The document discusses key topics in engineering geology including: 1) The importance of geology to civil engineering as all civil engineering works involve earth and its features. 2) The physical properties of minerals that are important for identifying and classifying different rock types. 3) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their origins and characteristic properties. 4) Important geological structures like strike, dip, folds, faults, joints and unconformities that influence civil engineering design and construction.

1. Engineering Geology
Mohd Sharique Ahmad
Assistant Professor
JIT Barabanki
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2. UNIT 1
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3. Earth Science and its important in civil engg
• Geology is the study of earth, the materials of which it is
made, the structure of those materials and the effects of the
natural forces acting upon them and is important to civil
engineering because all work performed by civil engineers
involves earth and its features.
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4. Mineral and their physical properties
• The physical characteristics of minerals include traits which
are used to identify and describe mineral species. These
traits include color, streak, luster, density, hardness, cleavage,
fracture, tenacity, and crystal habit.
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5. Common Rock Forming minerals
• The six minerals olivine, quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene and
amphibole are the commonest rock-forming minerals and
are used as important tools in classifying rocks, particularly
igneous rocks. Except for quartz, all the minerals listed are
actually mineral groups.
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6. Internal Structure of earth
• The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells,
like an onion. These layers can be defined by their chemical and
their rheological properties. Earth has an outer silicate solid crust,
a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less
viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core
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7. Building Stones
• Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently
consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks
or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the
construction of buildings and other structures.
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8. Occurrence of Building Stones
Building Stones resources occur in all geological systems of the
stratigraphic column. There are complex issues involved in
defining mineral reserves for and roofing stone. Geological
factors such as bedding planes, joint spacing etc. are an
important consideration, affecting yields at the quarry, as are
physical characteristics and visual appearance, color and
texture.
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9. Characteristics Building Stones
• Igneous Building Stone
• Sedimentary building Stone
– Sandstone
– Lime Stone
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10. Use of Building Stones
• Stone Cladding
• Walling Stone
• Flags Stone
• Slate
• Monumental Stone
• Marble
• Decorative Stone
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11. UNIT 2
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12. Origin Of Rocks
• Rocks are divided into three basic types depending on how
they were formed: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
When the lava cools and hardens on the earth's surface, it is
called volcanic igneous rock. If the magma cools and hardens
under the ground, it is called plutonic igneous rock
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13. Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning
fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types,
the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous
rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of
magma or lava
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14. Properties of Igneous Rock
• Magmatic consolidation
• Both Crystalline and Non-Crystalline
• Non-porous
• Poorly eroded
• Content of Silica
• No Fossils
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15. Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the
deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at
the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation
is the collective name for processes that cause mineral
and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place.
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16. Properties of Sedimentary Rocks
• Color: The color of a sedimentary rock is often mostly
determined by iron, an element with two major oxides: iron II
oxide and iron III oxide.
• Texture The size, form and orientation of clasts (the original
pieces of rock) in a sediment is called its texture. The texture
is a small-scale property of a rock, but determines many of its
large-scale properties, such as the density, porosity or
permiability.
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17. Metamorphic Rock
• A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a pre-
existing rock. The original rock is subjected to very high heat
and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical
changes. Examples of these rock types include marble, slate,
gneiss, schist
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18. Properties of Metamorphic Rock
• Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist,
and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is
produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure.
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble,
quartzite, and novaculite do not have a layered or banded
appearance
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19. UNIT 3
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20. Strike and dip of strata
• Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a
geologic feature. The strike line of a bed, fault, or other
planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that
feature with a horizontal plane. On a geologic map, this is
represented with a short straight line segment oriented
parallel to the strike line.
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21. Folds
• A geological fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat
and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or
curved as a result of permanent deformation.
Synsedimentary folds are those due to slumping of
sedimentary material before it is lithified.
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22. Faults
• A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are
associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's
tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's
crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can
cause earthquakes
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23. Joints
• In geology, a joint is a fracture dividing rock into two sections
that have not moved away from each other. A joint sees little
or no displacement. In other kinds of fracturing, like in a
fault, the rock is parted by a visible crack that forms a gap in
the rock.
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24. Unconformity
• Unconformities are gaps in the
geologic rock record. They are
surfaces of contact between
older rocks and younger
sedimentary rocks, formed
due to erosion or lack of
sediment deposition over
extended periods of time
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25. Overlap
• Onlap or overlap is the geologic phenomenon of successively
wedge-shaped younger rock strata extending progressively
further across an erosion surface cut in older rocks. It is
generally associated with a marine transgression.
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26. Landslides
• A landslide, also known as a landslip, is a form of mass
wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements,
such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris
flows. Landslides can occur in underwater, called a submarine
landslide, coastal and onshore environments
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27. Landslide Causes
• The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in
slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide
causes and one landslide trigger.
• The difference between these two concepts is subtle but
important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a
landslide occurred in that location and at that time.
• Landslide causes are listed in the following table, and include
geological factors, morphological factors, physical factors and
factors associated with human activity.
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28. Preventive measure of lanslides
• Improving surface and subsurface drainage
• Constructing piles and retaining walls
• Excavating the head
• Buttressing the toe
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29. Unit 4
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30. Earthquake
• An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is
the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting
from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to
toss people around and destroy whole cities.
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31. Causes of Earthquake
• Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground
suddenly breaks along a fault.
• This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that
make the ground shake.
• When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against
each other, they stick a little. When the rocks break, the
earthquake occurs
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32. Classification of Earthquake
Based on Location
• Interplate
• Intraplate
Based on Focal Depth
• Shallow Earthquake
• Deep Earthquake
Based on Cause
• Non Techtonic Earthquake
• Techtonic Earthquake
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33. Classification Contd..
• Based on the Magnitute of Earthquake
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CLASS MAGNITUDE
Great 8 or more
Major 7 – 7.9
Strong 6 – 6.9
Moderate 5 – 5.9
Light 4 – 4.9
Minor 3 – 3.9

34. Contd..
Based on Epicenter Distance
• Local Earthquakes
• Regional Earthquakes
• Teleseismic Earthquake
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35. Earthquake wave
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the
Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquake, volcanic,
eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-
made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.
Types
• Body Waves
• Primary Waves
• Secondary Waves
• Rayleigh Waves
• Stoneley Waves5/20/2017 Mohd Sharique Ahmad 35

36. Earthquake intensity
• The severity of earthquake shaking is assessed using a
descriptive scale – the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
Magnitude: Earthquake size is a quantitative measure of the
size of the earthquake at its source. The Richter Magnitude
Scale measures the amount of seismic energy released by an
earthquake.
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37. Earthquake magnitude
Magnitude Earthquake Effects
Estimated Number Each
Year
2.5 or less
Usually not felt, but can be
recorded by seismograph.
900,000
2.5 to 5.4
Often felt, but only causes
minor damage.
30,000
5.5 to 6.0
Slight damage to buildings
and other structures.
500
6.1 to 6.9
May cause a lot of damage
in very populated areas.
100
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38. Seismic Zones of India
• Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.
• Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.
• Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.
• Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone
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39. Underground Water
• Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks
and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves
slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks
called aquifers
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40. Sources of Underground water
A. Surface or Direct Sources of Water
 Rivers
 Streams
 Intermittent Streams
 Springs
 Torrents
 Lakes
 Reservoirs
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41. B. Underground or Indirect Sources of Water
• Open Wells
• Tube Wells
• Artesian Wells
• Infiltration Gallery
• Infiltration wells
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42. Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable
rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or
silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water
well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the
characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology.
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43. Aquiclude
• An impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that
acts as a barrier to the flow of water.
• It is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an
aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer,
pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer
• It can absorb water but cannot transmit it in a significant
amount.
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44. Artesian Well
• An artesian aquifer is a
Confined aquifer containing
groundwater under positive
pressure. This causes the
water level in a well to rise
to a point where hydrostatic
equilibrium has been
reached
• A well drilled into such an
aquifer is called an artesian
well.
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45. Groundwater province of india
The ground water provinces occurring in India have been classified into 8 as follows
1. The Precambrian Crystalline province
2. Precambrian Sedimentary province
3. Gondwana Sedimentary province
4. Deccan Trap province
5. Cenozoic Sedimentary province
6. Cenozoic Fault Basin province
7. Indo-Gangetic Alluvial province
8. Himalayan High Land province
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46. UNIT 5
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47. Geological investigations for site selection
• The main objective of geological investigations for most
engineering projects is to determine : The geological structure of
the area The lithology of area The ground water conditions in the
region The seismicity of the region.
• The geological structure of the area, which also includes
topography and geomorphology, is determined by conducting
extensive and intensive geological surveys.
• The lithological details as revealed by these investigations would
include the type of rock that make up different parts of the area
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48. Purpose of Dams
• Generation of hydropower energy
• Providing water for irrigation facilities
• Providing water supply for domestic consumption and
industrial use
• Fighting droughts and controlling floods
• Providing navigational facilities
• Additional benefits of fisheries and recreational facilities and
greenery along reservoir
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49. Site Selection for Dam
• Suitable foundation must be available.
• For economy, the length of the dam should be as small as possible, and
for a given height, it should store the maximum volume of water.
• The general bed level at dam site should preferably be higher than that
of the river basin. This will reduce the height of the dam.
• A suitable site for the spillway should be available in the near vicinity.
• Materials required for the construction of dam should be easily available,
either locally or in the near vicinity.
• The value of land and property submerged by the proposed dam should
be as low as possible.
• The dam site should be easily accessible, so that it can be economically
connected to important towns and cities.
• Site for establishing labor colonies and a healthy environment should be
available near the site.5/20/2017 Mohd Sharique Ahmad 49

50. Site selection for reservoirs
• Surface topography
The site should provide a large area for storage of the water. Also,
there should be suitable routes available for pipelines
• Sub-surface geology:
The site must provide :
 Safe foundation for dam structure.
 Water tightness against seepage
• Absence of objectionable soluble materials
• Availability of local construction material
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51. Site Investigation for tunnel
• Selection of tunnel Site
• Selection of excavation method
• Selection of design for tunnel
• Assessment of Cost and Stability
• Assessment of environment Hazard
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52. Site Selection for highways
• Topography
• Lithology
 Consolidated Ground
 Unconsolidated Ground
 Geological Structures
 Dip and Strike
 Parallel to Dip-safe
 Perpendicular to dip unsafe
 Angular to dip-unsafe
 Precautions: Enlarging the section to cutting to stable limit
 Strong retaining wall
 Good Drainage system
 Joint
 Fault
 Ground Water Condition
 Weathering
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53. Reservoir induced seismicity
• Though understanding of
reservoir-induced seismic
activity is very limited, it has
been noted that seismicity
appears to occur on dams
with heights larger than 330
feet (100 m).
• The extra water pressure
created by large reservoirs is
the most accepted
explanation for the seismic
activity.
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54. Methods of Geophysical Exploration
Geophysical exploration may be used with advantage to locate
boundaries between different elements of the subsoil as these
procedures are based on the fact that the gravitational,
magnetic, electrical, radioactive or elastic properties of the
different elements of the subsoil may be different.
• Electrical resistivity method
• Seismic Refraction Method
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55. Thanks
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