1. The document discusses various theoretical aspects of teaching the four language skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking. It addresses both macro skills and microskills that make up each skill.
2. It explores isolating the four skills versus integrating them, noting that in reality it is difficult to completely isolate them due to similarities in their underlying microskills. An integrated approach is often best.
3. The document discusses concepts for teaching the four skills effectively, including scaffolding, learner autonomy, and interactive teaching. Scaffolding involves adjusting support levels based on students' needs, while learner autonomy focuses on independence and self-directed learning.
Good grammar is a vital skill for advanced language proficiency: Knowing how words work and how they fit together is critical for putting foreign words to proper use. The need to learn grammar is always going to be part of language learning, and should not be neglected. Even when using an approach that emphasizes the acquisition of vocabulary, ways can and should be found to incorporate grammar into the learning process. The right strategies and technologies can overcome any objections about possible boredom or difficulty by making grammar learning appealing, efficient, and effective. This webinar explains the methodology of Lexical Functional Grammar and demonstrate how to integrate it into lesson planning.
Good grammar is a vital skill for advanced language proficiency: Knowing how words work and how they fit together is critical for putting foreign words to proper use. The need to learn grammar is always going to be part of language learning, and should not be neglected. Even when using an approach that emphasizes the acquisition of vocabulary, ways can and should be found to incorporate grammar into the learning process. The right strategies and technologies can overcome any objections about possible boredom or difficulty by making grammar learning appealing, efficient, and effective. This webinar explains the methodology of Lexical Functional Grammar and demonstrate how to integrate it into lesson planning.
For those ELT teachers who are carrying out reading classes at the level of primary school or teaching ELLs, I highly recommend you to peruse and take a look at this approach because it focuses on the teaching of language arts, which is the teaching reading and writing.
Community Language Learning advises teachers to take their students as “whole person.” Students decide the topic and teachers act to like conselors. The learning is inductive.
For those ELT teachers who are carrying out reading classes at the level of primary school or teaching ELLs, I highly recommend you to peruse and take a look at this approach because it focuses on the teaching of language arts, which is the teaching reading and writing.
Community Language Learning advises teachers to take their students as “whole person.” Students decide the topic and teachers act to like conselors. The learning is inductive.
Listening Skills is one of the most essential skills needed by all of us. Unfortunately, we all love only to talk and hate listening.
But, developing this vital skill can help us in our society, profession or even in our domestic field. So, why not practice it and change our life?
The Prestwick House Guide to Teaching Vocabulary is loaded with tips, tricks, and best practices for teaching vocabulary to high school and junior high school teachers.
This article is a written-up version of a talk given by Michael Swan, posted here with Michael's kind permission. It argues that a balanced language course should consist of three kinds of Input (extensive, intensive and analysed), and similarly three kinds of Output (extensive, intensive and analysed). Michael argues that too many language programs focus on only some of these elements while ignoring others.
Developing a Well Balanced Class- The Four Strand Approach and Top Activities...Compass Publishing
This session was given by James Hall at Compass Teacher's Day in Sao Paulo Brazil in 2018. The session looks at effective course design based on the four strand approach to course design. It also looks at the popular course Hang Out! as an example of great course design. In addition, James shares his favorite activities for teacher's to use in the classroom. (c) 2018 James Hall, please use citations when referencing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
5. The Four Skills & Direction of
Communication
http://www.learnpakistan.com
6. Which Skills are more demanding ?
• James A. Coleman and John Klapper are of
ther view that Receptive skills are less
demanding than productive skills. But reading
and listening are not passive skills (2005,p 55).
http://www.learnpakistan.com
8. Macro & Micro Skills
• Each of these "four skills" is itself composed of component sub-
skills. Grabe (1992:50-3) notes six in particular in the case of
reading. These are:
• the perceptual automatic recognition skill;
• linguistic skills;
• knowledge and skills of discourse structure and organisation;
• knowledge of the world;
• synthetic and critical evaluation skills;
• metalinguistic knowledge and skills.
• It is arguable that these sub-skills are, to a greater or lesser extent,
also sub-skills of writing, speaking and listening. This suggests that
basic strategies used are similar, if not exactly the same, in each of
the four skills. However, since the four modalities impose different
constraints, at many different levels, on each occasion that they are
called upon, they encourage a unique emphasis on particular
combinations of strategies on each occasion.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
9. In speaking skill, for example, pronunciation is a type micro skill that must be
practised in order to improve communication. Spelling is a skill that makes
understanding the written word easier. Grammar and vocabulary are other micro
skills. Micro doesn't mean they are unimportant. Macro skills such as listening are
very general, while micro skills are more specific. Strategies for learning vocabulary,
strategies for learning grammar are also sub skills or micro skills.
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10. Wide range of Micro Skills
of the Four Skills
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11. Isolating and Integrating the Four
Skills. Practically Isolating them is
difficult
Since there are similarities in the microskills involved, these skills
may be taught in a combined way. There is a growing realisation
among EFL teachers that the overt processes involved in
language - the four skills of reading, writing, listening and
speaking - which have been, in the past, "treated somewhat in
isolation, in fact have so much in common with each other, that
it makes much more sense to treat them holistically", (Wray &
Medwell 1991:3). It has been noted that the links between
reading and writing, for example, have been emphasised to such
an extent that it is now normal to see them referred to as
"literacy" (ibid.:3). Similarly, the term "oracy" is commonly used
to denote the skills of speaking and listening.
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12. How to Teach the Four Skills
Some Concepts
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13. Thinking is key to learning . While
teachers can do many things for
their students , there is one
inescapable fact, they cannot think
for them.
Jim Ahern
http://www.learnpakistan.com
14. Need for Rethinking
• If we teach today as we taught yesterday, we
rob our children of tomorrow.
• John Dewey
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15. Fun can Motivate.
We may learn English fast if we have the right
motivation to learn it. Better job prospects,
international friendship and personality development
can be sources of motivation for people. But, if learning
English gives you fun, then, fun itself can be a source of
motivation for you. Try to learn English through fun-
filled ways that make you laugh and bring you
excitement. When you enjoy learning English, it would
not be drudgery or soulless job.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
16. Exposure
If we look up the word ‘exposure’ in a dictionary of English
language, we see that there are more than one meanings of
the word ‘exposure’. However, in English learning or in the
learning of any language, it means , according to Macmillan
Dictionary, ‘the act of providing someone with the opportunity
to experience new ideas, activities etc’, Thus, when we talk
about getting exposure to English language, we mean getting
into the activities that make us speak, listen , read or write
English language.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
17. How to Teach the Four Skills
1. Scaffolding
2. Learner Autonomy
3. Interactive Teaching
http://www.learnpakistan.com
19. Teacher ashas more downloads about English
http://www.learnpakistan.com
a Scaffolder
• A scaffolder is a building
professional who specializes
in putting up scaffolds and
platforms. Scaffolders can
erect scaffolds related to
building construction.
Similarly, according to
Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) a
teacher works as a
scaffolder for a child
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20. Zone of proximal development
http://www.learnpakistan.com has more downloads about English
• "Zone of proximal development" (ZPD) is
Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a
child can complete. The lower limit of ZPD is
the level of skill reached by the child working
independently (also referred to as the child’s
actual developmental level). The upper limit is
the level of potential skill that the child is able
to reach with the assistance of a more capable
instructor.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
21. Facilitating Gradual Cognitive Growth
• Scaffolding is changing the level of support to
suit the cognitive potential of the child. More
support is offered when a child is having
difficulty with a particular task and, over time,
less support is provided as the child makes
gains on the task.
http://www.learnpakistan.com has more downloads about English
http://www.learnpakistan.com
23. Learner Autonomy
http://www.learnpakistan.com has more downloads about English
• Learner Autonomy is a concept in foreign
language education. The term "learner
autonomy" was first coined in 1981 by Henri
Holec. 'Autonomy is the ability to take charge of
one's own learning' (Henri Holec ).So Autonomy
means moving the focus from teaching to
learning. Autonomy encourages and needs peer
support and cooperation. The role of the teacher
as supporting scaffolding and creating room for
the development of autonomy is very demanding
and very important.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
24. Learner Autonomy
• From • To
• Dependence • Independence
• Learn this • Learn how
• If you don’t know it, • If you don’t know it find
wait to be told it out
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25. Ministry of Education of Pakistan
Advocates Autonomy of Learning
• The curriculum document for the production
of syllabuses of class 1 to class 12, (2006)
emphasizes the development of
“competencies in using the English language
for communication in academic and social
context, while enabling them to be
autonomous and life-long learners’.
• The National Curriculum for English
• Language Grades 1- X11 2006
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26. Self-Access Centres
• It has transformed old practices in the language
classroom and has given origin to self access language
learning centers. As the result of such practices,
language teaching is now seen as language learning
and it has placed the learner as the centre of our
attention in language learning education
• of the National Committee on English (NCE) has
worked for the establishment of two Self Access
centers (SAC) in Islamabad and Multan (First Meeting
of National Committee on English , March 15, 2011
p.6). Another SAC is being established at the University
of Malakand. Such centers help the English teachers to
update their knowledge, skills and teaching methods.
http://www.learnpakistan.com
30. Interactive Teaching
• Interactive teaching is a two way process
wherein the teacher modifies his or her
approach in response to the needs of the
learner(s). The interactive teacher is keenly
aware of the learners and their different
learning styles. It is not possible to teach
effectively without being interactive. Teacher
becomes facilitator. Through questions, he
encourages learners’ partcipation
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31. • Teacher becomes facilitator.
• Through questions, he encourages learners’
participation
• Gives partcipants hands on experience
• Uses teaching aids to gain and retain their
attention
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