivores, with some predaceous habits • Most are aquatic – Lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods, sowbugs, brine shrimp (sea monkeys)
- 17. Major Classes ofArthropods Subphylum Mandibulata, Class Diplopod Common Name: Millipedes • Worm-like and cylindrical • Two pair of legs per body segment • Some secrete cyanide as a chemical defense • All are detritivores
- 18. Major Classes ofArthropods Subphylum Mandibulata, Class Chilopoda Common Name: Centipedes • Worm-like and enlongate • One pair of legs per body segment • First pair of legs is modified into poison claws (fangs) • Predaceous on insects and other small arthropods
- 19. Major Classes ofArthropods Subphylum Mandibulata, Class Symphyla Common Name: Garden Centipedes • Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs • Closely related to insects – 5 segmented head – Labium similar to insects – Bead like antennae • Can be pests of field crops Symphylan Centipede Millipede
- 20. Major Classes ofArthropods Class Insecta Common Name: Insects!!! • Most adult insects have the following characters: – All have body divided into three parts (head, thorax and abdomen) – All have three pairs of legs – Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes (a few exceptions to these characteristics are found) – Usually two pairs of wings • absent in many insects such as lice, fleas, ants; flies have one pair of wings)
- 21. Characteristics of ClassInsecta • Phylum: Arthopoda – Class: Insecta • Order: Diptera (flies) – Family: Asilidae (robber flies) Image Source: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
- 22. Phylogeny of MajorClasses
- 23. Trends History ofArthropods • Segmented tube with parapodia (Annelids) • Legs developed with muscles (Onychophora) • Segmented or jointed legs (Arthropods) • Tagmosis: division of body into specialized units (Arthropods) • Specialized leg units (Arthropods) • Loss of leg pairs (Insecta)
- 24. Module Objectives • PartI – Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. – Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II – Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects. • Part III – Discuss insect collection techniques – Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV – How to diagnose insect problems
- 25. Insect External Anatomy •3 Body Regions – Head: Sensory Center – Thorax: Locomotory Center – Abdomen: Reproductive Center Image Source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Insects/InsectAnatomy/Introduction/insectanatomy.gif Image Source: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml
- 26. Insect External Anatomy Head •Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium) – Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’ –Maxillary palp and labial palp are both part of maxillae Md = mandibles Lr=labrum Mx=maxillae Image Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/evolution-insect-mouthparts-png Chewing Piercing/ Sucking Sucking/ Lapping
- 27. Insect External Anatomy Head •Antennae (1 pair) • Compound Eyes (1 pair) • Simple Eyes or Ocelli (3 total) • Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium) – Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’ –Maxillary palp and labial palp are both part of maxillae Image Source: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/heads.gif
- 28. Insect External Anatomy Thorax •Pro-, meso- and meta-thorax – Each segment bears a pair of legs – Meso- and meta-thorax each bear a pair of wings Image Source: http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/thoraxComponents.gif
- 29. Insect External Anatomy Abdomen •Cerci and external reproductive appendages – Ovipositor in females Cerci/Pincers Ovipositor
- 30. Objectives • Part I –Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. – Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II – Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects. • Part III – Discuss insect collection techniques – Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV – How to diagnose insect problems
- 31. Insect Life Cycles •Ametabolous: no obvious difference between juveniles and adults • Hemimetabolous: nymphs look like smaller version of adult, without wings • Holometabolous: nymphs look worm like or grub like (without wings). Very different from adult appearance
- 32. Ametabolous Development • Juvenilesresemble adults, except that they are smaller • With each molt, abdominal segments are added
- 33. Hemimetabolous Development • Juveniles(called nymphs) resemble adults, except that they are smaller, and do not have wings – Development of wing buds or wing pads in later stages • With each molt, wing buds get larger
- 34. Holometabolous Development • Juveniles(called larvae) look quite different from adults – Worm like – Grub like – Caterpillar like • Pupal stage, where metamorphosis occurs • Juvenile and adult stages often feed on very different things and/or live in very different habitats
- 35. Insect Life Cycles •Juveniles – Not winged / can’t fly – Not sexually mature • Adults – Winged / can fly – Sexually mature Monarch Butterfly Potato Leafhopper Adult Monarch Butterfly Larva Potato Leafhopper Nymph No Wings Wing Pads Wings Image Sources: (Lepidoptera: http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/butterflies.aspx) (Hemiptera: http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/cropsci270/syllabus/images/0207image13.jpg) Wings
- 36. Modifications and InsectDiversity • Waxy, Rigid Cuticle • Increased number of sclerites • Tracheal structures • Dispersal by flight • High reproductive potential • Small size • Lack of competition on land • Complete metamorphosis
- 37. Insect Diversity • Mostdiverse class, order, family of organisms
- 40. Objectives • Part I –Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. – Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II – Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects. • Part III – Discuss insect collection techniques – Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV – How to diagnose insect problems
- 41. Common Insect Orders •31 Insect Orders – Most recent discovery in 2002! (Mantophasmatodea) • Orders of particular interest to gardeners include: – Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera • ‘-ptera’ means ‘wing’ (think Pteradactyl) – To ID almost all insects to order, you should look at the wings of the adults – Juvenile IDs are much more difficult
- 42. Classification of InsectOrders • Gullan and Cranston. 1994. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London. • Borror, Triplehorn and Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando. • Borror and White. 2004. Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th Edition. Brooks Cole.
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- 44. Primitive Insects • AmetabolousDevelopment • No wings (Apterygotes) • Development of eyes occurs in this group • Development of spiracles
- 45. Proturans and Diplurans •Ametabolous, No Wings • No eyes • Some breath through cuticle • Proturans: no antennae, sucking mouthparts, very small and rare, found in moist habitats • Diplurans: antennae with internal muscles, chewing mouthparts, small, uncommon, found in moist habitats. Abdomen with 11 segments and 2 cerci.
- 46. Collembola • Ametabolous, nowings • Antennae with internal muscles • Some species have eyes. Some species don’t • Abdomen has scales, collophore on 1st segment, retinaculum on 3rd segment and furcula on 4th segment • Extremely abundant in certain soil habitats (moist and with much organic debris) • Occasional pests in potted plants, greenhouses. • Important food source for many arachnids and other insects.
- 47. Thysanura (silverfish, bristletails) •Ametabolous, no wings • Antennae very long and without internal muscles • Well-developed eyes • Breath through spiracles • Abdomen with 11 segments, 3 bristly cerci • Mating rituals. • Habitats include moist, shady locations outside and hot, dry locations indoors. • Feed on starchy substances. Can be indoor pests on wallpaper, books, cereals.
- 48. Paurometabolous Insects • HemimetabolousDevelopment with a subimago or subadult stage • All are winged as adults. • Naiads are aquatic. Adults are found flying near water.
- 49. Ephemeroptera = “ShortLived Wings” Adult Characteristics • Mayflies • Adults are short lived (Vestigial mouthparts) • Nymphs are call ‘naiads’. Penultimate nymphs are called ‘subimagos’ • Fragile bodies. Weak legs. Body curved upward at the head and tip of the abdemen, when at rest. • Three caudal filaments at the end of the abdomen. • Adult swarms can be a nuisance
- 50. Ephemeroptera = “ShortLived Wings” Naiad Characteristics • Naiads emerge as adults in large swarms, for a short mating period. • Naiad antennae are short, bristle-like. • Naids live 1-2 years in the water, with many (30+) molts. • 7 pair of abdominal gills.
- 51. Odonata = ‘toothwing’ Adult Characteristics • Dragonflies and damselflies • Adults have 2 pair of membraneous, elongate wings, with many crossveins. • Chewing mouthparts. • Dragonflies hold wings horizontal, at rest. Damselfly wings are folded over abdomen, upright, when at rest. • Long, thin abdomen. • Adults patrol over streams, ponds, an dother aquatic habitats. • All are predaceous.
- 52. Odonata = ‘toothwing’ Naiad Characteristics • Highly modified and hinged labium – Highly predaceous. • Dragonflies have rectal gills. • Damselflies have tracheal gills.
- 53. Hemimetabolous Insects • HemimetabolousDevelopment • Most are winged – Those without wings represent a secondary loss of wings (e.g. aphids, scales
- 54. Orthoptera = ‘Straightwing’ Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets • Two pair of wings. First pair is a leathery tegmina. Second pair is membraneous and fanlike. • Chewing mouthparts. • Can be found in a variety of habitats – old fields, woodland, households • Some are extremely destructive pests to cultivated crops
- 55. Dermaptera = “SkinWing” s Earwigs • Two pairs of wings – Forewings short, square and veinles • Leathery tegmina – Hindwings fanlike • Hemimetabolous Development • Biting mouthparts – Scavenge plant and animal matter • Distinct Characteristics – Cerci form pincers • Color – Pale brown to black, – Temporarily white and cream after moulting • Abdomen is uncovered and very flexible • Distribution – 1,800 species – World-wide – Ground dwelling, in crevices Cerci/Pincers Flexible Abdomen Leathery Forewing
- 56. Isoptera = ‘SameWing’ Termites • Two pair of wings. Few cross veins. Wings longer than body. • Eusocial. – Reproductive division of labor. Castes. Cooperative care of young. • Only reproductive caste has wings, and only near the time of nuptial flight. • Live in ground or in wood. • Many are pests of buildings. Most are beneficial, because they recycle nutrients from dead trees and other plant materials.
- 57. Plecoptera = ‘Foldedwing’ Stoneflies • Two pair of wings. Both membraneous. Hind pair folds fan like under front wings. – Wings folded flat over abdomen • Chewing mouthparts (reduced in some species) • Long, slender antennae • Adults and naiads have 2 cerci at apex of abdomen • Adults on vegetation near water. Naiads prefer cold, well- oxygenated, water habitats. • Naiads are an important prey and predator component of aquatic food chains.
- 58. Thysanoptera = ‘fringewings’ • 2 pairs of tiny, feather-like wings • Small 0.5 - 15mm long • Mouthparts adapted for piercing and are highly asymmetric • Color: Y ellow, brown or black • Very narrow body • Prominent compound eyes Adult Thrips Adult Thrips Fringe Wings
- 59. Hemiptera = ‘HalfWing’ • 2 pairs of wings (some species wingless) – Forewings generally hardened to some extent • 1mm - 100mm long • Mouthparts suctorial and developed for piercing – Cibarial pump – Most vegetarian or omnivorous. – Some strictly carnivorous species • Most are terrestrial, plant feeders (or omnivores). A few families are aquatic. A few families are predaceous.
- 60. Hemiptera = ‘HalfWing’ Suborder Heteroptera • Two sets of wings: Wings folded flat over the body at rest – Forewings divided into two regions of different textures – Hindwings membraneous and held under forewings, at rest • Scutellum (triangle) on thorax • Head projects horizontally and is visible from above – Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts Leathery part of forewing Membraneous part of forewing Scutellum Leathery part of forewing Scutellum
- 61. Hemiptera = ‘HalfWing’ • Two sets of wings – Forewings are of uniform texture (all membraneous or leathery) – Hindwings are membraneous – Wings are held like a roof over the back • Head deflected backwards – Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts Suborder Homoptera
- 62. Psocoptera Book and BarkLice • Wings present or absent. • If, present, 2 pair of membraneous wings, with reduced veination. • Forewing larger than hindwing, and held roof like over body at rest. • Small (<5mm in length) • Enlarged face. • Some species are pests that damage books (feed on starchy bindings).
- 63. Mallophaga / Anoplura Chewingand Sucking Lice • Mallophaga = chewing mouthparts – Head wider than thorax – Many are important pests of livestock • Anoplura = sucking mouthparts – Head is usually narrower than thorax – Includes species that are parasitic to humans • Minute (<4mm in length) • Body dorso-ventrally flattened • Tarsal claws
- 64. Holometabolous Insects • HolometabolousDevelopment • Most are winged – Those without wings represent a secondary loss of wings (e.g. velvet ants, ants)
- 65. Coleoptera = “sheathwing” • Two pairs of wings – Forewings (elytra) are veinless, toughened and horny, covering the entire abdomen and meeting at the midline – Hindwings are membranous • Prothorax is large, and covered by the pronotum • Chewing mouthparts • Distribution – More than 300,000 species – World-wide – Habitats: from deserts to tropical regions, mainly ground dwelling and in vegetation, some aquatic – Feed on most solids, including crops, timber, pepper and dry bone
- 66. Neuroptera = ‘NerveWing’ Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings • Two pairs of membranous wings – Dense network of cross veins on wings – Prominent vein forks at wing margins • Holometabolous Development • Chewing mouthparts – Predators of smaller insects and pollen-eaters • Distribution – 6,000 species – World-wide, although families are more restricted – Vegetation, ground debris, in woodlands, sandy soils Antlion Larva Antlion Larval Pits Antlion Adult Cross Veins on Forewings Chewing Mouthparts
- 67. Megaloptera = ‘BigWing’ Alderflies and Dobson flies • Two pairs of membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a nerve network) – Numerous cross veins between costa and subcosta veins – Hindwing a bit wider at base than forewing – Anal area of hindwing folded fanlike at rest • Chewing mouthparts • Prognathous head with large mandibles (sexually dimorphic) • Larvae (i.e. hellgrammites) with abdominal tracheal gills and anal prolegs • Larvae of Dobsonflies are often used as fish bait.
- 68. Raphidioptera Snakeflies • Two pairsof membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a nerve network) – Numerous cross veins between costa and subcosta veins – Forewing contains a sitgma • Chewing mouthparts • Prothorax elongate • Front legs rise from the posterior end of the prothorax, and are similar to other legs (not raptorial)
- 69. Lepidoptera = ‘ScaleWing’ • Two pairs of membranous wings – Both pairs covered in minute scales of various colours • Mouthparts mainly suctorial, with proboscis – Feed on liquids, usually nectar. – Mud-puddling behavior – Some drink tears, urine, and even blood • Holometabolous • Distribution – 20,000 species – Associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms Mud Puddling Nectaring
- 71. Siphonaptera = ‘NoWing’ Fleas • Wingless • Piercing, sucking mouthparts – (obligate blood feeders) • Laterally flattened • Hindlegs adapted for jumping • Pro-notal comb • Larvae worm-like
- 72. Hymenoptera = ‘MembraneousWing’ • Two pairs of membranous wings – Hind wings much smaller than forewings • Biting mouthparts (except bees) – Predators, herbivores and nectar feeders • Distribution – Over 100,000 species – Habitats: from woodland to desert • Social Systems in Hymenoptera – Create own nests – Young are provisioned to varying degrees by parents / other adults
- 73. Hymenoptera = ‘MembraneousWing’ • Suborder Symphyta – No typical wasp-waist – Hold wings flat over the body
- 74. Hymenoptera = ‘MembraneousWing’ • Suborder Apocrita – Wasp waist – Have wingless castes – Divided into two groups, the Parasitica and Aculeata (Social wasps)
- 75. Diptera = ‘twowings’ • One pair of wings – Membranous forewings used for flight – Hindwings form small stick-like halteres • Suctorial mouthparts • No cerci on the abdomen • Distribution – Mainly associated with flowers and decaying organic matter – Feed on vegetation and organic matter, some blood feeders and ectoparasites, some species do not feed at all as adults – Over 100,000 species,
- 76. Diptera = ‘twowings’ • Suborder Nematocera • Small, delicate insects • Slender, many segmented antennae, with no arista • No distal cell in the wing, open anal cell widens towards the wing margin • Larvae have prominent, biting jaws
- 77. Diptera = ‘twowings’ • Suborder brachycera • Stout flies • Antennae 3-segmented, shorter than the thorax, may have terminal arista • Discal cell not always present • Larvae have reduced jaws which can be retracted into the head
- 78. Diptera = ‘twowings’ • Suborder Cyclorrapha • Stout flies • Antennae non-prominent, 3 segmented and pendulous, bristle from dorsal surface • Circular seam on head • Larvae are maggot-like, with no visible jaws
- 79. Module Objectives • PartI – Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. – Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II – Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Part III – Discuss insect collection techniques – Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV – How to diagnose insect problems
- 80. Collecting Insects inGardens Baby Food Jars Water Pan Traps
- 84. Impact of PolylecticPollinators on Ornamental Invasives • Exotic plants are often less subject to damage from insect herbivores • Exotic plants are not discriminated against by insect pollinators
- 85. Collecting Insects inGardens Pitfall Traps
- 86. Collecting Insects inGardens Light Traps
- 87. Collecting Insects inGardens Nets and Vacuums
- 88. Date / Locality CollectingMethod or Plant from which Insect was Collected Determination Label (Including who ID’d the specimen) Pinning and Labelling Where to Pin, by Order
- 90. Module Objectives • PartI – Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. – Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II – Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Part III – Discuss insect collection techniques – Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV – How to diagnose insect problems
- 91. Diagnosing Insect Problems •Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a photo • Get a sample of the ‘insect’ • Get a sample of the damage • Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect • Is it an adult or a juvenile? • Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for juveniles) • What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there 2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body, or tent like over the body? • Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of damage being reported?
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- 94. External Feeding Guilds ChewersMesophyll Feeder
- 100. Closing Remarks • Insectsare cool! Most are innocuous to humans. Many are beneficial. Relatively few are pests (but these pests make their presence known!). • Work your way through a standard set of questions, when ID’ing insects to order.