Very Useful for B.Tech, B.Sc. and B.E. students. This ppt explains about Cement manufacturing process by Rotary Kiln, Tank furnace for Glass production and Lubrication Mechanism

1. The chief chemical components of Portland cement are calcium, silica, alumina and iron.
Calcium is derived from limestone, marl or chalk, while silica, alumina and iron come from
the sands, clays and iron ore sources.

2. Manufacturing by Rotary kiln
A kiln (kil or kiln) is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures
sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.

3. Rotary kiln Process

6. Gypsum is a mineral and is hydrated calcium sulfate in chemical form.
Gypsum plays a very important role in controlling the rate of hardening
of the cement. During the cement manufacturing process, upon the
cooling of clinker, a small amount of gypsum is introduced during the
final grinding process.
When cement is mixed with water, it becomes hard over a period of
time. This is called setting of cement. Gypsum is often added to
Portland cement to prevent early hardening or “flash setting”, allowing
a longer working time. Gypsum slows down the setting of cement so
that cement is adequately hardened.
Chemical composition of Portland Cement:
Portland cement is made up of four main compounds: tricalcium silicate
(3CaO · SiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaO · SiO2), tricalcium aluminate
(3CaO · Al2O3), and a tetra-calcium aluminoferrite (4CaO · Al2O3Fe2O3)
Role of Gypsum: CaSO4.2H2O

11. Portland Cement: Structure

12. Tank Furnace
Manufacturing of Glass by tank furnace

15. Annealing of Glass

16. Annealing Process of Glass Bottles with Them Being Removed From the Conveyor Afterwards

19. Chemical Structure of Soda-Lime Glass

20. Chemical Structure of Soda Glass

21. Lubricants
A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction
between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat
generated when the surfaces move.
Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being
in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces
sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium.
The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide.