The document discusses the need for measuring progress in agriculture based on growth in farm family incomes rather than just increases in food grain production. It notes that the number of people depending on agriculture has declined from 69.43% to 54.6% over 60 years in India but that farming remains the primary livelihood for many. Ensuring income security for agricultural households is important given stagnating farm incomes, rising costs of cultivation, and the limited employment growth in other sectors attracting those leaving farming. A basket of measures is needed, including fair prices, reduced costs, farmer collectives, credit, insurance and bonus programs for ecological/rainfed farming to boost farm incomes.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
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Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
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The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
It gives an outlook to the position of Indian farmers and indian agriculture . It provides an idea about the measures that can be adopted in order to double thefarmers' income by 2022.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
Doubling Farmers’ Income through animal agriculture: Need for policy changeILRI
Presented by Habibur Rahman, Vijayalakshmy Kennady and Braja B Swain (ILRI), at the International Conference on Doubling the Farmers Income, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India, 27–28 February 2019
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
It gives an outlook to the position of Indian farmers and indian agriculture . It provides an idea about the measures that can be adopted in order to double thefarmers' income by 2022.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
Jonathan Brooks
POLICY SEMINAR
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: Reforming Agricultural Policies to Support Food Systems Transformation
Co-organized by IFPRI, Indian Council for International Economic Research (ICRIER) and Academy of Global Food Economics and Policy, China Agricultural University
JUL 7, 2021 - 09:30 AM TO 11:00 AM EDT
The Brussels Development Briefing n.60 on “The future of food and agricultural transformation” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and CONCORD was held on Wednesday 26 February 2020 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels.
The briefing presented trends and discussed the sustainable and healthy food systems, the future of work in agriculture and the need for new skills in very complex food chains, the effects of disruptive innovations, fair and inclusive value chains and trade.
The audience was made up of ACP-EU policy-makers and representatives of the EU Member States, civil society groups, research networks and development practitioners, the private sector and international organisations based in Brussels as well as representatives from ACP regional organisations.
The Decline of Farming in Iowa: Part 2: Farmer ImpactsBrad Wilson
In Part 1 we looked at the decline in the diversity of crops and livestock in Iowa as a result of the lowering and eliminating of minimum farm Price Floor programs, with an eye to environmental impacts. Here we look at Census of Agriculture data on farm operators, to see how the macro reductions in farm income impacted these statistics. Especially important here are statistics on the decline of "farming" as the primary occupation of farmers, increases in the number of days worked off the farm, and increases in the proportion of farm household income from non-farm sources. These are all changes that are found in surviving farmers, and they reflect coping strategies for dealing with the huge declines in farm income resulting from Congress's reduction and elimination of minimum farm Price Floor and Supply Management policies and programs. Among the consequences of these changes is that the surviving farmers were left with much less labor for doing the farming, even as they had much more capital available, relative to the amount of income from farming itself. This too changed farming in ways that damaged the environment, damaged rural communities, and further damaged the farm economy.
Examination of the design and funding of federal agricultural policies, focusing on Farm Bill law within a context of the contemporary economic and political environment.
presentation made at International Organic Farming Conference organised at Katmandu, Nepal from 14-15th May, 2019
Organised by High Level Task force on Organic Farming in Nepal
141028 open access to agricultural knowledge for inclusive growthRamanjaneyulu GV
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
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• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Ensuring Income Security for Agriculture Households
1. Progress in agriculture should be measured by the growth rate in the
net income of farm families... moving away from an attitude which
measures progress only in millions of tonnes of food-grains and other
farm commodities.
-National Policy for Farmers, approved by Government of India in 2007.
Ensuring Income Security RA MA NJA NEYULU
KIRA N VISSA
for Agricultural Households
2. PEOPLE DEPENDING ON
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Indian Census 1951-2011
300
(People in Million) (% of workers)
54.6%
58.03%
250
58.99%
200
69.47%
150
69.43%
100
50
69.68%
31.5
16.69%
47.5
26.33%
27.3
19.5%
69.9
99.6
78.2
60.51%
74.6
55.5
22.69%
92.5
106.1
26.38%
144.3
29.96%
23.75%
110.7
127.31
118.7
49.93%
52.78%
43.35%
37.82%
35.24%
31.65%
24.64%
1951
0
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Cultivators
•
•
Agriculture labour
People depending on agriculture has come down from 69.43% to 54.6% in last 60yrs
For the first time the number of cultivators is lower than agriculture workers both in proportion and absolute
numbers
• Between 2001-2011 about 86.10 lakh people have left farming in India which is about 2358/day
• In 2011 main cultivators (depending on farm income for more than 6 months) are only 95.8 m which is
about 8% of Indian population)
Source: Census of India 1951-2011
http://www.agrariancrisis.in
4. THE CRISIS
Increasing costs of cultivation
Increasing living costs
Decreasing subsidies
Un remunerative prices
5. Income and Expenditure of farmers
Land holding Category
(acre)
Total
Income
(Rs/month)
Expenditure
(Rs/month)
Percent of
farmers
<0.02
Landless
1380
2297
36 %
0.02 - 1.0
Sub marginal
1633
2390
1.0 - 2.5
Marginal
1809
2672
31 %
2.5 - 5.0
Small
2493
3148
17 %
5.0 - 10.0
Semi-medium
3589
3685
10 %
10.0 - 20.0
Medium
5681
4626
6%
>20.0
Large
9667
6418
Total
2115
2770
Source: Arjun Sen Gupta Commission (NCEUS), 2007
All farmers
6. FA RM INCOMES: CONTINUING
PROBLEM
Incomes of farmers have stagnated or declined; while living
costs have increased enormously
Disparity between agricultural incomes and other sectors
has widened; Rs. 5511 per month for average farmer but
Rs. 10,658 is starting salary of Class IV rural employee;
Incomes are precarious; Risk has increased
Variation of incomes based on landholding class is stark;
therefore equity issues need to be addressed
W
here do the farmers go? To other sectors?
7. WHERE DO THEY GO?
From 2004-05 to 2009-10, only 2 million additional employment was generated but
55 million were added to working age population!
25.1 million people lost their self-employment
Increase in the number of casual workers by 21.9 million, while growth in the number
of regular workers nearly halved between 2004-05 and 2009-10, compared with the
previous 5 year period.
Sector-wise employment (millions)
Sector
2004-05
2009-10
Difference
Agriculture
258.93
243.21
-15.71
Manufacturing
55.77
48.54
-7.23
Services
112.81
112.33
-0.48
Non-Manufacturing
(construction)
29.96
56.10
26.14
TOTAL
457.46
460.18
2.72
10. WHY FOCUS ON INCOME SECURITY?
Large section of population derives its livelihood from
agriculture and will continue to, in foreseeable future.
Non-agriculture employment generation has been poor.
With secure incomes, we will see better diversification
of occupations, rather than distress migration.
Experience of other countries shows: unless growth
model improves farm incomes, growth is not povertyreducing.
Since Food Security is a national priority, a minimum
Income Security for food producers should also be.
Precarious nature of farm incomes needs to be directly
addressed; a measure of stability and security is
11. WHY FOCUS ON INCOME SECURITY?
National Policy for Farmers: “There is a need to focus
more on the economic well-being of the farmers, rather
than just on production... The aim of the Policy is,
therefore, to stimulate attitudes and actions which should
result in assessing agricultural progress in terms of
improvement in the income of farm families, not only to
meet their consumption requirements but also to
enhance their capacity to invest in farm related
activities.”
Let us look at it in the framework of “Peasants’ Rights”.
Even the UN is talking about it now.
12. FA RMER INCOMES FOCUS IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
Across the world governments have adopted basket of measures to ensure
income security to farmers with twin objectives
a.To ensure parity of incomes between agriculture sector/ farmers and other
sectors/ non-farmers, and thereby ensure equality and justice in the society
b.To ensure food production and food self sufficiency
Some of the popular models are
1.Decoupled Income Support: Support for farmers that is not linked to (is decoupled from)
prices or production. As WTO has brought in restrictions on trade distorting subsidies and
Direct Income Support comes under the blue box subsidies. Some of the countries which have
adopting this model are USA, China, Australia, Korea, Japan
2.Payments for Ecosystem Services/conservation subsidies: Payments made to farmers for
maintaining the ecosystem, conservation of natural landscapes, environmental friendly
production etc. e.g. USA, Switzerland, Korea, Japan, Malaysia
3.Payments for less favoured areas: like rainfed areas, hilly terrains etc. eg. Korea
4.Productivity bonuses and Price Compensations: Support to farmers beyond the market
price. E.g Malaysia, USA, Japan, Korea, EU, USA, Switzerland
13. OUTLINE OF INCOME SECURITY
POLICY
Farmers Income Commission: Mandate is to ensure minimum
living income to all agricultural families. Assesses real net
incomes of farm families across India. Possibly develop a
Farmers’ Income Index. Makes specific recommendations to
achieve minimum income.
Synergy among farmer support systems: Recommendations
cover many income-enhancing measures (prices, insurance,
credit, low-cost agriculture etc). Instead of working separately,
they will be geared to meet the common mandate of farmer
incomes
Accountability: Places accountability on the government to
ensure that all the thousands of crores spent in the name of
farmers actually results in better incomes
14. INCOME SECURITY POLICY (CONTD.)
Real cultivators and workers: System covers real cultivators
and agricultural workers – not absentee landlords. A
differentiated approach may be needed to assess incomes of
different sections.
Inbuilt Equity principle: Since per-family minimum income is
assured, there is equity principle built into it. E. g . A 3-acre
family might fall below income threshold but 10 acre farmer is
not likely to. Most other support measures are proportional to
acreage.
Not a single ‘silver bullet’ solution: Should not be seen as a
silver bullet to address all problems. Land rights, land reforms,
rights over seeds, ecologically sustainable agriculture form
other dimensions that should all be pursued. Income Security
system should be designed to go hand in hand with those.
15. FA RMERS INCOME
COMMISSION
Farmers Income Commission as a statutory
body which examines the real income of
farmers every year across the states.
Make specific recommendations to ensure that
agricultural families are assured a minimum
income level
Based on shortfall over 3-year period, determines
Farmers Income Guarantee payment to be paid to
cultivators – possibly with slabs. This can be
determined at aggregate level, based on an
Income Index. This is periodically revised based on
new data.
16. BA SKET OF MEA SURES FOR FA RMER
INCOMES
Pricing policy including MSPs should be strengthened.
Price Guarantee system (or Deficiency Price Payments)
should be used – applying to all 25 crops,independent of
procurement
Reduce Cost of Cultivation – promote low-cost methods
Farmer collectives for production, marketing, processing
– with farmers getting bigger share of value chain
Access to timely credit at low interest
Crop insurance & Disaster Compensation
Producer Bonus for ecological farmers & rainfed
agriculture
17. Price Guarantee system
• A crop-wise Minimum Target Price (MTP) is determined,
which is remunerative to the farmer
• If average Farm Harvest Price is less than MTP, the
difference should be paid to the cultivator
• This provision is for all food crops in the MSP regime
• Payment is calculated based on district-level or taluklevel averages of the FHP and yield
• Should benefit actual cultivator, including tenants and
sharecroppers
19. QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED
How to identify real cultivators including tenant farmers
and sharecroppers
How the income is assessed. We have experience with
situational assessment and different income studies.
What should be the minimum income level
Budgetary implications
How to ensure that it doesn’t lead to control of agriculture
goes to corporate agriculture and large farmers
22. COMPA RISION OF COSTS A ND MSP
(A .P.)
Crop
Avg Market
Price
Paddy
Cost/
quintal Recommended
(AP govt
MSP
est.)
1341
1250
Jowar
1302
1500
1400
Maize
1229
1175
1244
Tur Dal
4044
4000
3826
Groundnut
3695
3700
4678
Sunflower
3706
3700
3650
Cotton
4239
3600
3884
Urad Dal
3696
4300
4103
Source: CACP Kharif Price Report,, 2012-13
1300
23. Price Guarantee system
• A crop-wise Minimum Target Price (MTP) is determined,
which is remunerative to the farmer
• If average Farm Harvest Price is less than MTP, the
difference should be paid to the cultivator
• This provision is for all food crops in the MSP regime
• Payment is calculated based on district-level or taluklevel averages of the FHP and yield
• Should benefit actual cultivator, including tenants and
sharecroppers
25. REDUCE INPUT COSTS – PROMOTE LOW-COST
MODELS
Sustainable models with low input costs should be
promoted which make best use of locally resources for
seed, soil fertility and pest management and reduce
the dependence on high-cost inputs
These reduce the risk of losses for the farmer,
especially suitable for small and marginal farmers to
get out of debt and distress induced by high-input
high-risk methods
Shift from high-input model should be promoted by
comprehensive programmatic approach by
government with incentives and support systems
26. Institutional & Infrastructure Support
• Farmer institutions for collectively negotiating the
markets, planning and strengthening production systems
• Systematic measures strengthening farmers' holding
capacity and negotiating power with markets:
• Godowns, cold storage at village and cluster-level
• Processing units at cluster-level
• Effective implementation of warehouse receipts
• Reliable institutional credit to cover 80% of farm loans
• Procurement directly from farmers at village level
• Integrated support systems for livestock, cropping,
dairy
27. REDUCE INPUT COSTS - RECA ST
SUBSIDIES
Recast chemical fertilizer subsidy
Recast fertilizer subsidy to include farmer-made organic inputs
Rs. 5000/ha as soil nutrient subsidy could be used for own inputs
Labour subsidy
Subsidize Farm labor by for 50 days/ha at Rs. 120 per day (pegged to
NREGS wages), for own or hired labour
This is in addition to the 100-day NREGS work guarantee
Completion of work to be certified by joint farmer-worker group
Payment to be made to workers using same NREGS mechanism
Workers can negotiate additional payment from farmer
Brings down costs of cultivation by Rs. 6000/ha
Seed subsidy to include farmer’s own seed
28. DISASTER RELIEF AND
CROP INSURANCE
• Loss of crop and livestock due to natural
disasters is a major cause for
indebtedness and destitution
• Timely and adequate compensation for
crop loss (Rs.10,000 per acre) and
livestock loss
• Measures to protect crop and livestock
during impending or ongoing disaster
situation
• Effective crop insurance which should be
available for all farmers for all crops
29. COMPREHENSIVE
SOCIAL SECURITY
• A strong social security system should be in place
to provide health-care, pensions and accident/life
insurance for all agricultural workers and farmers
• Education system and other rural amenities
should be strengthened so that it is attractive for
future generations to remain in the rural areas
30. QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED
How to identify real cultivators including tenant farmers
and sharecroppers
How the income is assessed. We have experience with
situational assessment and different income studies.
What should be the minimum income level
Budgetary implications
How to ensure that it doesn’t lead to control of
agriculture goes to corporate agriculture and large
farmers
31. PRICE GUA RA NTEE
(OR “DEFICIENCY PRICE PA YMENT”)
Farmers Income
Security
32. LIMITA TIONS OF MSP SYSTEM
Despite longstanding demands of farmer unions & Farmers
Commission recommendations, MSPs remain inadequate
Paddy official C2 estimate in AP is Rs.1700. As per NFC ,
MSP should be Rs.2500 but is it realistic to expect?
Food inflation concerns dominate government decision; e . g .
Mahendra Dev quotes analysis that higher MSPs adversely
impacts poverty reduction (Parikh, 2003).
(10% MSP increase leads to 0.33% GDP decline, 1.5% API increase,
etc.)
MSP system mainly benefits farmers who sell major portion
to the market and who can hold the stock
No accountability for govt to ensure market intervention
33. Price Guarantee system
• A crop-wise Minimum Target Price (MTP) is determined,
which is remunerative to the farmer
• If average Farm Harvest Price is less than MTP, the
difference should be paid to the cultivator
• This provision is for all food crops in the MSP regime
• Payment is calculated based on district-level or taluklevel averages of the FHP and yield
• Should benefit actual cultivator, including tenants and
sharecroppers
36. Price Compensation: Operational Details
• For each cultivator, record which crop and how much
area, at start of season (cross-checked during season)
• Take Production and Yield numbers at district or Taluk
level. (Already exists at district level)
• Take Weighted average Farm Harvest Prices FHP
(already maintained for each market in each district)
• If FHP < MTP, calculate Price Compensation,
PC = MTP - FHP for each crop for each district/taluk
• Per-acre compensation = PC x Ave. Yield
• Paid directly to the actual cultivator
37. Advantages of the system
• Introduces clear accountability with the government. For
example, if govt doesn’t effectively do market
intervention, then they will have to pay the bill!
• There is also incentive for government to ensure
reduction in cost of cultivation, etc.
• This will benefit farmer without directly impacting market
price
• It will also benefit small farmers who might not sell much
in the market
• In practice, in a given state in a given year, a few crops
may get compensation, and it may vary from year to year
38. Price Compensation: Operational Issues
• Timely payment should be made for each season
• Target price need not have standard formula (C2+50%).
• System should be in place for recording tenants and
sharecroppers (eg. Loan Eligibility Card in AP)
• Village level system for recording crop areas exists in
principle. Needs improvements?
• For multi-crop system, we can only record main crop
• Area, Production, Yield data already maintained per
district basis. Needs improvements?
• Mode of payment – direct to cultivator, through village
panchayat or post-office like NREGS cardholders