this presentation presents description of a paper "Enhancement and Performance Evaluation of a Multicast Routing Mechanism in ZigBee Cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Network".
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
TRUST ASSESSMENT THROUGH FTA APPROACH IN AD-HOC NETWORKcscpconf
An Ad-hoc network consists of communicating nodes to establish improvised communicationwith environment without any fixed infrastructure. Nodes in Ad-hoc network (MANET) do not
rely on a central infrastructure management but relay packets sent by other nodes. Mobile adhoc network can work properly only if the participating nodes collaborate with routing. Therefore it is required that the nodes co-operate for the intensity of operator network. Because of the high mobility of the nodes in the network, detection of misbehaviour of any node is a complex problem. Nodes have to share the routing information in order for each to find the
route to the destination. This conceptual paper is based on the relationship among the nodes which makes them to co-operate in an ad-hoc network .This require nodes to Trust each other. Thus we can say Trust is a important concept in secure routing mechanism among the nodes. In this paper we present a unique Trust based method in which each node broadcast a RQ packet if
it is received from different neighbours. The secure, efficient and reliable route towards the destination is calculated as a weighted average of the Trust value of the nodes in the route, with respect to it’s behaviour observed by the neighbour nodes and the number of nodes in the route.
Joint Fixed Power Allocation and Partial Relay Selection Schemes for Cooperat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the future wireless systems, non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) with partial relay selection scheme is considered as developing research topic. In this paper, dual-hop relaying systems is deployed for NOMA, in which the signals are communicated with the assistance of decode-and-forward (DF) scheme. This paper presents exact expressions for outage probability over independent Rayleigh fading channels, and two partial relay selection schemes are provided. Using analytical result and Monte-Carlo method, we introduce forwarding strategy selection for fixed user allocation and exactness of derived formula is checked. The presented simulations confirm the the advantage of such proposed NOMA, and the effectiveness of the proposed forwarding strategy.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
TRUST ASSESSMENT THROUGH FTA APPROACH IN AD-HOC NETWORKcscpconf
An Ad-hoc network consists of communicating nodes to establish improvised communicationwith environment without any fixed infrastructure. Nodes in Ad-hoc network (MANET) do not
rely on a central infrastructure management but relay packets sent by other nodes. Mobile adhoc network can work properly only if the participating nodes collaborate with routing. Therefore it is required that the nodes co-operate for the intensity of operator network. Because of the high mobility of the nodes in the network, detection of misbehaviour of any node is a complex problem. Nodes have to share the routing information in order for each to find the
route to the destination. This conceptual paper is based on the relationship among the nodes which makes them to co-operate in an ad-hoc network .This require nodes to Trust each other. Thus we can say Trust is a important concept in secure routing mechanism among the nodes. In this paper we present a unique Trust based method in which each node broadcast a RQ packet if
it is received from different neighbours. The secure, efficient and reliable route towards the destination is calculated as a weighted average of the Trust value of the nodes in the route, with respect to it’s behaviour observed by the neighbour nodes and the number of nodes in the route.
Joint Fixed Power Allocation and Partial Relay Selection Schemes for Cooperat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the future wireless systems, non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) with partial relay selection scheme is considered as developing research topic. In this paper, dual-hop relaying systems is deployed for NOMA, in which the signals are communicated with the assistance of decode-and-forward (DF) scheme. This paper presents exact expressions for outage probability over independent Rayleigh fading channels, and two partial relay selection schemes are provided. Using analytical result and Monte-Carlo method, we introduce forwarding strategy selection for fixed user allocation and exactness of derived formula is checked. The presented simulations confirm the the advantage of such proposed NOMA, and the effectiveness of the proposed forwarding strategy.
Dcf learn and performance analysis of 802.11 b wireless networkIJCNCJournal
Though WLAN wireless network has been widely deployed as the main split-flow deployment of the
communication network, little study emphasizes its performance as WLAN protocols were only designed for
the public communicating conveniently with each other. Actually that too much wireless access points
assembling together will cause self-interference to the whole WLAN network. This paper investigates the
distributed coordination function (DCF) learn and the performance study of 802.11b networks. Firstly, our
study illustrates the performance of its MAC layer and its fairness issues related to DCF. Next we propose
the details which should be paid attention to in deploying network services. Then, performance analyses
are evaluated by simulation and real test for a dense wireless network. Our main goal is to give proposals
to network operators how to design a WLAN network more standardized and orderly.
AGPM: An Authenticated Secure Group Communication Protocol for MANETsIDES Editor
Secure group communication is a challenging task
with respect to MANET’s, authentication of mobile nodes,
group key establishment and rekeying for secure
information exchange and QoS in data transfer. In this
paper we authenticate the mobile nodes through transitive
signature scheme in the routing phase of AODV protocol.
For a secure group communication we establish a
collaborative group key with the members participating in
the route path to the destination. The nodes are dynamic in
nature, in which any new node can join in the group or
leave the group. Instead of performing individual Rekeying
operations, it is performed at a particular time interval.
Performance of the group communication is compared with
the existing protocols. The analysis is made with respect to
the throughput, rekeying time, delay, overhead and
communication cost. The simulation result shows that our
protocol enjoys greater advantage over other protocols in
the literature.
OPTIMUM EFFICIENT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR IPv6 ijngnjournal
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) both are the mobility management solutions proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support IP Mobility. It’s been an important issue, that upon certain condition, out of MIPv6 and HMIPv6 which one is better. In this paper an Optimum Efficient Mobility Management (OEMM) scheme is described on the basis of analytical model which shows that OEMM Scheme is better in terms of performance and applicability of MIPv6 and HMIPv6. It shows that which one is better alternative between MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and if HMIPv6 is adopted it chooses the best Mobility Anchor Point (MAP). Finally it is illustrated that OEMM scheme is
better than that of MIPv6 and HMIPv6.
Performance Analysis and Development of an Efficient Routing Scheme for IEEE ...IDES Editor
A collision-free centralized scheduling algorithm
for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX provides a mechanism for
creations multi-hop mesh and high-quality wireless
multimedia services which can be developed as a high speed
broad band wireless network. In centralized scheduling for
IEEE 802.16 mesh networks, all packets should be
transported through the BS (Base station).The links to or
from the BS becomes the system’s bottleneck and the
throughput is heavily impacted by the interference. To solve
this problem, we evaluated the proposed algorithm with five
selection criteria of scheduling through extensive simulations
and the experimental results are instrumental for improving
the performance of IEEE 802.16 based WMNs in terms of link
scheduling. We compared the effect of two routing and one
scheduling algorithm on the scheduling length. The result
shows that best algorithm has improved the system
performance in the aspects of scheduling length, transmission
range, and channel utilization ratio.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined RadioIJECEIAES
In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embed- ded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding.
Dcf learn and performance analysis of 802.11 b wireless networkIJCNCJournal
Though WLAN wireless network has been widely deployed as the main split-flow deployment of the
communication network, little study emphasizes its performance as WLAN protocols were only designed for
the public communicating conveniently with each other. Actually that too much wireless access points
assembling together will cause self-interference to the whole WLAN network. This paper investigates the
distributed coordination function (DCF) learn and the performance study of 802.11b networks. Firstly, our
study illustrates the performance of its MAC layer and its fairness issues related to DCF. Next we propose
the details which should be paid attention to in deploying network services. Then, performance analyses
are evaluated by simulation and real test for a dense wireless network. Our main goal is to give proposals
to network operators how to design a WLAN network more standardized and orderly.
AGPM: An Authenticated Secure Group Communication Protocol for MANETsIDES Editor
Secure group communication is a challenging task
with respect to MANET’s, authentication of mobile nodes,
group key establishment and rekeying for secure
information exchange and QoS in data transfer. In this
paper we authenticate the mobile nodes through transitive
signature scheme in the routing phase of AODV protocol.
For a secure group communication we establish a
collaborative group key with the members participating in
the route path to the destination. The nodes are dynamic in
nature, in which any new node can join in the group or
leave the group. Instead of performing individual Rekeying
operations, it is performed at a particular time interval.
Performance of the group communication is compared with
the existing protocols. The analysis is made with respect to
the throughput, rekeying time, delay, overhead and
communication cost. The simulation result shows that our
protocol enjoys greater advantage over other protocols in
the literature.
OPTIMUM EFFICIENT MOBILITY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR IPv6 ijngnjournal
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) both are the mobility management solutions proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support IP Mobility. It’s been an important issue, that upon certain condition, out of MIPv6 and HMIPv6 which one is better. In this paper an Optimum Efficient Mobility Management (OEMM) scheme is described on the basis of analytical model which shows that OEMM Scheme is better in terms of performance and applicability of MIPv6 and HMIPv6. It shows that which one is better alternative between MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and if HMIPv6 is adopted it chooses the best Mobility Anchor Point (MAP). Finally it is illustrated that OEMM scheme is
better than that of MIPv6 and HMIPv6.
Performance Analysis and Development of an Efficient Routing Scheme for IEEE ...IDES Editor
A collision-free centralized scheduling algorithm
for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX provides a mechanism for
creations multi-hop mesh and high-quality wireless
multimedia services which can be developed as a high speed
broad band wireless network. In centralized scheduling for
IEEE 802.16 mesh networks, all packets should be
transported through the BS (Base station).The links to or
from the BS becomes the system’s bottleneck and the
throughput is heavily impacted by the interference. To solve
this problem, we evaluated the proposed algorithm with five
selection criteria of scheduling through extensive simulations
and the experimental results are instrumental for improving
the performance of IEEE 802.16 based WMNs in terms of link
scheduling. We compared the effect of two routing and one
scheduling algorithm on the scheduling length. The result
shows that best algorithm has improved the system
performance in the aspects of scheduling length, transmission
range, and channel utilization ratio.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined RadioIJECEIAES
In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embed- ded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding.
Monitoring and control systems that are based on networked wireless sensors have been recognized as an indivisible component for current and future smart systems in many applications such as healthcare, home security, disaster response, and environmental monitoring. From the viewpoint of researchers, developers and even consumers, reliability analysis is an indispensable step before wireless sensor network systems can be widely deployed for mission-critical applications. In this talk, reliability modeling and analysis for wireless sensor networks will be discussed under two different communication paradigms: infrastructure communication and application communication. Five data delivery models (sink unicast, sink anycast, sink multicast, sink manycast, and sink broadcast) will be presented for the infrastructure communication reliability analysis. Impact of different routing algorithms and network topology characteristics like connectivity, average path length, average degree, diameter, and clustering coefficient on the network reliability will also be discussed.
In multicast communication, there is one source and a group of destination.
In multicasting, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.
The source address is a unicast address, but destination address is a group address.
Shortest Tree Routing With Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
We propose STR to resolve the main reasons of overall network performance degradation of ZTR, which are the detour path problem and the traffic concentration problem. Second, we prove that the 1-hop neighbor nodes used by STR improve the routing path efficiency and alleviate the traffic load concentrated on tree links in ZTR. Third, we analyze the performance of ZTR, STR, and AODV by differentiating the network conditions such as network density, ZigBee network constraints, traffic types, and the network traffic. For modification security purpose we are also encrypting the data packets during transmission. So that the intermediate nodes are not able to view the data during transmission. For Encryption process, we are using RC4 Algorithm. Short cut tree routing is used for minimizing the routing path from source to destination.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF AODV, DSDV, ZRP IN VANETijfcstjournal
The main aim of this paper is to present comprehensive study on the performance and behavior of Ondemand
Distance Vector Routing approach (AODV), Table Driven Routing approach (DSDV) and Hybrid
Routing approach (ZRP) in VANETs. VANETs are an enhanced form of MANETs where moving nodes are
replaced by vehicles. This paper evaluates these protocols under realistic mobility models to analyze their
performance in VANETs. To evaluate the performance of given protocols, different set of scenarios with
varying nodes density have been simulated with the help of simulators NS-2, SUMO and MOVE.
On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol.
This paper presents a novel multicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. The protocol, termed ODMRP (On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol), is a mesh-based, rather than a conventional tree- based, multicast scheme and uses a forwarding group concept (only a sub- set of nodes forwards the multicast packets via scoped flooding). It applies on-demand procedures to dynamically build routes and maintain multicast group membership. ODMRP is well suited for ad hoc wireless networks with mobile hosts where bandwidth is limited, topology changes frequently, and power is constrained. We evaluate ODMRP’s scalability and performance via simulation.
A beginners guide into routing, its elements and basic working principles. An introduction to most widely used Unicast routing protocols and their working principles.
A SIMULATION-BASED PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MANETS CDS CREATION ALGORITHMS U...cscpconf
Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs) are gaining increased interest due to their wide range of potential applications in civilian and military sectors. The self-control, self-organization,
topology dynamism, and bandwidth limitation of the wireless communication channel make implementation of MANETs a challenging task. The Connected Dominating Set (CDS) has been proposed to facilitate MANETs realization. Minimizing the CDS size has several advantages; however, this minimization is NP complete problem; therefore, approximation algorithms are
used to tackle this problem. The fastest CDS creation algorithm is Wu and Li algorithm; however, it generates a relatively high signaling overhead. Utilizing the location information of
network members reduces the signaling overhead of Wu and Li algorithm. In this paper, we compare the performance of Wu and Li algorithm with its Location-Information-Based version
under two types of Medium Access Control protocols, and several network sizes. The MAC protocols used are: a virtual ideal MAC protocol, and the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The use of a virtual ideal MAC enables us to investigate how the real-world performance of these algorithms deviates from their ideal-conditions counterpart. The simulator used in this research
is the ns-2 network simulator.
CLUSTER BASED FIDELITY TO SECURE DSDV PROTOCOL AGAINST BLACK HOLE ATTACKSpijans
In this paper, we introduce and discuss an approach that will be used to secure the DSDV routing
protocol in an ad-hoc network. Due to mobility and absence of infrastructure, nodes are more vulnerable
to several malicious attacks. The secure routing is essential to transmit packets from source to the
destination. Our approach consists to model and manage fidelity concept in an ad-hoc clustering
architecture. Clustering makes it possible to group the mobile nodes and to send data simultaneously to
the each group. Our security model thus aims to integrate mechanisms against black hole attacks, forcing cooperation between nodes and detecting failing behaviors. The nodes present in the clusters will work
more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the
cluster heads. The simulation of our proposed algorithm is carried out using NS2 network simulator by evaluating some network performances such as average delay, throughput of communication and packets
loss
CLUSTER BASED FIDELITY TO SECURE DSDV PROTOCOL AGAINST BLACK HOLE ATTACKSpijans
In this paper, we introduce and discuss an approach that will be used to secure the DSDV routing
protocol in an ad-hoc network. Due to mobility and absence of infrastructure, nodes are more vulnerable
to several malicious attacks. The secure routing is essential to transmit packets from source to the
destination. Our approach consists to model and manage fidelity concept in an ad-hoc clustering
architecture. Clustering makes it possible to group the mobile nodes and to send data simultaneously to
the each group. Our security model thus aims to integrate mechanisms against black hole attacks, forcing
cooperation between nodes and detecting failing behaviors. The nodes present in the clusters will work
more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the
cluster heads. The simulation of our proposed algorithm is carried out using NS2 network simulator by
evaluating some network performances such as average delay, throughput of communication and packets
loss.
CLUSTER BASED FIDELITY TO SECURE DSDV PROTOCOL AGAINST BLACK HOLE ATTACKSpijans
In this paper, we introduce and discuss an approach that will be used to secure the DSDV routing protocol in an ad-hoc network. Due to mobility and absence of infrastructure, nodes are more vulnerable to several malicious attacks. The secure routing is essential to transmit packets from source to the destination. Our approach consists to model and manage fidelity concept in an ad-hoc clustering architecture. Clustering makes it possible to group the mobile nodes and to send data simultaneously to the each group. Our security model thus aims to integrate mechanisms against black hole attacks, forcing cooperation between nodes and detecting failing behaviors. The nodes present in the clusters will work more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the cluster heads. The simulation of our proposed algorithm is carried out using NS2 network simulator by evaluating some network performances such as average delay, throughput of communication and packets loss.
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Enhancement and performance evaluation of a multicast routing mechanism in zig bee cluster tree wireless sensor network.
1. Enhancement and Performance Evaluation of a
Multicast Routing Mechanism in ZigBee Cluster-tree
Wireless Sensor Network.
Presented By: Raja’ “Moh’d
Taisir” Masa’deh
2. Introduction.
Study Of Z-Cast And Enhancement.
ZigBee Network Formation And Address Assignment.
ZigBee Cluster-Tree Routing Protocol.
Z-Cast ZigBee Multicast Routing Mechanism.
Amelioration of the Multicast Routing Table.
Outlines…
3. What’s ZigBee?
The IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standard protocol which is
used to provides the wireless personal area network
(WPAN).
It is used in an applications that need low data rate,
long battery life (low energy needed) [1].
http://www.zigbee.org/what-is-zigbee/
4. ZigBee appears after realizing that Bluetooth is
unsuitable for many applications.
ZigBee can communicate at speed up to 250 kbps by
10 to 75 meters distance, rather than 10 meters in
Bluetooth.
ZigBee node take about 15 msec to power on and
obtain a packet while in Bluetooth it take about 3 sec
to power on and respond
5. The authors proposed Z-Cast: A multicast routing mechanism
for ZigBee cluster-tree wireless sensor network.
They were interested in amelioration of ZigBee protocol so
that requires :
1- Less memory storage.
2- Low message overhead.
7. The address assignment mechanism based on:
The maximum number of children.
Depth.
The number of routers in the network.
8. Cm: the maximum number of children.
Rm: the maximum number of routers.
Lm: the maximum depth of the network.
Where 1< n < (Cm-Rm)
Should be:
Where 1> n > (Cm-Rm)
9. A parent device that has a Cskip(d) value of zero means that
it’s not capable of accepting children and must be treated as
an end-device.
A parent device that has a Cskip(d) value greater than zero
can accept devices and assign them address.
ZC has a depth d= 0
d increases by 1 after each level.
12. Depth in the network, d Offset value, Cskip(d)
0 21
1 5
2 1
3 0
Apply first Formula to calculate the Cskip(d), where d=0
(1 + 4 -4 -4*4^(3-0-1)/1-4)=
1-4*(4^2)/-3=
1-64/-2=
-63/-2=
21
16. The ZigBee Cluster-Tree routing protocol is a hierarchal routing protocol.
- If the D is a descendant of the device, this latter should route the
message to the appropriate child.
- If the D isn’t a descendant, the device shall route the message to its
parent.
- If the following expression is true, the D device is a descendant.
A < D < A + Cskip(d -1)
- The address N of the next hop device is :
if N=D , where D > A + Rm*Cskip(d)
19. ZR 0x0002 transmits a message to ZR 0x0041
The tree routing protocol behaves as follows:
: ZR 0x0002 builds the data frame and sends it to its parent 0x0001.
NW.L.R.S.A NW.LR.D.A MAC.S.A MAC.D.A
0x0002 0x0041 0x0002 0x0001
NW.L.R.D.A: Network layer Routing Destination Address.
NW.L.R.S.A: Network layer Routing Source Address.
MAC.S.A: MAC Source Address
MAC.D.A: MAC Destination Address.
20. - ZR 0x0001 receives the data frame , realizes that the
message isn’t for him and has to be relayed.
- The device checks its neighbor table for the routing
destination address, and trying to find if the D is one of
its child devices.
- The device checks if the routing destination address is a
descendant that result in:
0x0001 < 0x0041 < 0x0001 +21
21. - After verifying that the destination is not a descendant, ZR
0x0001 routes the data frame to its parent, 0x0000.
NW.L.R.S.A NW.LR.D.A MAC.S.A MAC.D.A
0x0002 0x0041 0x0001 0x0000
22. - ZC receives the data frame and verifies if the routing
destination address exists in its neighbor table.
- After realizing that the D isn’t its neighbor, ZC can’t route up
because it’s the root of the tree.
- The next hop address is calculated as follows:
N= 0x0000 + 1 + [(0x0041 – (0x0000 +1))/21] * 21.
N= 0x0040 ( 64 in decimal)
NW.L.R.S.A NW.LR.D.A MAC.S.A MAC.D.A
0x0002 0x0041 0x0000 0x0040
23. - ZR 0x0040 receives the data frame and checks its neighbor
table for routing destination address.
- After verifying that the address is its neighbor, the message is
routed to it.
NW.L.R.S.A NW.LR.D.A MAC.S.A MAC.D.A
0x0002 0x0041 0x0040 0x0041
24. Z-Cast represents a solution to support multicast in ZigBee-
based WSN.
The objective of Z-Cast is to provide an efficient data routing
among all group members.
Z-Cast mechanism rely on a multicast routing table in the
ZigBee coordinator and in each ZigBee router to store and
know about membership information of all groups.
25. Multicast Routing Table (MRT):
16 bits short address that
identifies a certain group.
Contains the list of the network
short addresses of nodes being
members of the group along the
cluster tree network
26. Multicast Routing Update:
The MRT table entries must be updated for every join and
leave operations in the network.
ZR must knows :
o The membership information of its directly associated nodes
o All the membership information of the child routers of its
tree.
27. Routing in ZC:
ZR can only check its child routers by checking its MRT table,
and it can’t check the other ZR in the network.
The researchers proposed to add a flag to the multicast
message to indicate that the multicast message has
already been treated by the ZC.
28. When a frame is received by the ZigBee Coordinator, it
analyzes the frame and checks if the destination address is a
multicast or a unicast address.
If it is a multicast address, the ZC will add a flag to
the frame and sends it to all its directly connected child
Routers. The flag is necessary to indicate that the frame
is treated by the ZigBee Coordinator.
29. If a multicast frame comes to the ZigBee Router without
the flag, the packet must be sent to the parent device
until reaching the ZigBee Coordinator.
If the destination address of the frame contains a unicast
address, the default cluster-tree routing will be applied.
30.
31. Routing in ZR:
When a multicast packet reaches a ZigBee Router, there are
different possibilities:
If the multicast group address is not found in the (MRT), then
the multicast packet will be discarded.
If the multicast group address is found in the MRT, two
different cases may occur :
32. If the GMs address field contains only one member address of
the corresponding group, the packet will be transmitted by
unicast to the group member.
If the GMs address field contains two or more than two addresses
of the corresponding group members, the packet will be
transmitted to all its direct child nodes.
33.
34. Problem in the MRT of Z-cast:
The number of update messages increases significantly especially
when dealing with long depths which can lead to network
congestion.
For this reason, we can assume that the proposed Multicast
routing table did not scale to large network size and low memory
requirements of sensor nodes that have limited memory resources.
35. E N
H I
L K
M
G_add.=0xf801
F
J
D
G_add.=0xf802
36.
37. MRT Construction Amelioration
When a node joins a multicast group, its parent updates its
Multicast routing table.
The parent node verifies if the node that it added to his
multicast routing table is the first one in this group.
If it is the case, this parent node will inform his parent node
that it has in his descendants members of a group.
38. the parent nodes will only store the group address and not
the group member address which can reduce the memory
storage in sensor nodes.
39. MRT Update Amelioration
If the router have already members that belong to the same
group, it will not inform the parent nodes of this
information because it will be a redundancy.
40.
41.
42.
43. E N
H I
L K
M
G_add.=0xf801
F
J
D
G_add.=0xf802
44.
45. References
[1]: Hichem Boujelben, Olfa Gaddour, Mohamed Abid. “Enhancement and
Performance Evaluation of a Multicast Routing mechanism in ZigBee Cluster-Tree
Wireless Sensor Network”, in the 10th international Multi-Conference on Systems,
Signals & Devices Hammamet, Tunisia ,March 18-21,2013.
[2]:Olfa Gaddour , Anis Koubaa, Omar Cheikhrouhou, Mohamed Abid. “Z-Cast:
A Multicast Routing Mechanism in ZigBee Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor
Networks”, in the Third International Workshop on Sensor Networks (SN 2010),
in conjunction with ICDCS 2010, Genoa, Italy, June 21-25, 2010.
46. [3]:Olfa Gaddour, Anis koubaa, and Mohamed Abid, ”SeGCom: A secure group
communication in cluster-tree wireless sensor networks,” IEEE First International
Conference on Conference on Communications, and Networking, COMNET,pp.
1-7, November 2009.
[4]: Zigbee 2006 specification, ”ZigBee document 064112,
http://www.zigbee.org/”, 2006.
References