This document discusses testing procedures for asphalt binders, including both traditional tests and performance-based tests developed through the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). It describes tests that characterize asphalt at high, intermediate, and low temperatures to simulate pavement performance. Key tests include rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheometry, bending beam rheometry, and direct tension testing on short-term aged and long-term aged binder residues. Specifications are based on performance criteria rather than empirical properties.
The document provides information on different types of bitumen and bitumen modification. It discusses natural bitumen, artificial bitumen including straight run bitumen and blown bitumen. It also describes cut back bitumen, emulsions, and modified bitumens including crumb rubber modified bitumen, natural rubber modified bitumen, and polymer modified bitumen. The document lists the advantages of modified bitumens and guidelines for their use. It provides details on consistency tests, performance tests, and grades of different modified bitumens.
This document describes a test to determine the ductility of bitumen. The test involves pulling a standardized briquette sample of the bitumen material at a constant speed and temperature until it ruptures. The distance the sample elongates before breaking is measured and provides a measure of the material's ductility. A higher ductility indicates the material is less brittle and more capable of stretching before failure. The test is important for engineers to evaluate whether a bitumen material is suitable for use in paving applications where ductility is required to prevent cracking.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the softening point of an unknown bitumen sample using the ring and ball apparatus. The experiment involved preparing the bitumen sample in brass rings and determining the temperature at which the sample touched the base plate as it was heated in a liquid bath. The mean of two recorded temperatures was taken as the softening point. The sample's softening point was then reported and compared to standard values. Primary uses of asphalt include road construction, crack filler, waterproofing and roof sealing.
The document summarizes an experiment to determine the penetration of a bitumen sample using a standard test method. The objective was to examine the consistency of the bitumen sample by measuring its penetration under specified temperature, load, and time conditions. Three penetration readings were taken and averaged to report the penetration of the sample. Factors like temperature fluctuations during the test could explain differences between readings. Asphalt is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, with lesser amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
The document discusses various tests conducted on bitumen, including penetration tests to determine hardness, ductility tests to measure adhesion and ability to stretch, viscosity tests to measure resistance to flow, softening point tests using a ring and ball to determine temperature susceptibility, and flash and fire point tests to identify ignition temperatures. In total, nine different tests are outlined that examine key properties of bitumen like hardness, adhesion, flow resistance, temperature performance, and ignition points.
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
This document discusses the penetration test used to measure the consistency of asphalt cement. It describes how the test is conducted by loading a standard needle into an asphalt cement sample submerged in a water bath at 77°F for 5 seconds. The penetration reading is recorded in 1/10 mm units and repeated three times to get the average. Higher penetration values indicate softer asphalt grades. Five standard penetration grades - 40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, 200-300 - are used to classify asphalt cement based on this test.
Sampling of cement ,Consistency test no cement ,Initial and final setting tim...Mayur Rahangdale
This document discusses sampling and testing of cement. It explains that sampling is important to ensure quality of construction materials like cement. It describes different types of sampling for cement including process inspection, lot inspection, and sampling from conveyors, bulk storage, ships, wagons and bags. It provides details on the procedures and equipment used for each sampling method. The document also discusses various tests conducted on cement samples in the lab and field to check properties like consistency, setting time, strength, soundness and composition. Specific test methods like the consistency test and determination of setting times are explained in detail.
The document provides information on different types of bitumen and bitumen modification. It discusses natural bitumen, artificial bitumen including straight run bitumen and blown bitumen. It also describes cut back bitumen, emulsions, and modified bitumens including crumb rubber modified bitumen, natural rubber modified bitumen, and polymer modified bitumen. The document lists the advantages of modified bitumens and guidelines for their use. It provides details on consistency tests, performance tests, and grades of different modified bitumens.
This document describes a test to determine the ductility of bitumen. The test involves pulling a standardized briquette sample of the bitumen material at a constant speed and temperature until it ruptures. The distance the sample elongates before breaking is measured and provides a measure of the material's ductility. A higher ductility indicates the material is less brittle and more capable of stretching before failure. The test is important for engineers to evaluate whether a bitumen material is suitable for use in paving applications where ductility is required to prevent cracking.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the softening point of an unknown bitumen sample using the ring and ball apparatus. The experiment involved preparing the bitumen sample in brass rings and determining the temperature at which the sample touched the base plate as it was heated in a liquid bath. The mean of two recorded temperatures was taken as the softening point. The sample's softening point was then reported and compared to standard values. Primary uses of asphalt include road construction, crack filler, waterproofing and roof sealing.
The document summarizes an experiment to determine the penetration of a bitumen sample using a standard test method. The objective was to examine the consistency of the bitumen sample by measuring its penetration under specified temperature, load, and time conditions. Three penetration readings were taken and averaged to report the penetration of the sample. Factors like temperature fluctuations during the test could explain differences between readings. Asphalt is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, with lesser amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
The document discusses various tests conducted on bitumen, including penetration tests to determine hardness, ductility tests to measure adhesion and ability to stretch, viscosity tests to measure resistance to flow, softening point tests using a ring and ball to determine temperature susceptibility, and flash and fire point tests to identify ignition temperatures. In total, nine different tests are outlined that examine key properties of bitumen like hardness, adhesion, flow resistance, temperature performance, and ignition points.
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
This document discusses the penetration test used to measure the consistency of asphalt cement. It describes how the test is conducted by loading a standard needle into an asphalt cement sample submerged in a water bath at 77°F for 5 seconds. The penetration reading is recorded in 1/10 mm units and repeated three times to get the average. Higher penetration values indicate softer asphalt grades. Five standard penetration grades - 40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, 200-300 - are used to classify asphalt cement based on this test.
Sampling of cement ,Consistency test no cement ,Initial and final setting tim...Mayur Rahangdale
This document discusses sampling and testing of cement. It explains that sampling is important to ensure quality of construction materials like cement. It describes different types of sampling for cement including process inspection, lot inspection, and sampling from conveyors, bulk storage, ships, wagons and bags. It provides details on the procedures and equipment used for each sampling method. The document also discusses various tests conducted on cement samples in the lab and field to check properties like consistency, setting time, strength, soundness and composition. Specific test methods like the consistency test and determination of setting times are explained in detail.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
The document provides details on laboratory tests performed on cement and aggregates to determine their quality parameters. It describes procedures for determining the compressive strength, fineness, and setting time of cement. It also outlines tests to find the water absorption, impact value, abrasion value, flakiness index, and elongation index of aggregates used in construction. The tests are conducted according to Indian standards and provide important information about the strength and properties of materials used.
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
This document describes a penetration test performed on bituminous materials to determine consistency. The test involves vertically penetrating samples of the material with a standard needle under controlled conditions and measuring the penetration distance. Bitumen is characterized based on penetration grades like 30/40 and 40/50, with higher values indicating softer consistency. The document outlines the test apparatus, sample preparation process, testing procedure, and results, noting a mean penetration value of 37.37mm for the tested sample.
This document summarizes ASTM D 482, a standard test method for determining the ash content in petroleum products. It involves igniting a sample to burn off all carbonaceous material, leaving only ash. The ash is then heated to 775°C to ensure all carbon is removed. The percentage of ash is calculated by dividing the mass of ash by the original sample mass. The test is used to check for undesirable impurities or contaminants in petroleum products and ensure suitability for applications. Quality control procedures include analyzing quality control samples to confirm instrument and test procedure performance.
The document provides details on various tests conducted on highway materials and soils, including aggregate impact value testing, water content determination, consistency limits testing, rebound hammer testing, and sand replacement testing. It describes the objectives, apparatus, procedures, observations, and calculations for each test. The tests are used to evaluate the properties and suitability of aggregates, soils, and concrete for use in highway and road construction projects.
This ppt is about the cold mix asphalt. Some of its advantages and disadvantages over hot mix asphalt. Also some discussion about the test conducted on the cold mix asphalt and the result of it. And also discuss about the conclusion of above.
Presentation on Determination of Penetration & Specific Gravity Test of BitumenAbu Taher
Group 8 conducted experiments to determine the penetration and specific gravity of bitumen. They found that the bitumen sample had a penetration of 30.67 mm, indicating it was a grade 30-40 bitumen suitable for road construction in warmer regions like Bangladesh. The specific gravity was determined to be 1.027, close to the expected range of 1.03-1.06 for bituminous material. In conclusion, the sample's properties met specifications for use in road construction.
This document describes a procedure for measuring the melt flow index (MFI) of various polymer samples using an extrusion plastometer. The MFI is a measure of viscosity and molecular weight, with higher MFI indicating lower viscosity and molecular weight. Samples of polystyrene, ABS, and three grades of polypropylene are tested under different temperature and load conditions. The procedure involves heating samples in the plastometer, applying a load to extrude the melt, and weighing extrudate collected over time to calculate the MFI. Questions address trends in MFI values and how properties vary between polymers and polymer grades.
This document discusses mud filtration experiments. It aims to monitor the rate of fluid loss from a filter press under controlled conditions and measure the thickness of residue deposited on the filter paper. Filtration properties are important for understanding invasion into porous formations and filter cake buildup on wellbores. The experiment uses a standard filter press to test mud samples under static and dynamic filtration conditions at varying temperatures and pressures. Results like fluid loss volume and filter cake thickness indicate how much water/oil wetting and permeability damage may occur in formations. Formation damage can reduce productivity and is affected by factors like filter cake properties, filtrate invasion, and drilling/completion operations.
This laboratory report examines the properties of admixtures (super plasticizers) used in concrete, including solid content, rheological properties, and chloride content. Various tests were performed on the admixtures to determine these properties, such as marsh cone tests to evaluate rheological properties, ash content tests to determine solid content, and chloride content tests. The report summarizes the results of these tests, such as an average ash content of 4.95% and a chloride content of 0.0237% for the specific admixture tested. Compressive strength tests on concrete cubes yielded an average compressive strength of 205.2 kg/cm2.
1. The document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the fineness of cement using Blaine's air permeability test.
2. The test involves measuring the time taken for a manometer liquid to fall between marks as air is evacuated from a permeability cell containing a compacted cement sample.
3. The fineness of the tested cement sample was calculated to be 286.21 m2/kg based on the measured time, meeting the IS specification requirement of a minimum of 225 m2/kg for OPC 53 grade cement.
The document discusses melt flow index (MFI) testing for polymers. MFI is a measure of how easily a melted polymer flows and is determined by measuring the mass of polymer that flows through a capillary die over 10 minutes under a standard weight at a set temperature. Higher MFI means better flow properties. The document outlines the components of a melt flow indexer including the barrel for heating pellets, heaters to control temperature, a piston that applies weight, a precisely machined orifice or die, and calibrated weights. Factors that influence polymer MFI are also discussed such as molecular weight, comonomers, branching, and crystallinity.
This document describes the design, construction, and initial testing of a corrosion simulation rig to study tribocorrosion. Key points:
- The rig was designed to spray an oil-water mixture at high velocity onto metal coupons to simulate conditions in oil pipelines.
- Initial tests used mild steel coupons, with one exposed to pure oil and another to an acidic salt solution. The pure oil showed no corrosion while initial results for the solution indicated corrosion occurring.
- Further testing is needed as the pump failed after only 2 hours in the second test. Replacing the pump would allow longer term experiments and more accurate analysis of corrosion rates under different conditions.
- The rig provides a way to study trib
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
This document discusses different types of packing materials used in distillation columns, including trays and structured/random packings. It describes the main types of trays like sieve, bubble cap, and valve trays as well as common packing materials like Rasching rings, Intalox saddles, and Mellapak. The document compares traits of trays and packed columns and discusses how new high-speed and high-powered adaptive valve trays are modifications of conventional trays to improve efficiency. In conclusion, bubble cap trays are most commonly used in industry over sieve trays and packed columns have higher mass transfer area but also higher costs than tray columns.
This report shows properties of pozzolans, such as lime reactivity, loss on ignition and fineness, this properties have been examined through different tests.
Presentation on Bitumen and relevant specificationskumar814dk
Bitumen is a black or dark brown visco-elastic material that is the residual product of fractional distillation of crude oil. It has adhesive and waterproofing properties and bonds well with aggregates. Bitumen is classified based on various test methods like penetration, viscosity, and performance grade testing which simulate field conditions. The performance grade system considers long-term and short-term aging and classifies bitumen based on the maximum and minimum pavement temperatures it can withstand. Bitumen is produced through processes like atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, air blowing of short residue, and propane deasphalting which allow controlling its properties.
This presentation discusses the applications of hot melt adhesives in packaging and converting markets. It provides an overview of raw materials used in hot melt adhesives like polymers, tackifying resins, and waxes. It also discusses critical adhesive properties such as viscosity, peel strength, and shear strength. Specific applications of hot melt adhesives in packaging are also covered, including case sealing, tray forming, and heat seals. Trends in packaging hot melts include improved adhesion, increased pot life, and lower application temperatures.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
The document provides details on laboratory tests performed on cement and aggregates to determine their quality parameters. It describes procedures for determining the compressive strength, fineness, and setting time of cement. It also outlines tests to find the water absorption, impact value, abrasion value, flakiness index, and elongation index of aggregates used in construction. The tests are conducted according to Indian standards and provide important information about the strength and properties of materials used.
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
Seminario Internacional:
Dosificación y especificación de hormigón por desempeño
"Buenas Prácticas y Mejoramiento del Desempeño de Hormigones para Pavimentos"
This document describes a penetration test performed on bituminous materials to determine consistency. The test involves vertically penetrating samples of the material with a standard needle under controlled conditions and measuring the penetration distance. Bitumen is characterized based on penetration grades like 30/40 and 40/50, with higher values indicating softer consistency. The document outlines the test apparatus, sample preparation process, testing procedure, and results, noting a mean penetration value of 37.37mm for the tested sample.
This document summarizes ASTM D 482, a standard test method for determining the ash content in petroleum products. It involves igniting a sample to burn off all carbonaceous material, leaving only ash. The ash is then heated to 775°C to ensure all carbon is removed. The percentage of ash is calculated by dividing the mass of ash by the original sample mass. The test is used to check for undesirable impurities or contaminants in petroleum products and ensure suitability for applications. Quality control procedures include analyzing quality control samples to confirm instrument and test procedure performance.
The document provides details on various tests conducted on highway materials and soils, including aggregate impact value testing, water content determination, consistency limits testing, rebound hammer testing, and sand replacement testing. It describes the objectives, apparatus, procedures, observations, and calculations for each test. The tests are used to evaluate the properties and suitability of aggregates, soils, and concrete for use in highway and road construction projects.
This ppt is about the cold mix asphalt. Some of its advantages and disadvantages over hot mix asphalt. Also some discussion about the test conducted on the cold mix asphalt and the result of it. And also discuss about the conclusion of above.
Presentation on Determination of Penetration & Specific Gravity Test of BitumenAbu Taher
Group 8 conducted experiments to determine the penetration and specific gravity of bitumen. They found that the bitumen sample had a penetration of 30.67 mm, indicating it was a grade 30-40 bitumen suitable for road construction in warmer regions like Bangladesh. The specific gravity was determined to be 1.027, close to the expected range of 1.03-1.06 for bituminous material. In conclusion, the sample's properties met specifications for use in road construction.
This document describes a procedure for measuring the melt flow index (MFI) of various polymer samples using an extrusion plastometer. The MFI is a measure of viscosity and molecular weight, with higher MFI indicating lower viscosity and molecular weight. Samples of polystyrene, ABS, and three grades of polypropylene are tested under different temperature and load conditions. The procedure involves heating samples in the plastometer, applying a load to extrude the melt, and weighing extrudate collected over time to calculate the MFI. Questions address trends in MFI values and how properties vary between polymers and polymer grades.
This document discusses mud filtration experiments. It aims to monitor the rate of fluid loss from a filter press under controlled conditions and measure the thickness of residue deposited on the filter paper. Filtration properties are important for understanding invasion into porous formations and filter cake buildup on wellbores. The experiment uses a standard filter press to test mud samples under static and dynamic filtration conditions at varying temperatures and pressures. Results like fluid loss volume and filter cake thickness indicate how much water/oil wetting and permeability damage may occur in formations. Formation damage can reduce productivity and is affected by factors like filter cake properties, filtrate invasion, and drilling/completion operations.
This laboratory report examines the properties of admixtures (super plasticizers) used in concrete, including solid content, rheological properties, and chloride content. Various tests were performed on the admixtures to determine these properties, such as marsh cone tests to evaluate rheological properties, ash content tests to determine solid content, and chloride content tests. The report summarizes the results of these tests, such as an average ash content of 4.95% and a chloride content of 0.0237% for the specific admixture tested. Compressive strength tests on concrete cubes yielded an average compressive strength of 205.2 kg/cm2.
1. The document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the fineness of cement using Blaine's air permeability test.
2. The test involves measuring the time taken for a manometer liquid to fall between marks as air is evacuated from a permeability cell containing a compacted cement sample.
3. The fineness of the tested cement sample was calculated to be 286.21 m2/kg based on the measured time, meeting the IS specification requirement of a minimum of 225 m2/kg for OPC 53 grade cement.
The document discusses melt flow index (MFI) testing for polymers. MFI is a measure of how easily a melted polymer flows and is determined by measuring the mass of polymer that flows through a capillary die over 10 minutes under a standard weight at a set temperature. Higher MFI means better flow properties. The document outlines the components of a melt flow indexer including the barrel for heating pellets, heaters to control temperature, a piston that applies weight, a precisely machined orifice or die, and calibrated weights. Factors that influence polymer MFI are also discussed such as molecular weight, comonomers, branching, and crystallinity.
This document describes the design, construction, and initial testing of a corrosion simulation rig to study tribocorrosion. Key points:
- The rig was designed to spray an oil-water mixture at high velocity onto metal coupons to simulate conditions in oil pipelines.
- Initial tests used mild steel coupons, with one exposed to pure oil and another to an acidic salt solution. The pure oil showed no corrosion while initial results for the solution indicated corrosion occurring.
- Further testing is needed as the pump failed after only 2 hours in the second test. Replacing the pump would allow longer term experiments and more accurate analysis of corrosion rates under different conditions.
- The rig provides a way to study trib
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
This document discusses different types of packing materials used in distillation columns, including trays and structured/random packings. It describes the main types of trays like sieve, bubble cap, and valve trays as well as common packing materials like Rasching rings, Intalox saddles, and Mellapak. The document compares traits of trays and packed columns and discusses how new high-speed and high-powered adaptive valve trays are modifications of conventional trays to improve efficiency. In conclusion, bubble cap trays are most commonly used in industry over sieve trays and packed columns have higher mass transfer area but also higher costs than tray columns.
This report shows properties of pozzolans, such as lime reactivity, loss on ignition and fineness, this properties have been examined through different tests.
Presentation on Bitumen and relevant specificationskumar814dk
Bitumen is a black or dark brown visco-elastic material that is the residual product of fractional distillation of crude oil. It has adhesive and waterproofing properties and bonds well with aggregates. Bitumen is classified based on various test methods like penetration, viscosity, and performance grade testing which simulate field conditions. The performance grade system considers long-term and short-term aging and classifies bitumen based on the maximum and minimum pavement temperatures it can withstand. Bitumen is produced through processes like atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, air blowing of short residue, and propane deasphalting which allow controlling its properties.
This presentation discusses the applications of hot melt adhesives in packaging and converting markets. It provides an overview of raw materials used in hot melt adhesives like polymers, tackifying resins, and waxes. It also discusses critical adhesive properties such as viscosity, peel strength, and shear strength. Specific applications of hot melt adhesives in packaging are also covered, including case sealing, tray forming, and heat seals. Trends in packaging hot melts include improved adhesion, increased pot life, and lower application temperatures.
The document discusses various methods of case hardening steel, which involves hardening only the surface layer while leaving the inner core relatively soft. The key methods covered are carburizing (including pack, liquid, and gas carburizing), cyaniding, nitriding, carbonitriding, induction hardening, flame hardening, and vacuum/plasma carburizing. The Jominy end quench test is described as a method to measure the hardenability or hardening depth of steels.
03-Properties of Asphalt Traditional ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sh...Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the properties and temperature susceptibility of asphalt binders. It describes how binder performance is affected by temperature and loading rate. The stiffness and viscosity of asphalt changes drastically with temperature, going from solid to fluid. The document outlines various test methods and specifications used to characterize and grade asphalt binders, including penetration grades, viscosity grades, and grades based on viscosity after aging. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different grading systems and specifications.
Cement is a binding material that was first used by ancient Egyptians. Portland cement was developed in England in the early 1800s and resembles natural stone from Portland. Cement properties include consistency, setting time, soundness, fineness, compressive strength, heat of hydration, and specific gravity. The cement manufacturing process involves quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, crushing and grinding them, preheating the raw mix in a kiln at 1500°C to form clinker, and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. There are various types of cement used for different purposes.
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY an introduction to concreteARUNKUMARC39
This document provides an overview of concrete technology and cement. It discusses the chemical composition and manufacturing of cement. It also covers the types, testing, and properties of cement. Additionally, it examines aggregates which make up the bulk of concrete. Aggregates are classified by source, size, shape, and other characteristics. Testing methods for cement such as setting time, strength, and soundness are also outlined. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the materials that make up concrete.
1. The document discusses the hydration process of cement, which involves a series of irreversible chemical reactions between cement and water. This leads to the formation of hydration products over time, causing the cement paste to stiffen, set, and harden.
2. There are five stages of cement hydration: mixing/dissolution, dormant period, acceleration, deceleration, and densification. The hydration reactions produce compounds like calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide (CH) that provide strength to the concrete.
3. Factors that affect the hydration process include the chemical composition of cement, cement type, sulfate content, fineness,
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to form hardness when quenched from the austenite condition. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching a cylindrical steel sample from one end, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation, while lower hardness indicates bainite or ferrite/pearlite structures. Case hardening techniques like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard outer case over a tough inner core. Common case hardening methods include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding,
The document discusses various topics related to concrete including:
1. Slump and cube tests to measure workability and compressive strength of concrete.
2. Classification of concrete by strength and composition including lightweight and cellular concrete.
3. Factors that affect concrete such as hot weather, self-compacting, and pumped concrete.
4. Properties of fresh and hardened concrete including workability, segregation, and bleeding.
5. Types of cement and admixtures used to modify concrete properties.
6. Formwork used to mold wet concrete including materials, bracing, and types for tall buildings.
Carburzing and Different Types of CarburzingMelwin Dmello
This Presentation covers the Basic concepts of Carburzing and Different Types of Carburzing in a easy version. For more information, please refer the books mentioned in the references slide.... Thank you
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It begins with definitions of ceramics and discusses the history and classification of dental ceramics. The main types described are silicate ceramics, oxide ceramics, and glass ceramics. The document then covers the composition, properties, processing methods, and strengthening techniques of various dental ceramic materials. It concludes with a section on metal ceramic systems, describing the advantages and types of alloys used.
This document provides an overview of dental ceramics. It begins with definitions of ceramics and discusses the history and classification of dental ceramics. The main types described are silicate ceramics, oxide ceramics, and glass ceramics. Composition, properties, processing methods, and strengthening techniques are summarized. The document also reviews metal ceramic systems, including their advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications. Key information on feldspathic porcelain and types of veneering ceramics is provided.
The document discusses the process of manufacturing concrete. It begins by outlining the key ingredients in ordinary Portland cement - lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. These ingredients are heated to high temperatures in a kiln to form complex compounds. There are wet, dry, and semi-dry processes for manufacturing cement, which differ in whether raw materials are mixed dry or as a slurry. In the wet process, materials are ground into a slurry with water before being fed into a rotating kiln where they fuse at 1500°C to form clinker. The clinker is then cooled, ground, and gypsum is added to produce cement. Hydration occurs when cement mixes with water, forming hydrated compounds
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness gradients. Higher hardenability allows deeper and more even hardening through slower quenches like oil quenching. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a hard case over a tough core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat and quench localized surfaces. Case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces through rapid
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring the hardness profile. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation. Case hardening methods like carburizing add carbon to the surface, inducing a harder case over a softer core. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Thermal methods like flame and induction hardening rapidly heat the surface and quench to harden. Case hardening increases wear resistance, improves strength-to
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to transform to martensite and achieve hardness through quenching. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching one end of a cylindrical steel sample, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation and better hardenability. Case hardening processes like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a wear-resistant case while leaving the core tough. Common methods include pack, liquid, and gas carburizing, as well as cyaniding, nitriding, and carbonitriding. Flame and induction hardening also locally harden surfaces
Quality tests are conducted on cement to check its strength and durability for different construction uses. Tests can be categorized as field tests or laboratory tests. Field tests check for lumps, texture, and float time while laboratory tests include fineness, consistency, strength, soundness, heat of hydration, and chemical composition. The fineness test measures particle size using a sieve while the consistency test determines appropriate water-cement ratio using a Vicat apparatus. The strength test involves crushing hardened cement-sand cubes in a compression machine. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting using a Le Chatelier apparatus.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
1. Testing Asphalt Binders
with Emphasis on Modified
Asphalt Characterization
Mike Anderson
“Understanding Modified Asphalt Binder
Technology”
November 2014
2. How Asphalt Behaves
• Behavior is affected by :
• Temperature
• Time of Loading
• Age of pavement or service life
9. Binder Behavior - Aging
• Asphalt Reacts with Oxygen
• “oxidative” or “age” hardening
• During Construction - Short Term
• hot mixing
• placement and compaction
• In Service - Long Term
• hot climate worse than cool climate
• Volatilization - Short Term
• volatile components evaporate during construction
12. Laboratory Handling and Storage
• The properties of asphalt binders can be
altered during handling and storage
• These changes may be reversible or non-reversible
depending upon cause
• The causes include…
• Damaged or partially open cans
• Heating during handling
• Proper long-term storage has minimal effect
• Other factors
13. Causes of Change – Oxidation
• Oxygen reacts with asphalt cement
• Molecular size increases
• Polarity increases
• The binder becomes stiffer
• This reaction is not reversible
• Rate of reaction is highly dependent upon
temperature
• Rule of thumb – reaction rate doubles for every
10°C increase in temperature
14. Causes of Change – Volatilization
• Loss of lighter weight or more volatile
molecules caused by heating
• Causes the binder to become stiffer
• This reaction is not reversible
• Minimized by following same precautions as
listed above for oxidation
• Volatilization is probably of less concern than
oxidation
15. Causes of Change – Steric Hardening
• Steric hardening is a reversible process that
occurs at room temperature
• Polar molecules become structured with time
• This structuring increase binder stiffness
• Steric hardening starts immediately upon cooling
and continues at a reduced rate for an extended
period of time (months? years?)
• The amount of steric hardening that occurs is
binder-specific
• Some binders show relatively small amounts
16. Controlling Steric Hardening
• Steric hardening is destroyed by heating
• Referred to as annealing in test methods
• Always control the amount of time between
sample pouring and testing
• Limit the amount of time asphalt binder is held in
silicone molds before testing
• Holding a DSR test specimen in a silicone mold for
several hours or more may be sufficient to pass a
binder that would otherwise fail
17. Polymer Degradation
• Some polymers may degrade when heated at
high handling temperatures
• Temperature is polymer-specific
• Use manufacturer recommendations for handling
and do not overheat
• Polymer degradation cannot be reversed
• Degradation causes a softening of the asphalt
binder
18. Polymer Separation
• Separation during storage
• Tendency is binder- and modifier-specific
• Some systems are more stable than others
• Separation may occur during storage
• Polymer tends to float to top giving “scum”
• If this scum persists with stirring test results may
not be representative
• Removing “scum” removes polymer and test
results are no longer representative
19. Heating Asphalt Binders – Precautions
• Always heat asphalt samples/cans in an oven
• Avoid hot plates, heating mantles, etc.
• Always heat at the lowest temperature and for
the shortest time possible
• Follow manufacturer’s instructions
• Avoid heating in thin layers
• e.g., near-empty cans, shallow tins
• Cover the heated container when possible
• The cover may not be effective in reducing
oxidation but it will help prevent contamination
from dust, etc.
20. Testing of Asphalt Cements
• Characteristics of Asphalt Cements
• Consistency
• term used to describe the viscosity or degree of fluidity
of asphalt at any particular temperature
• varies with temperature
• necessary to define an equivalent temperature or an
equivalent consistency when comparing temperature-
consistency characteristics of asphalt cements
21. Testing of Asphalt Cements
• Characteristics of Asphalt Cements
• Purity
• Refined petroleum asphalts are usually more than
99.5% soluble in carbon disulfide
• Organic material and impurities are inert
• Safety
• Free from moisture (foaming)
• Increase in temperature leads to increase in fumes
• Increased potential for flash in presence of spark or flame
22. Traditional Tests
• Viscosity
• Absolute
• Kinematic
• Penetration
• Flash Point
• Aging
• Thin Film Oven (TFO)
• Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO)
• Ductility
• Solubility
• Specific Gravity
Consistency
Consistency
Consistency
Consistency
???
Purity
Safety
23. Viscosity
• Absolute Viscosity
• ASTM D2171 (AASHTO T202)
• Conducted at 60°C (140°F)
• Uses partial vacuum to induce flow through
capillary tube
• Kinematic Viscosity
• ASTM D2170 (AASHTO T201)
• Conducted at 135°C (275°F)
• Uses gravity to induce flow through capillary tube
24. Viscosity
• Apparent Viscosity
• ASTM D4957
• Conducted at 60°C (140°F)
• Uses partial vacuum to induce flow through
capillary tube
• Collect data through all bulbs
• Not just bulb where the time equals or exceeds 60
seconds
25. Asphalt Cement
• Viscosity Graded Asphalt
• 60°C (140°F) selected to simulate in-service
temperature of asphalt pavements
• 135°C (275°F) selected to simulate mixing and
laydown temperature for HMA
29. Absolute Viscosity
• Viscometer Tubes
• Calibrated “bulbs”
• Calibration constants
• Time to flow through a “bulb”
(between timing marks)
measured
• Minimum 60 seconds
• Viscosity = Constant x Time
• Different Tube Sizes
• 50, 100, 200, 400R, 800R
• Smaller tube = softer asphalt
binder
30. Kinematic Viscosity
• Viscometer Tubes
– Different shape and
designation, but same
purpose
– Time to flow through a
“bulb” (between timing
marks) measured
• Minimum 60 seconds
• Viscosity = Constant x Time
– No Vacuum
– No Water Bath
– Clear oil
31. Apparent Viscosity
• Absolute Viscosity
• Assumption that the material is Newtonian
• viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate
• Some modified asphalt binders can exhibit
significant non-Newtonian behavior
• measured viscosity is a function of the shear rate
• different shear rate = different viscosity result
32. Apparent Viscosity
• Apparent Viscosity (ASTM D4957)
• allows the user to better understand the behavior
of non-Newtonian asphalt binders
• Procedure
• Similar to absolute viscosity
• Preheated asphalt sample poured into vacuum
capillary viscometer tube until its level reaches the
filling line.
• Filled viscometer tube placed back in an oven for
a short time.
34. Penetration
• Penetration
• ASTM D5 (AASHTO T49)
• One of oldest asphalt tests
• Standard needle allowed to penetrate into
sample under specified loading conditions
• 25°C – 100 grams, 5 seconds
• 0°C – 200 grams, 60 seconds
• 46°C – 50 grams, 5 seconds
• Depth of penetration is recorded in 0.1-mm units
(dmm)
• Three penetration readings per test
37. Flash Point
• Cleveland Open Cup (COC) Flash Point
• ASTM D92 (AASHTO T48)
• Heat sample at prescribed rate
• Rate changes as temperature approaches flash point
• Initially 10°C/min to 20°C/min
• When within ± 56°C of expected flash point reduce rate to
4°C/min to 7°C/min
• Rate must be 4°C/min to 7°C/min for last 28°C before flash
point
38. Flash Point
• Cleveland Open Cup (COC) Flash Point
• Record temperature at which flash occurs
• Occurs instantaneously
• Must be closely observed
• Use caution…asphalt products containing water or
moisture may foam when heated
40. Aging
• Asphalt Binders Used for HMA
• Subjected to heat and air during production
• Thin films coating aggregate
• Causes oxidation, volatilization
• Loss of “light end” mass during process
• Aging Tests
• Thin Film Oven (TFO)
• Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO)
41. Aging
• Thin Film Oven (TFO)
• ASTM D1754 (AASHTO T179)
• Historically more widespread use
• Used to determine mass loss
• Volatilization that can be expected to occur during HMA
production
• Now termed “mass change”
• Oxidation during test (mass gain) overcomes volatilization
(mass loss)
• Used to produce aged residue for other physical
property tests
43. Aging
• Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO)
• ASTM D2872 (AASHTO T240)
• Historically used in Western United States
• Used to determine mass loss
• Volatilization that can be expected to occur during HMA
production
• Now termed “mass change”
• Oxidation during test (mass gain) overcomes volatilization
(mass loss)
• Used to produce aged residue for other physical
property tests
47. Ductility
• Procedure
• ASTM D113 (AASHTO T5)
• Purpose
• Determine degree of ductility (i.e., ability to
stretch without fracture) at intermediate
temperature
• Considered an important characteristic of asphalt
binders by some engineers
• Presence or absence of ductility often considered more
significant than the actual degree of ductility
• Some asphalt binders having a high degree of ductility have
also been found to be more temperature-susceptible
49. Solubility
• Procedure
• ASTM D2042 (AASHTO T44)
• Purpose
• Measure of the purity of the asphalt binder
• Portion of the asphalt binder that is soluble in carbon
disulfide (trichloroethylene) represents the active
cementing constituents
• Inert components—such as salts, free carbon, or non-
organic contaminants—are insoluble
51. Specifications: Asphalt Cement
• Graded by several systems before the Strategic
Highway Research Program
• Viscosity (AC)
• Viscosity (AR)
• Penetration (PEN)
• Primarily used for hot mix asphalt (HMA)
paving
52. Specifications: Asphalt Cement
• Penetration Graded Asphalt (PEN)
• ASTM D946 (AASHTO M20)
• Grading based on Penetration test at
25°C
• Standard needle allowed to penetrate
into sample under specified loading
conditions
• at 25°C, load of 100 grams is used for 5
seconds
• Original (unaged) asphalt is tested
• Empirical test
100 g
100 g
penetration
0 sec 5 sec
54. Specifications: Asphalt Cement
• Viscosity Graded Asphalt (AC)
• ASTM D3381 (AASHTO M226)
• Tables 1 and 2
• Most commonly used (pre-SHRP) classification
system in US
• Based on Viscosity
• Measure of the resistance of a material to flow
• Absolute viscosity at 60°C (140°F)
• Kinematic viscosity at 135°C (275°F)
56. • Penetration
• empirical measure of viscous and elastic effects
• Viscosity
• viscous effects only
• No Low Temperature Properties Measured
• Problems Characterizing Modified Asphalt Binders
• Specification proliferation
• Long Term Aging not Considered
Problems with Previous Systems
57. “the values of the specification criteria that
warrant against distress are independent of
temperature, but the values must be obtained
at different temperatures according to climate.”
This implies test measurements at
temperatures and loading rates
consistent with conditions existing in
the pavement
PG System - Based on a New Concept
59. The PG Binder Tests
• Rotational Viscometer (RV), ASTM D4402
(AASHTO T316)
• for measuring viscosity at elevated temperatures
• Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), ASTM D7175
(AASHTO T315)
• for determining the modulus (stiffness) of asphalt
binders at intermediate and upper pavement
temperatures
60. The PG Binder Tests
• Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), ASTM D6648
(AASHTO T313)
• to determine the modulus (stiffness) of asphalt
binders at lower pavement temperatures
• Direct Tension Test (DTT), ASTM D6723
(AASHTO T314)
• to determine the tensile strength of asphalt
binders at lower pavement temperatures
61. The PG Binder Tests
• Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), ASTM
D2872 (AASHTO T240)
• to simulate the aging that occurs during mixing
and compaction
• Adoption of existing test
• Replaced the Thin Film Oven Tests (TFOT)
• Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV), ASTM D6521
(AASHTO R28)
• to simulate long-term in-service field aging
• Adoption of existing research test
62. Pavement Distress in the PG System
• Rutting in the upper layers caused by
inadequate shearing resistance
• Load-associated fatigue cracking that
progresses from the underside of the
pavement to the surface
• Low-temperature thermal cracking caused a
single drop in the pavement temperature
63. Aging Considerations
• PG binder specification is designed to test
materials that are representative of in-service
conditions
• Requires laboratory conditioning procedures to
simulate binder conditions immediately after
construction and after in-service aging
64. Short-Term Aging
• RTFO to represent short-term aging
• Adapted from an existing California method
• Simulates a batch plant operating at ±150°C
• Represents a typical condition
• May not represent drum plants operating at lower
temperatures
65. Long-Term Aging
• PAV to simulate long-term aging
• Increased temperature and pressure accelerates
aging
• Increased temperature increases the rate of aging
• Increased pressure makes oxygen available to
asphalt cement molecules thereby increasing rate
of aging
66. Performance-Related Requirements
• Shearing resistance to resist traffic loads
• Upper specification temperature
• G*/sinδ ≥ 1.00 kPa (Tank)
• G*/sin δ ≥ 2.20 kPa (RTFO residue)
• Resistance to increased stiffness after long-
term aging
• Intermediate specification temperature
• G*sin δ ≤ 5000 kPa (PAV residue)
67. Performance-Related Requirements
• Low-temperature cracking resistance
• Lower specification temperature
• Stiffness after 2 hours loading ≤ 300 MPa
• Changed to stiffness after 60 s loading and lower
specification temperature +10°C
• m-value after 60 s loading ≥ 0.300
• Table 2
• Requires that pavement tensile strength be greater
than thermal shrinkage stresses
• Based on TCR where strength and shrinkage stress
are equal
70. Rotational Viscosity
• Rotational Viscosity
• Provides viscosity of asphalt binders in the range
of temperatures from 60°C to over 200°C
• The measured values are used to grade binders in
accordance with AASHTO M 320 and AASHTO R 29
72. Rotational Viscosity:
Test Summary and Fundamentals
• Asphalt binder is placed
between spindle and
sample chamber
• Spindle rotates at
constant speed
• Required torque is
measured
73. Dynamic Shear Rheometer
• Test procedure results in complex modulus and
phase angle
• Specification test is conducted at 10 rad/s
• Temperature range from 3°C to 88°C
• Parallel plate geometry
• Valid for linear viscoelastic materials
• Materials with moduli that are independent of
applied stress or strain
• Particles must be < 250 microns
75. Dynamic Shear Rheometer
• Two plate sizes are used
• 8 mm from 3°C to 40° C
• 25-mm from 46°C to 86°C
• Complex shear modulus and phase angle
provide a measurement of the deformation
resistance of asphalt binders
• Used to grade asphalt binders at the upper and
intermediate specification temperatures
76. Bending Beam Rheometer
• BBR provides a means for measuring the
flexural creep stiffness of asphalt binders
• Design of equipment limits its measurement
range to 1 MPa – 20 GPa
• Test results for beams that deflect less than
0.08 mm or more than 4 mm are not
considered valid
78. BBR Test Summary and Fundamentals
• The load and deflection are used to calculate
the maximum stress and strain in the beam
• Stiffness is calculated by dividing the maximum
stress by the maximum strain
• m-value is calculated at 60 s as the slope of the
log of stiffness versus the log of time
81. Pressure Aging Vessel
• Oxidation causes asphalt binders to harden
(age) during field exposure
• The PAV is used to simulate this field aging
• Aging in PAV is accelerated by increasing the
conditioning pressure and temperature
• Pressure forces oxygen into the binder
• Temperature increases the rate of reaction
• PAV aging simulates the binder-specific aging
that occurs in 5-10 years in the field
83. Field Aging is Binder Specific
• The amount of aging that occurs is binder
specific
• Modulus increases approximately 8 times at the
intermediate specification temperature
• As per test method
“.…it is not possible to select a single PAV aging
time and temperature that will predict the
properties of all asphalt binders after a specific set
of in-service exposure conditions.”
84. Transferring Binder to Container
15 – 40 mm
thick when all of
the binder is
added
Pour and
then scrape
binder from
pan
85. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Additional Tests
• Separation
• Solubility
• Recovery and Stress-Strain Tests
• Elastic Recovery
• Force Ductility
• Toughness and Tenacity
• DSR Phase Angle
86. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Separation
• Purpose
• Used to assess polymer-asphalt compatibility
• generally referred to as the “ointment” or “cigar” tube test.
• Procedure
• aluminum ointment tube is filled with 50 grams of
modified asphalt binder
• The filled tubes are then sealed and allowed to stand
vertically in an oven operating at 163°C for 48 hours.
87. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Separation
• Procedure
• The tubes are then transferred to a freezer for four
hours
• After freezing, the tubes are removed and cut into
thirds
• The top third and bottom third are separated into tins
and tested
• Using R&B softening point or DSR tests
• determine if a significant difference exists in the properties of
the top and bottom thirds.
89. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Solubility
• Purpose
• used to ensure that an asphalt binder does not contain
insoluble organic and inorganic matter
• doesn’t contribute to the “active cementing constituents” of
the asphalt binder.
90. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Solubility
• Different solubility test for polymer-modified
asphalts
• ASTM D-5546
• similar to the standard solubility test except that it uses a
centrifuge and toluene as the solvent.
• some polymer modifiers did not dissolve adequately during
the standard solubility test procedure
• resulting in some polymer-modified asphalt binders
failing the solubility criterion.
91. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Recovery and Stress-Strain Tests
• Purpose
• To evaluate whether an asphalt binder has been
modified with an elastomer, specifically a block
copolymer such as
• designed to measure the ability of the asphalt binder to
stretch when loaded and ultimately rebound to its
original shape when unloaded
92. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Recovery and Stress-Strain Tests
• Common Tests
• Elastic Recovery
• Force Ductility
• Toughness and Tenacity
• DSR Phase Angle
• Indicator of relative proportion o f elastic and viscous
components in asphalt binder
93. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Elastic Recovery
• Based on ductility equipment
• Same molds, but different side pieces
• Rectangular (parallel), not V-shaped
• Sample preparation like ductility test
• Procedure
• Load specimens at test temperature (usually 25°C)
• Pull specimens to 10 or 20 cm
• Defined by test procedure
94. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Elastic Recovery
• Procedure
• Cut specimens in center
• May have a 5-minute wait period before cutting
• Allow specimens to relax for 1 hour
• Push specimen back together until cut ends touch
• Record elastic recovery as the difference between the
stretched and final position divided by the stretched
position
• Express as a %
96. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Force Ductility
• Based on ductility equipment
• Similar to Elastic Recovery Test
• Uses a load cell to measure stress
• Conducted at 4°C
• Usually unaged binder
• Procedure
• Load specimens at test temperature
• Pull specimens to 30 cm
• Measure stress
100. Modified Asphalt Tests
• Toughness and Tenacity
• first introduced by Benson in the 1950s
• Procedure
• a metal hemispherical head is embedded in hot asphalt
to a depth of approximately 11 mm
• After cooling to 77°F (25°C), the head is attached to a
tensile test machine and pulled from the asphalt binder
at a rate of 51 cm/min.
• The load is measured throughout the test
• a load-deformation curve is plotted
• Toughness and tenacity values determined based on the area
under different portions of the load-deformation curve
103. Modified Asphalt Tests
• DSR Phase Angle
• Output from standard DSR testing
• Maximum phase angle ensures elastic component
in asphalt binder
• Influenced by stiffness of asphalt binder
104. Multi-Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test
• Performed on RTFO-aged Binder
• Test Temperature
• Environmental Temperature
• Not Grade-Bumped
• 10 cycles per stress level
• 1-second loading at specified shear stress
• 0.1 kPa
• 3.2 kPa
• 9-second rest period
105. MSCR
• Calculate Recovery for each Cycle, Stress
• Difference between strain at end of recovery
period and peak strain after creep loading
• Calculate Non-recoverable Creep Compliance
(Jnr)
• Non-recoverable shear strain divided by applied
shear stress
• “J” = “compliance”
• “nr” = “non-recoverable”