This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a H ybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on t he effect of various design parameters that enhance th e performance of the system. The heat transfer improvement in general may be achieved by increasin g the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing th e surface area or by increasing both. The main object ive of the present work is to determine the optimum air mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be oper ated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid t ype (PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performan ce at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. T his study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In th is study of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results,there by increasing the efficiency of the system.
IRJET- CFD based Performance Analysis of a Roughened Solar Air Heater Duc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with artificial roughness. NACA 0030 airfoils were used as the roughness elements on the absorber plate. CFD was used to model air flow and heat transfer for smooth and roughened ducts. The RNG k-epsilon turbulence model provided accurate results compared to experimental data. The CFD analysis found that using NACA 0030 airfoils significantly increased heat transfer rates compared to a smooth duct surface, without significantly increasing friction losses. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number and friction factor that can be used to predict performance of roughened ducts.
A Detailed Review on Artificial Roughness Geometries for Optimizing Thermo-Hy...IJMER
It is well known fact that the heat transfer coefficient between the absorber surface of solar air collector & flowing fluid i.e. air can be improved by providing artificial roughness geometry on heat transfer surface (absorber surface).In this way the Thermal efficiency is increased. But at the same time due to roughness geometry pumping power of solar air collector in increased due to fictional losses in duct. So it necessary to examine the shape, size & flow pattern of various roughness elements to get maximum efficiency with minimum frictional losses. Therefore the selection of roughness geometry has to be based on the parameter that takes into account both Thermal & Hydraulic (friction) performance i.e. Thermo-hydraulic Performance of Solar air collector. Number of roughness elements has been investigated on heat transfer & friction characteristics of solar air collectors. In this paper, reviews of various artificial roughness elements used as passive heat transfer techniques, in order to improve Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air collectors is reviewed & presented. Correlations developed by various researchers with the help of experimental results for heat transfer & friction factor for solar air collector by taking different roughness geometries are given & these correlations are useful to predict the Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air collector having roughened ducts. The objective of this paper is also the awareness of effect of various types’ roughness geometries on heat
The document summarizes advances in solar air heaters. It describes the basic principles of solar air heaters and discusses two main types: low-cost single and double glazed heaters, and more efficient packed bed heaters. Experimental results showed the single glazed heater had higher efficiency in summer, while the double glazed was more efficient in winter. Roughness elements were also found to increase heat transfer and efficiency by inducing turbulence, with v-groove shapes working best. The document concludes roughness can significantly enhance solar air heater performance at a low cost.
This document presents a theoretical analysis of the thermal and thermohydraulic performance of solar air heaters with finned absorber plates. Mathematical models are developed to analyze rectangular and triangular finned absorber plates. Effects of mass flow rate on parameters like collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor, temperature rise and efficiency are analyzed. The concept of effective efficiency is introduced to account for both thermal gain and pumping power losses. Results show that finned absorber plates can enhance thermal efficiency by up to 34% compared to flat plate absorbers. However, increased heat transfer also increases pressure drop, so optimization is needed to balance thermal and hydraulic performance.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED SOLAR AI...IAEME Publication
Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger that transforms solar radiation energy into heat energy. Conventional solar air heaters have poor thermal performance due to high heat losses and low convective heat transfer coefficient between absorber and flowing air. Attempts have been made to improve the thermal performance of conventional solar air heater by employing various design and flow arrangements. Double flow solar air heater with packing is an important and effective design improvement that has been proposed to improve the thermal performance. This paper presents the performance and economic analysis of double flow solar air collector with and without packing in the duct. Effect of various parameters on the thermal performance and pressure drop characteristics has been studied experimentally. The study concludes that double flow arrangement with packing is economical and having short payback period. Also, the thermal performance of double flow solar air heater with packing in upper duct is significantly higher compared to double flow solar air heater without packing and conventional solar air heater.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
Solar air heater lynn, tinsley be 4120 f inal pres.ngtinsl
This document summarizes an experiment testing the efficiency of a solar air heater under free and forced convection. The solar air heater was constructed using black paint and graphite to maximize absorption. Tests measured the temperature increase of air passing through the heater with and without an electric fan producing forced convection. Results showed the temperature increase was higher for free convection at 31°C than forced convection at 17°C, though the efficiency was lower for free convection at 58% versus 47% for forced convection. In conclusion, the solar air heater was able to produce warmer air under natural free convection than with an added electric fan producing forced convection.
IRJET- CFD based Performance Analysis of a Roughened Solar Air Heater Duc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with artificial roughness. NACA 0030 airfoils were used as the roughness elements on the absorber plate. CFD was used to model air flow and heat transfer for smooth and roughened ducts. The RNG k-epsilon turbulence model provided accurate results compared to experimental data. The CFD analysis found that using NACA 0030 airfoils significantly increased heat transfer rates compared to a smooth duct surface, without significantly increasing friction losses. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number and friction factor that can be used to predict performance of roughened ducts.
A Detailed Review on Artificial Roughness Geometries for Optimizing Thermo-Hy...IJMER
It is well known fact that the heat transfer coefficient between the absorber surface of solar air collector & flowing fluid i.e. air can be improved by providing artificial roughness geometry on heat transfer surface (absorber surface).In this way the Thermal efficiency is increased. But at the same time due to roughness geometry pumping power of solar air collector in increased due to fictional losses in duct. So it necessary to examine the shape, size & flow pattern of various roughness elements to get maximum efficiency with minimum frictional losses. Therefore the selection of roughness geometry has to be based on the parameter that takes into account both Thermal & Hydraulic (friction) performance i.e. Thermo-hydraulic Performance of Solar air collector. Number of roughness elements has been investigated on heat transfer & friction characteristics of solar air collectors. In this paper, reviews of various artificial roughness elements used as passive heat transfer techniques, in order to improve Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air collectors is reviewed & presented. Correlations developed by various researchers with the help of experimental results for heat transfer & friction factor for solar air collector by taking different roughness geometries are given & these correlations are useful to predict the Thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air collector having roughened ducts. The objective of this paper is also the awareness of effect of various types’ roughness geometries on heat
The document summarizes advances in solar air heaters. It describes the basic principles of solar air heaters and discusses two main types: low-cost single and double glazed heaters, and more efficient packed bed heaters. Experimental results showed the single glazed heater had higher efficiency in summer, while the double glazed was more efficient in winter. Roughness elements were also found to increase heat transfer and efficiency by inducing turbulence, with v-groove shapes working best. The document concludes roughness can significantly enhance solar air heater performance at a low cost.
This document presents a theoretical analysis of the thermal and thermohydraulic performance of solar air heaters with finned absorber plates. Mathematical models are developed to analyze rectangular and triangular finned absorber plates. Effects of mass flow rate on parameters like collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor, temperature rise and efficiency are analyzed. The concept of effective efficiency is introduced to account for both thermal gain and pumping power losses. Results show that finned absorber plates can enhance thermal efficiency by up to 34% compared to flat plate absorbers. However, increased heat transfer also increases pressure drop, so optimization is needed to balance thermal and hydraulic performance.
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and performance study of a solar air collector for room heating in Bangladesh. The collector was designed to be 1.23 square meters in size and heat a 1.365 cubic meter room. Data on inlet and outlet air temperatures were collected to calculate heat gain and collector efficiency. The maximum collector efficiency reached 32.79% when the inlet temperature was 35°C and outlet was 45°C. Graphs show efficiency and temperature differences over time on three days, with the maximum temperature difference reaching 10°C at 1:30PM and efficiency peaking then as well. The solar air collector provided effective room heating for 8 hours per day.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE FLOW PACKED BED SOLAR AI...IAEME Publication
Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger that transforms solar radiation energy into heat energy. Conventional solar air heaters have poor thermal performance due to high heat losses and low convective heat transfer coefficient between absorber and flowing air. Attempts have been made to improve the thermal performance of conventional solar air heater by employing various design and flow arrangements. Double flow solar air heater with packing is an important and effective design improvement that has been proposed to improve the thermal performance. This paper presents the performance and economic analysis of double flow solar air collector with and without packing in the duct. Effect of various parameters on the thermal performance and pressure drop characteristics has been studied experimentally. The study concludes that double flow arrangement with packing is economical and having short payback period. Also, the thermal performance of double flow solar air heater with packing in upper duct is significantly higher compared to double flow solar air heater without packing and conventional solar air heater.
Three solar air heater having different absorber areas by er. vikas manushendraVikas Manushendra
In earlier years, the entire world has become completely dependent on relic energies such as natural gas, lubricant and coal. This type of resources are existing in limited amount. These resources has been created by natural processes across millions of years. The whole world is completely dependent upon energy. Energy is the basic part of our daily life. The utilization of energy in different purpose such as heating and cooling homes, schools and businesses. Energy is also used for lighting and appliances. In machinery purpose, energy perform different function such as running our vehicle, flying plane, boat sail and running machine. Energy is the player of new generation wealth and also it is significant component of economic development. In future consideration renewable energy is the main source of energy. The complete world is developing day by day and it requires more and more fuel so all the developing countries are focusing on shortage of fuels and necessity for other energy sources. Solar energy is the best alternative source of energy and also it is pollution free and unlimited energy. Nowadays world, the development of country is calculated by the energy utilization of country, the energy of utilization is completely connected with GDP of Country.
Solar air heater lynn, tinsley be 4120 f inal pres.ngtinsl
This document summarizes an experiment testing the efficiency of a solar air heater under free and forced convection. The solar air heater was constructed using black paint and graphite to maximize absorption. Tests measured the temperature increase of air passing through the heater with and without an electric fan producing forced convection. Results showed the temperature increase was higher for free convection at 31°C than forced convection at 17°C, though the efficiency was lower for free convection at 58% versus 47% for forced convection. In conclusion, the solar air heater was able to produce warmer air under natural free convection than with an added electric fan producing forced convection.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
This document summarizes solar energy utilization in India and types of solar collectors. It discusses that India has high solar potential with about 300 sunny days per year. The key types of solar collectors are flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. It also reviews various artificial roughness geometries that can be used to enhance heat transfer in solar air heaters, such as transverse ribs, V-shaped ribs, and dimples. Experimental studies on single and double pass solar air heaters with different rib configurations are presented.
The document discusses using passive solar gain and indirect solar gain for heating. Passive solar gain uses large south-facing windows and thermal mass materials in floors, walls and ceilings to trap heat inside during the day and release it at night. Indirect solar gain uses thermal storage materials placed between the sun and interior space and vents in walls to circulate heated air. The document also discusses using magneto hydrodynamics to directly convert solar energy to electricity using concentrated solar power to heat an ionized gas channel containing caesium to induce electric current from the gas flow through a magnetic field. Improving solar air heaters can be done by enhancing heat transfer using different artificial surface roughnesses to create turbulence without excess fan power.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
Investigation of solar cooker with pcm heat storageiaemedu
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a solar cooker with phase change material (PCM) heat storage for use in high altitude places like Taif City, Saudi Arabia. The solar cooker system consists of evacuated tube solar collectors connected to a hot water storage tank. The base of the solar cooker box is connected to a copper tube heat exchanger inside a cylindrical pot filled with paraffin PCM. Hot water from the solar collectors is circulated through the heat exchanger to store thermal energy in the PCM and heat the cooking pot. Parameters like solar radiation, humidity, cooker orientation, and ambient temperature were evaluated. The study shows this system can effectively cook and heat food under high altitude conditions with partial cloud cover and moderate
Financial Evaluation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Computer ...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the financial feasibility of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer laboratory in Bharatpur, India. It finds that:
1. The system is technically feasible, achieving a solar fraction of 0.52-0.75 depending on the collector area. However,
2. Financially, the system is currently not feasible due to the high initial costs of absorption chillers and solar collectors. It provides only marginal annual savings, resulting in very high payback periods of 67-83 years.
3. A sensitivity analysis found that with reduced total investment costs (e.g. due to technology improvements) and increased electricity prices in the future, the payback period could decrease significantly
This document summarizes a research article that developed a simulation application to optimize the position and number of solar collectors in an array to maximize annual energy gain and thermal efficiency. The article describes analyzing a solar collector array system in Macedonia with collectors at different tilts, orientations, and hydraulic connections. It developed a simulation program using the INSEL programming language to perform parametric runs and optimization. Two scenarios were compared: changing the tilt of southeast oriented collectors from 35 to 25 degrees, and retaining the existing 35 degree tilt but adding more collectors. Scenario 1 resulted in over 13% more annual energy gain, while Scenario 2 had 2% higher thermal efficiency.
The document examines different possibilities for installing and orienting solar thermal systems on the rooftop of a reference building. A simulation was conducted to analyze how installation and orientation impact the costs of solar energy production, savings on wood pellets for heating, and the system's efficiency. The economic efficiency of a solar thermal installation can be strongly influenced by the installation method and orientation. Simulation results show variations in solar energy contribution percentages, heating and hot water fractions, and the energy balance for different installation scenarios.
The document presents the results of an experimental analysis of a flat plate solar collector with an integrated latent heat storage unit using phase change material (PCM). Tests were conducted over 60 days from October 2016 to March 2017 in Colombia. The collector reached an average thermal efficiency of 24.11% and a maximum outlet temperature of 50°C. While the PCM provided stability to outlet temperatures during cloudiness, it was unable to supply thermal energy after sunset likely due to a short charging time where the absorber plate temperature reached the PCM melting point. Using a PCM with a lower melting point may increase charging time and improve performance.
Thermal analysis of cpu with variable baseplate heat sink using cfdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses optimizing the size of thermal storage tanks for solar domestic hot water systems. It first provides background on how domestic hot water consumption varies and the need for storage. It then describes an experimental solar plant and transient simulation model that was developed and validated. The simulation model is used to determine optimal storage tank sizing criteria for solar domestic hot water plants under daily transient conditions throughout a year. Comparison of simulation results to an existing regulation shows differences and can help establish better sizing guidelines.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design of air preheater for solar dryer for drying cerealsSumit Dharmarao
This document discusses the design of an air preheater for a solar dryer used to dry cereals. It describes the major components of a solar dryer, including the air preheater, air duct, and drying cabin. The air preheater is important as it concentrates solar energy to heat the air. Absorber plates made of materials like copper or aluminum are used to absorb solar radiation and heat the air flowing over them via convection. The heated air is then directed through ducts to the drying cabin where it removes moisture from cereals placed on trays. Empirical correlations are presented that can be used to model the performance of such a system and optimize the design of the air preheater.
Introduction
Literature Review
Gap Finding
Objective Function
Parameter and range selection
Reference Setup CAD Design
Prototype making
Real scale setup construction/fabrication and installation
Component of setup
Constructed Setup
Testing and Equipment
Solar air heater from the major component of solar energy utilization system which absorbs the incoming solar radiations , converting it into thermal energy at the absorbing surface , in transferring the energy to a fluid flowing collector. The efficiency of flat plate solar air heater has been found to be low convective heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the flowing air which increases the absorber plate temperature , leading to high heat losses to the environment resulting in low thermal efficiency of such collectors.
Artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs the most effective and economic way of improving the thermal performance of solar air heater.
From the Literature review we conclude that the Multi V ribs with gap gave highest enhancement in nusselt number , however there was a very high enhancement in friction factor also.
All the research work is done on Single pass SAH so we worked upon the Double pass SAH.
From Literature review we also conclude that by providing turbulence ( Ribs ) the SAH is more efficient than Flat plate SAH.
The major objective of this work is to find out the ways to improve effectiveness of SAH by integration of Artificial Roughness Solar Air Heater By Using Perforated Multi V Ribs with Double Pass Parallel Flow.
The second objective is to come out with new shape and geometry to enhance effectiveness of SAH and compare it with other existing geometries and find out gaps and limitations of that shape.
Equations Used are DITTUS BOELTER and MODIFIED BLASSIUS EQUATION.
Parameters Used are Raynolds Number , Nusselt number , Friction factor and we have to find out variation in between these parameters with respect to other by plotting graphs.
Anemometer
Lux Meter
Digital Thermometer
Tilted U tube Manometer
Mercury Manometer
Modeling and thermal analysis of heat sink with scales on fins cooled by natu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an analysis of the exergetic performance of a single-ended glass evacuated tube solar collector system. The analysis used the second law of thermodynamics to calculate the net exergy, exergy destroyed, and exergetic efficiency of the system. The results showed that the exergetic efficiency remained steady at around 65.88% despite increases in the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water temperatures. A comparison of the results to a previous study showed good agreement in exergetic efficiency when the temperature difference was above 50°C. The analysis provides information on improving the system performance by investigating operating conditions where exergy destruction is minimized and exergetic efficiency is maximized.
Solar energy concentration techniques in flat plate collectorIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on improving the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through various concentration techniques. It discusses the limitations of conventional flat plate collectors and reviews studies that have incorporated things like twisted wire coils inside tubes, double glazing, selective coatings including nanoparticles, and optical lenses to increase absorption. Experimental results showed efficiency increases ranging from 5% to 15% compared to standard flat plate collectors without these enhancements. The review concludes that ongoing developments aim to make flat plate collectors more compact and effective through improved materials and designs.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
This document summarizes solar energy utilization in India and types of solar collectors. It discusses that India has high solar potential with about 300 sunny days per year. The key types of solar collectors are flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. It also reviews various artificial roughness geometries that can be used to enhance heat transfer in solar air heaters, such as transverse ribs, V-shaped ribs, and dimples. Experimental studies on single and double pass solar air heaters with different rib configurations are presented.
The document discusses using passive solar gain and indirect solar gain for heating. Passive solar gain uses large south-facing windows and thermal mass materials in floors, walls and ceilings to trap heat inside during the day and release it at night. Indirect solar gain uses thermal storage materials placed between the sun and interior space and vents in walls to circulate heated air. The document also discusses using magneto hydrodynamics to directly convert solar energy to electricity using concentrated solar power to heat an ionized gas channel containing caesium to induce electric current from the gas flow through a magnetic field. Improving solar air heaters can be done by enhancing heat transfer using different artificial surface roughnesses to create turbulence without excess fan power.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
Investigation of solar cooker with pcm heat storageiaemedu
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a solar cooker with phase change material (PCM) heat storage for use in high altitude places like Taif City, Saudi Arabia. The solar cooker system consists of evacuated tube solar collectors connected to a hot water storage tank. The base of the solar cooker box is connected to a copper tube heat exchanger inside a cylindrical pot filled with paraffin PCM. Hot water from the solar collectors is circulated through the heat exchanger to store thermal energy in the PCM and heat the cooking pot. Parameters like solar radiation, humidity, cooker orientation, and ambient temperature were evaluated. The study shows this system can effectively cook and heat food under high altitude conditions with partial cloud cover and moderate
Financial Evaluation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Computer ...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the financial feasibility of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer laboratory in Bharatpur, India. It finds that:
1. The system is technically feasible, achieving a solar fraction of 0.52-0.75 depending on the collector area. However,
2. Financially, the system is currently not feasible due to the high initial costs of absorption chillers and solar collectors. It provides only marginal annual savings, resulting in very high payback periods of 67-83 years.
3. A sensitivity analysis found that with reduced total investment costs (e.g. due to technology improvements) and increased electricity prices in the future, the payback period could decrease significantly
This document summarizes a research article that developed a simulation application to optimize the position and number of solar collectors in an array to maximize annual energy gain and thermal efficiency. The article describes analyzing a solar collector array system in Macedonia with collectors at different tilts, orientations, and hydraulic connections. It developed a simulation program using the INSEL programming language to perform parametric runs and optimization. Two scenarios were compared: changing the tilt of southeast oriented collectors from 35 to 25 degrees, and retaining the existing 35 degree tilt but adding more collectors. Scenario 1 resulted in over 13% more annual energy gain, while Scenario 2 had 2% higher thermal efficiency.
The document examines different possibilities for installing and orienting solar thermal systems on the rooftop of a reference building. A simulation was conducted to analyze how installation and orientation impact the costs of solar energy production, savings on wood pellets for heating, and the system's efficiency. The economic efficiency of a solar thermal installation can be strongly influenced by the installation method and orientation. Simulation results show variations in solar energy contribution percentages, heating and hot water fractions, and the energy balance for different installation scenarios.
The document presents the results of an experimental analysis of a flat plate solar collector with an integrated latent heat storage unit using phase change material (PCM). Tests were conducted over 60 days from October 2016 to March 2017 in Colombia. The collector reached an average thermal efficiency of 24.11% and a maximum outlet temperature of 50°C. While the PCM provided stability to outlet temperatures during cloudiness, it was unable to supply thermal energy after sunset likely due to a short charging time where the absorber plate temperature reached the PCM melting point. Using a PCM with a lower melting point may increase charging time and improve performance.
Thermal analysis of cpu with variable baseplate heat sink using cfdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses optimizing the size of thermal storage tanks for solar domestic hot water systems. It first provides background on how domestic hot water consumption varies and the need for storage. It then describes an experimental solar plant and transient simulation model that was developed and validated. The simulation model is used to determine optimal storage tank sizing criteria for solar domestic hot water plants under daily transient conditions throughout a year. Comparison of simulation results to an existing regulation shows differences and can help establish better sizing guidelines.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design of air preheater for solar dryer for drying cerealsSumit Dharmarao
This document discusses the design of an air preheater for a solar dryer used to dry cereals. It describes the major components of a solar dryer, including the air preheater, air duct, and drying cabin. The air preheater is important as it concentrates solar energy to heat the air. Absorber plates made of materials like copper or aluminum are used to absorb solar radiation and heat the air flowing over them via convection. The heated air is then directed through ducts to the drying cabin where it removes moisture from cereals placed on trays. Empirical correlations are presented that can be used to model the performance of such a system and optimize the design of the air preheater.
Introduction
Literature Review
Gap Finding
Objective Function
Parameter and range selection
Reference Setup CAD Design
Prototype making
Real scale setup construction/fabrication and installation
Component of setup
Constructed Setup
Testing and Equipment
Solar air heater from the major component of solar energy utilization system which absorbs the incoming solar radiations , converting it into thermal energy at the absorbing surface , in transferring the energy to a fluid flowing collector. The efficiency of flat plate solar air heater has been found to be low convective heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and the flowing air which increases the absorber plate temperature , leading to high heat losses to the environment resulting in low thermal efficiency of such collectors.
Artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs the most effective and economic way of improving the thermal performance of solar air heater.
From the Literature review we conclude that the Multi V ribs with gap gave highest enhancement in nusselt number , however there was a very high enhancement in friction factor also.
All the research work is done on Single pass SAH so we worked upon the Double pass SAH.
From Literature review we also conclude that by providing turbulence ( Ribs ) the SAH is more efficient than Flat plate SAH.
The major objective of this work is to find out the ways to improve effectiveness of SAH by integration of Artificial Roughness Solar Air Heater By Using Perforated Multi V Ribs with Double Pass Parallel Flow.
The second objective is to come out with new shape and geometry to enhance effectiveness of SAH and compare it with other existing geometries and find out gaps and limitations of that shape.
Equations Used are DITTUS BOELTER and MODIFIED BLASSIUS EQUATION.
Parameters Used are Raynolds Number , Nusselt number , Friction factor and we have to find out variation in between these parameters with respect to other by plotting graphs.
Anemometer
Lux Meter
Digital Thermometer
Tilted U tube Manometer
Mercury Manometer
Modeling and thermal analysis of heat sink with scales on fins cooled by natu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an analysis of the exergetic performance of a single-ended glass evacuated tube solar collector system. The analysis used the second law of thermodynamics to calculate the net exergy, exergy destroyed, and exergetic efficiency of the system. The results showed that the exergetic efficiency remained steady at around 65.88% despite increases in the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water temperatures. A comparison of the results to a previous study showed good agreement in exergetic efficiency when the temperature difference was above 50°C. The analysis provides information on improving the system performance by investigating operating conditions where exergy destruction is minimized and exergetic efficiency is maximized.
Solar energy concentration techniques in flat plate collectorIAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on improving the efficiency of flat plate solar collectors through various concentration techniques. It discusses the limitations of conventional flat plate collectors and reviews studies that have incorporated things like twisted wire coils inside tubes, double glazing, selective coatings including nanoparticles, and optical lenses to increase absorption. Experimental results showed efficiency increases ranging from 5% to 15% compared to standard flat plate collectors without these enhancements. The review concludes that ongoing developments aim to make flat plate collectors more compact and effective through improved materials and designs.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
This document discusses the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of a solar flat plate collector. It begins by introducing solar collectors and their importance. It then describes the objectives of performing CFD simulation on a flat plate collector to better understand flow and temperature distribution. The document outlines the 3D model created in ANSYS Workbench and simulation performed in ANSYS FLUENT. It validates the CFD results by comparing the outlet air temperature to experimental results, showing good agreement. The overall goal is to analyze the collector's heat transfer capability using CFD and gain insights that are difficult to obtain through experimentation alone.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic trough CollectorIRJET Journal
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector with and without internal inserts. The CFD analysis is conducted to study the effect of different insert profiles on heat transfer and compare results to an absorber tube without inserts. The goal is to improve the efficiency of heat transfer from the absorber tube wall to the working fluid by increasing contact area between the fluid and tube, increasing residual time of the fluid, and decreasing fluid velocity using inserts or internal fins.
Design and Fabrication of a Multi-spice dryerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-spice dryer that uses solar energy. It aims to build a portable and economical dryer for drying spices using solar power. The dryer consists of a cylindrical mesh chamber that rotates, powered by a DC motor connected to a solar panel through a charge controller. Temperature controls turn lights on and off to maintain the optimal drying temperature range for different spices. The dryer design aims to provide an energy efficient solution for drying spices using renewable solar energy, especially useful for small businesses and farms.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Multi energy coupling system based on plc and wincceSAT Journals
Abstract The development and utilization of multi-energy coupling platform has been completed by the software of Siemens S7-200 and configuration software WinCC. PLC of Siemens is used to collect temperature, flow rate, quantity of heat, power, etc. and calculate the COP of heat pump and the system. The detecting system is composed of the slave computer PLC and the host computer WinCC. The real-time monitoring and control function are realizedbythis system.And six operational modes of the solar-ground source heat pump system are designedaccording to different external conditions, which is an effective way to make up the shortcomings of the solar energy and GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) individually. Key words: PLC, WinCC, Monitoring system, Operational mode
Experimental Investigation of Solar Air Heater with Different Surface Roughne...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a solar air heater with different surface roughness geometries. The study tested three surface configurations: a smooth aluminum plate and plates with dimpled and cuboid roughness shapes. Data on temperature, pressure, efficiency and heat transfer coefficients were collected under actual outdoor conditions and compared across configurations. The goal was to enhance heat transfer and thermal performance through artificial surface roughness.
Self Electricity Generation and Energy Saving By Solar Using Programmable Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Design of The Cooling System for Optimizing the Performance of Solar PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of three solar panel cooling systems. The cooling systems included two passive systems, one using an acrylic tank and the other using copper heat pipes and an aluminum heat sink. The third was an active water cooling system that pumped water over the solar panel surface. Experimental results showed that the water cooling system maintained the lowest solar panel temperatures, with panel temperatures around 60°C compared to 70°C without cooling. Cooling the panels in this way improved their electrical output and efficiency by reducing thermal losses at high temperatures.
IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater wit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the thermal performance of an evacuated solar water heater with and without twisted tapes inserted inside the glass tubes. Key findings include:
- Temperature gain was higher at low and medium flow rates compared to high flow rates for both setups.
- The setup with twisted tapes inserted showed slightly higher temperature gains, around 1°C on average, compared to the setup without tapes, due to increased turbulence creating higher heat transfer.
- While improvements were small due to the small experimental setup, the results suggest twisted tapes can enhance thermal performance by inducing swirling flow and turbulence inside the glass tubes of an evacuated solar water heater.
Design and Experimental Analysis of Solar air ConditionerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and experimental analysis of a solar air conditioner. It consists of photovoltaic panels, a solar charger, inverter, and batteries that operate on solar energy for use in non-electrified areas. The system focuses on the design of a direct current air conditioning system integrated with a photovoltaic system. Experimental results show that increasing the generator temperature increases the coefficient of performance (COP) of the air conditioner, while decreasing the evaporator, condenser, and absorber temperatures also increases the COP. Graphs of the relationships between various temperature parameters and COP are presented. The conclusions indicate that the temperature of the still (generator) increases or decreases the COP.
IRJET- Efficiency Variation of Solar Panel using PV TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through cooling. The researchers designed a system with a copper tube array on the back of the solar panel to reduce its temperature. Testing showed the cooled panel maintained higher efficiency at higher temperatures compared to an ordinary panel. Results indicate the cooled panel produced 0.3-1% more power. Future work may focus on utilizing the heated water from the cooling system.
The document describes the design and working of a solar air cooler. It consists of the following main components: solar panels that convert sunlight to electricity, a battery that stores the solar energy, a DC motor powered by the battery, an impeller connected to the motor, and a DC water pump. During operation, the solar panels charge the battery with electricity. The DC motor runs the impeller blades and water pump which sprays and circulates cold water, producing a cold air stream. Together these components form a solar-powered air cooling system that reduces electricity usage compared to conventional air conditioners. The total estimated cost to build this solar air cooler is 5,200 INR.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
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DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T) SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE
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DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T)
SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE
Pramod kumar N
Research Scholar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VVCE, Mysuru
B. Sadashive Gowda
Principal,
Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a Hybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on the
effect of various design parameters that enhance the performance of the system. The heat transfer
improvement in general may be achieved by increasing the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing the
surface area or by increasing both. The main objective of the present work is to determine the optimum air
mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be operated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid type
(PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performance at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. This
study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In this study
of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results, thereby
increasing the efficiency of the system.
KEYWORDS - Computational fluid dynamics, Solar air heater, Photovoltaic-Thermal, Numerical simulation
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is one of the clean and renewable forms of energy, which is available in abundance on earth.
Though, it is dependent on location and changes with time can be easily convertible from one form of
energy to another. It requires efficient collection and storage systems for economical utilization. Solar air
heater among these systems is the simplest, cheap and most widely preferred device which is used to
convert the solar energy into heat energy. The energy from these systems can be used in water-heating, pool
heating, space-heating, solar desalination, etc. A solar air collector has an important place among solar
thermal systems because it is widely used in many commercial applications such as the supply of hot air to
school buildings, agricultural and industrial drying to dry products viz., cocoa, coffee beans, fruits, noodle,
rubber or some marine products and paint spraying operations which are cost competitive and attractive
applications [1].
A hybrid-type PV/T solar air heater is a kind of solar air heater which can produce electrical and thermal
energy simultaneously, by achieving a higher energy conversion rate of the absorbed solar radiation. These
systems consist of PV modules coupled to heat extraction devices in which air as a heat removing or
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working fluid is made to flow through channels of the collector. Hot air from the outlet is utilized for drying
agricultural products, space-heating, etc.
The electricity from the PV cells can be used in lighting home appliances. Therefore, a hybrid type PV/T
collector can significantly make use of overall energy from sun and have a better environmental impact [5].
Only a small part of the absorbed solar radiation is converted to electricity, heat generated by the PV
modules when solar radiation falls on it causes decrease in PV efficiency. But the thermal energy of the
system increases with high intensity of solar radiation. A number of simulation and experimental studies
have been carried out on the hybrid-type (PV/T) solar air heaters in order to enhance the overall
performance of the system. But still it is a difficult task for the researches to encounter the problems
associated with the PV/T systems. From the literature study, it is evident that no work on hybrid-type
(PV/T) solar air heater using ICEM CFD software is done.
The objective of the present study is to perform a CFD simulation of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater
using ICEM CFD software and to analyze the performance of the system at various operating condition. A
3D model of a hybrid-type (PV/T) solar air collector involving air inlet-outlet, absorber plate attached with
longitudinal fins at bottom side and pasted with solar cells on the top surface, a bottom plate, a glass cover
plate, back and side insulation is modeled using ICEM CFD, meshed and specified with the boundary
conditions to carry out simulation. The results thus obtained, will be used to suggest an optimum design of
solar air heater that yields better performance.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
THE PHYSICAL MODEL AND COORDINATE SYSTEM
In view of the geometry, the Cartesian co-ordinate system is chosen to describe the geometry, where X, Y
and Z axis are taken in the length, height and breadth of the solar air heater respectively. The distance
between the upper channel and the lower channel where air enters and leaves the system is 0.05 m each. An
absorber plate made of aluminum of dimensions 1 x 2 m2
and 0.002 m thick. The bottom and the other
three sides of the collector are well insulated with polystyrene of 0.05 m thickness. The total area of solar
cells is 1.12 m2
. The specifications of PV cells are shown in Table 1 and schematic diagram of hybrid-type
(PV/T) solar air heater is shown in Fig.1.
Table 1 Specifications of PV cells used in hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater
Parameter Value
Nominal peak power (Wp) 80 W
Maximum power voltage (Vm) 17.6 V
Maximum power current (Im) 4.7 A
Short circuit current (Isc) 5.2 A
Module efficiency (ηm) 10%
Solar cell efficiency (ηc) 13%
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Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a hybrid-type (PV/T) solar air heater created using ICEM CFD
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
The basic equations governing the compressible in-viscous fluid flow, is the Reynolds Averaged Navier-
Stokes Equation.
0
)()(
=
∂
∂
+
∂
∂
+
∂
∂
y
UG
x
UF
t
U
And the flux vectors F (U), G (U) and H (U) are defined as
+−−+
−+
−
=
yxyyy
xy
xy
quepv
pv
uv
u
yUG
ττ
τρ
τρ
ρ
)(
)( 2
+−
=
0
0
0
)(
θθτp
yUH
The viscosity in the stress term is replaced by µT in a turbulence flow of viscous fluid. Therefore this
model is a two layer eddy viscosity model and is given by
Where y is the normal distance from the wall and yx is the smallest value of y at which the values of inner
and outer formulas are equal.
+−−+
−
−+
=
xxxxx
xy
xx
qvepu
uv
pu
u
yUF
ττ
τρ
τρ
ρ
)(
)(
2
>
≤
=
xT
xTi
T
yy
yy
0
µ
µ
µ
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MESHING AND PRE-PROCESSING
The model is created using ICEM CFD software.
Parts are named as inlet, outlet, glass cover, outer case, aluminium plate, bottom plate.
Global Mesh parameters are defined that gives us information regarding type of mesh. The global
mesh element size and part parameters are setup, finally mesh is computed which gives us the mesh
information regarding total number of elements.
An unstructured tetra mesh is generated in order to perform computations with the Octree approach.
The model is then meshed and processed further with CFD Pre-Solver were the material properties,
domain and boundary conditions are specified.
The solver solves all the solution variables for the problem specification generated in CFX – Pre.
Finally, the CFX – Post provides post-processing graphics tools to analyze and presents the CFX
simulated results.
Fig.2 Meshed model of a hybrid solar air heater
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The important boundary conditions specified for the computation of a PV/T solar air heater are as
follows:
1. Inlet: Air at a mass flow rate of 0.007 kg/s and at a constant temperature of Ti = 305 K is passed
through the upper channel.
2. Outlet: Relative pressure is set to zero, which facilitates the air flow within the system.
3. Glass: Solar heat flux is specified at varying range from 800 W/m2
to 650 W/m2
4. Wall: The no slip condition and smooth surface conditions are used.
In the analyses, four domains were considered for the computation viz., air as a fluid domain, silicon
(solar cell), polystyrene and aluminium as solid domains. There were no moving parts (all parts were
stationary) with reference pressure at 1 atm. All other parts within the polystyrene and glass cover are
assumed to have conservative heat flux.
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VALIDATION
The problem is solved using ANSYS CFX and the code is validated with the results of a research paper
[5] for accuracy and correctness. For modeling, the dimensions of the same were maintained as described
in the research paper and validation is carried out for three different heat fluxes at 0.007kg/s air mass flow
rate and at a constant inlet temperature of 305 K. It is found that the results thus obtained from simulation
well agreed with the results of the published work, as shown in Fig. 3 to 6 below.
Fig.3 Plot of cell temperature v/s solar radiation of previous work
Fig.4 Plot of outlet air temperature v/s solar insolation of previous model
Fig.5 Variation of cell temperature v/s solar heat flux in present work
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Fig.6 Variation of outlet temperature v/s solar heat flux in present work
Fig.7 Temperature contour of solar cell at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.8 Temperature contour of air outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.9 Temperature profile of air from inlet to outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
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Performance analysis
The performance of this combined hybrid type PV/T system is studied by applying the first and second laws
of thermodynamics. The energy balance is based on the first law of thermodynamics.
ߟ௧ =
݉ሶ ܥ(ܶ − ܶ)
ܵܣ
∗ 100 1
ߟ = ߟൣ1 − ߚ൫ܶ௩ − ܶ൯൧ 2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study 3-D models of three different geometries of hybrid-type solar air heater are created by
using ICEM CFD and were simulated with different air mass flow rates and at different solar heat fluxes to
analyze the performance of the system. The design parameters that were altered are viz. the surface area, the
distance of separation between the upper and lower channel of air flow, longitudinal fins and artificial
roughness on absorber-bottom plate. Figures 12 to15 show the results generated by ANSYS CFX, where we
have temperature contours shown by different colors, which describe the flow and temperature field
characteristics within the system for different design configurations.
Design 1: Absorber-Bottom plate with wedge shape ribs
To enhance the performance of the system, applying artificial roughness on the heat transfer surface is a
well known application. Relative roughness height of 25 mm and relative roughness pitch of 200 mm (9
numbers per 2 m width below the absorber plate and 10 numbers per 2.1 m above the bottom plate) to
maintain the angle of attack of 100
as shown in the Fig.10 and Fig.11. Upper channel between the glass
cover and absorber plate is separated by 43 mm and the lower channel (outlet) between the absorber plate
and bottom plate is separated with a height of 85 mm. Air at a mass flow rate of 0.012 kg/s. The solar heat
flux is specified on the glass surface ranging from 800 – 650 W/m2
.
Fig.10 Velocity profile of air from inlet to outlet
Fig.11 Absorber-Bottom plate with wedge shape ribs
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Fig.12 Temperature contour of glass at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.13 Temperature contour of solar cell at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.14 Temperature contour of air outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
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Fig.15 Temperature profile of air from inlet to outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
At 800 W/m2
heat flux, the outlet temperature of air is 408 K and the corresponding thermal efficiency is
about 74%. The outlet temperature of air is high, enhances the thermal efficiency of the system and it is
observed that the temperature on the cell surface was too high, leads to drop in electrical efficiency of the
system.
Design 2: Hybrid (PV/T) solar air heater with baffle and fins
In this design, the baffle of radius 35.5 mm at the extreme end is provided where the air turns and travels
through the lower channel as a shown in the Fig.16. Longitudinal fins of height 20 mm and thickness 2 mm
(10 numbers per length) at the bottom side of the absorber plate as well as on the top surface of the bottom
plate is provided for effective heat transfer of air. The baffle is provided at the extreme end to avoid the
pressure losses, which has an impact on air that travels both in the upper channel (forward direction) and the
lower channel (reverse direction). The collector surface area is increased and the fins are arranged
alternatively in such a way that there is no intersection or overlapping between them along the length of the
absorber and bottom plate. The inlet air temperature is assumed as 305 K and is operated at two air mass
flow rates of 0.012 kg/s and 0.019 kg/s. The inlet of air is between the glass plate and the absorber plate i.e.,
the upper channel of height 30 mm and outlet with a distance of separation of 45 mm between the absorber
and the bottom plate.
Fig.16 A hybrid (PV/T) solar air heater with baffle and fins
Figures 17 to 19 below represents the temperature contours of cell temperature, outlet temperature and
temperature profile of air for mass flow rate of 0.019kg/s at solar heat flux of 650 W/m2
.
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Fig.17 Temperature contour of solar cell at solar heat flux of 650 W/m2
Fig.18 Temperature contour of air outlet at solar heat flux of 650 W/m2
Fig.19 Temperature profile of air from inlet to outlet at solar heat flux of 650 W/m2
The cell temperature is in the acceptable range at low solar heat flux value of 650 W/m2
. The corresponding
electrical efficiency is 8.4%, if the cell temperature at higher solar heat flux decreases below 360 K then
there will be increase in electrical efficiency.
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Design 3: Hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater with inlet at one end and outlet at the other end
A new design of hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater is as shown in Fig.20, where the air enters from one
side of the system and then exits from the outlet at the other end. Air inlet is between the glass plate and the
absorber plate of height 35 mm where the cold air enters the system at one end. The air outlet is at the other
end with a height of 40 mm between absorber and bottom plate from where the hot air exits the system.
Fig.20 Hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater with inlet at one end and outlet at the other
Solar heat flux defined on the glass surface is 800-650 W/m2
. The initial temperature of air at inlet is 305 K,
and at two different mass flow rates of 0.012 kg/s and 0.019 kg/s. Figures below represents the temperature
contours of glass, air inlet, cell temperature, outlet temperature and temperature profile of air for mass flow
rate of 0.019kg/s from inlet to outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
.
Fig.21 Temperature contour of glass at heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.22 Temperature contour of air inlet at 305 K
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Fig.23 Temperature contour of solar cell at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.24 Temperature contour of air outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
Fig.25 Temperature profile of air from inlet to outlet at solar heat flux of 800 W/m2
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In this case, the effective heat transfer is achieved as the air passes in only one direction through the upper
and lower channel. The same gets heated up and cools the surface temperature of cell simultaneously. The
system is operated at air mass flow rate of 0.019 kg/s and solar heat flux range from 800-650 W/m2
showed
better electrical behavior. The electrical efficiency recorded at this condition is around 10.6%. Hence this
design of hybrid-type (PV/T) solar air heater is suggested for achieving high performance.
CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis carried out, the following conclusions are made
Design 1 - Absorber-Bottom plate with wedge shape ribs: In the analysis of this design, the
electrical efficiency drops, as the surface temperature of cell measured is exceeding the cell
operating temperature at air mass flow rate of 0.012 kg/s.
Design 2 - Hybrid (PV/T) solar air heater with baffle and fins: The thermal efficiency was good,
but still the electrical efficiency required little enhancement in this case.
Design 3 - Hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater with inlet at one end and outlet at the other end:
In this design, the air mass flow rate of 0.019 kg/s was optimum among the two mass flow rates at
which the system was operated. The electrical and thermal efficiencies achieved are 10% and 115%
respectively.
REFERENCES
1. M. Y. OTHMAN, B. YATIM, K. SOPIAN, M. N. A. BAKAR, (2006) “Design of a Double-Pass
Photovoltaic-Thermal Air Collector with a Compound Parabolic Concentrator and Fins”, Journal of
Energy Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 3, December 1.
2. CHANTANA PUNLEK, RATTANACHAI PAIRINTRA, SIRINUCH CHINDARAKSA, SOMCHAI
MANEEWAN, (2009) “Simulation Design and Evaluation of Hybrid PV/T Assisted Desiccant
Integrated HA-IR Drying System (HPIRD)”, food and bio-products processing pp 77–86.
3. BHASKAR JOSHI, RANJIT SINGH, BRIJ BHUSHAN, (2011) “Effect of Long way Length of
Roughness Element on Performance of Artificially Roughened Solar Air Heater Duct”, International
Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology (IJAET) E-ISSN 0976-3945, Vol.II/ Issue III/July-
September, pp 130-136.
4. M. SRINIVAS, S. JAYARAJ, (2013) “Investigations on the performance of a double pass, hybrid -
type (PV/T) solar air heater”, International Journal of energy and environment, Volume 4, Issue 4,
pp.687-698.
5. ARUN KUMAR YADAV; AMITESH PAUL; G. R. SELOKAR, (2013) “CFD Based Performance
Analysis of Artificially Roughened Solar Air Heater”, International Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences, 5(2), June-August, pp. 129-133.