This document provides an overview of a course on energy resources and utilization. The course covers fossil energy resources like oil, gas, and coal, as well as renewable energy resources including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal. It discusses production and consumption trends for different fossil fuels. Key topics covered include fossil fuel formation processes, reserves, extraction technologies, transportation and applications such as electricity generation and steel production. The environmental impacts of fossil fuel usage and clean coal technologies are also summarized.
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Hydropower
5. Biomass Energy
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Wave and Tidal Energy
Note: This is only the introduction part of a very big presentation. Please download the full version from here:
https://goo.gl/bXRLGd
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Solar Energy
3. Wind Energy
4. Hydropower
5. Biomass Energy
6. Geothermal Energy
7. Wave and Tidal Energy
Note: This is only the introduction part of a very big presentation. Please download the full version from here:
https://goo.gl/bXRLGd
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially o.pdflonkarhrishikesh
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially of compressed
altered plant remains. Under circumstances which have been replicated in many places on the
planet over the past 350 to 400 million years, plant tissue has been buried under anoxic (oxygen-
free) conditions, allowing plant tissue to be incompletely decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.
Economically viable coal deposits form when remains of entire forests are buried and preserved
by later sediments. Over millennia,such buried plant tissue may be converted through a series of
stages involving microbial activity, pressure,and heat into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, and
bituminous coal,or the rarest coal, anthracite, the form of coal with the highest amount of energy
per kilogram. Coal is composed predominantly of the element carbon ( C ) along with hydrogen (
H ) and nitrogen ( N ) . Carbon content of coal ranges from 45 percent up to as much as 98
percent in rare anthracite. Most coal used to produce electricity contains between 50 and 70
percent carbon. Buming coal,therefore, produces large amounts of , themain agent of global
climate change. Question 4: Burning 1 kilogram of C produces about 3.7 kilograms of CO 2 .
Assume typical coal contains 60 percent C . How much CO 2 is released per tonne of coal
burned? Question 5: Recall that the United States produces about 1,100 million tons of coal each
year-equal to 1,000 million tonnes. How much CO 2 would be released each year? Question 6:
Slightly more than 4,000 million tonnes of coal were burned globally in 2003. How much CO 2
was produced, assuming 60 percent C content? Question 7: According to the World Coal
Institute, the world is expected to consume 7,000 million tonnes of coal each year by 2030, with
China accounting for half the projected increase. How much CO 2 would be produced by coal
burning in 2030 ? Question 8: How can global CO 2 emissions be controlled, in your view, if
these forecasts prove accurate? Discuss the implications if they are not controlled. DAL BED
METHANE When plant matter is converted into coal,methane is also formed,the main ingredient
in natural gas. The methane may be trapped in the sedimentary rock containing the coal. Some of
this trapped gas is released when coal is mined, which can lead to dangerous explosions. These
explosions are the reason for most miners' deaths in underground mines. Large mines may
release up to 1 million cubic feet per day of methane. This can be a significant souree of
atmospheric methanc, a powerful greenhouse gas. It is also a potentially valuable energy
resource. OXIDAtion of Pyrite and Water PolLUTION One of the most widespread and
polluting reactions is that of the oxidation of the minetn): pyrite, illes galled "fool's gold." Pyrite
is found in virtually all coals as well as in the When the coal is stripped away,the pyrite-bearing
sediment is exposed to oxidation fossil soils immediately below the coal seams: and
hydration,producing sulfaric acid. The.
1). List two positive comments or observations on fossil fuels.2)..pdfsuresh640714
1). List two positive comments or observations on fossil fuels.
2). List two negative comments or observations on fossil fuels.
3). List two systems that use fossil fuels.
4). Find two articles that are related to fossils fuels.
5). What exhaust (car and/or truck) emissions are regulated by the EPA?
6). How will 54.5-MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards affect the future economy?
7). List some alternative power systems for the IC engines and the gas-turbines (jet engine).
Note that answers to problems 5, 6, and 7 must be supported by a reference (Journal, news
article, & ….).
Solution
B) Other than the above observation, fossil fuels are easily available. fossil fuels have been of
such a great source of energy, and there are many extractions going every day. Scientists and
geologists try to find out coal mines and petroleum fields to explore more of the fossil fuel, as
the pressure is increasing day by day due to increase in population and demand. Recent
advancement in science and geology, the refineries and the extraction procedures have also
improved and simplified a lot as compared to the earlier decades. This makes the availability
even smoother.
2. A) The biggest issue now a days with fossil fuels are the rising prices, Middle-east countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and African nation such as Nigeria, have huge reserves of
oil and natural gas and many other countries are dependent on them for constant supply of these
fuels. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group of 13 countries
including Iran, Iraq and UAE are responsible for supplying 37 to 43% percent of the world’s oil
production and hold the majority of the world’s oil reserves. OPEC has a close watch of all the
natural gas and oil consumed worldwide and then according to the statistics adjusts it with their
own production to maintain its desired barrel price, resulting in high fluctuations in oil rates per
barrel.
B) Fossil fuels are needed in huge reserves wherever their plants are set up. This requires them to
be transported to the desired location via truck, train, ship or airplane. Often we hear of some
leaks in oil tankers or ship getting drowned deep under the sea that were carrying crude oil to get
refined. The impact of this is that crude oil contains some toxic substances which when mixed up
with water poses serious impact on aquatic life. Transportation of crude oil via sea can cause oil
spill which can pose hazard to the aquatic life by lessening the oxygen content of water.
3. A) Coal is the most widely used fossil fuel for electricity generation, as the cost for producing
steam via coal is 3 times cheaper than any other medium according to the Asian Coal Reserves
2013 they are also used in Steam locomotives to produce energy for the engine to work..
B) Diesel is used in Heavy commercial vehicles and trains, as they produce large amount of
energy for engine to work for transportation heavy goods. In the United States, 93 percent of the
en.
COAL Union of Concerned ScientistsContents· How Coal Was.docxclarebernice
COAL: Union of Concerned Scientists
Contents
· How Coal Was Formed
· How Coal is Mined
· Where Our Coal Comes From
· How Coal is Transported and Processed
· How Coal is Burned
· Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Coal
· The Future of Coal
Many people think coal represents a bygone way of life and that America has moved on to safer and cleaner energy sources. On the contrary, coal provides roughly half the nation’s electricity—far more than any other source of power—and our coal use has nearly tripled since 1960. Our coal use will continue to expand if the power industry succeeds in building the many power plants it has proposed for construction.
Coal’s proponents claim coal power is cheap. While the direct price of electricity from the nation’s aging fleet of coal plants may be low, it doesn’t reflect the staggering and lasting costs of coal-related air and water pollution, mining accidents, permanently altered landscapes, and, most importantly, climate change. Even the newest proposed plants – which would cost far more than existing plants—would have major impacts on air and water quality, and almost the same mining and climate impacts as existing plants.
Technology is evolving that has the potential to substantially reduce coal’s contribution to global warming by capturing carbon emissions before they are emitted. This technology could become an important part of the battle against global warming, but it remains to be seen whether it will work at a commercial scale and at what cost.
Meanwhile, a 2009 UCS study found that we can dramatically reduce our coal use—and all the environmental and social costs associated with it—while saving energy consumers money with policies that aggressively promote energy efficiency and renewable power.
How Coal Was Formed
Coal was formed when dead plant matter submerged in swamp environments was subjected to geological forces of heat and pressure over hundreds of millions of years. As time went by, the plant matter evolved from moist and low-carbon peat, to coal, which is much higher in energy and carbon content. Coal itself has a wide variation in properties, so it is categorized into 4 ranks—lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite—in order of increasing carbon and energy content. Most of the coal burned in U.S. power plants is of the bituminous or subbituminous variety.
Figure 1: The Process of Coal Formation (Source: KGS)
Coal of all types can vary widely in the amount of sulfur contained. These differences are determined by the conditions under which the coal formed. Low-sulfur coal deposits formed in a freshwater environment, while those containing higher proportions of sulfur developed in brackish swamps or marine-influenced environments.[1] In the United States, the sulfur content of coal resources varies along geographic lines, with most of the eastern coal containing high levels of sulfur, and the younger western coal containing much less.
How Coal is Mined
In 2 ...
Insulation _refractories,Purpose of Insulation,Types and Application,Economic Thickness of Insulation (ETI). Simplified Formula for Heat Loss Calculation, Refractories, Properties of Refractories,Classification of Refractories,Selection of Refractories, Heat Losses from Furnace Walls
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Compressor Types
Compressor Performance
Compressed Air System Components
Efficient Operation of Compressed Air Systems
Compressor Capacity Assessment
Checklist for Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air System
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Lab Layout
Study of construction details and working of lathe trainer
Study of Chemical machining and process of chemical machining
Roughing and Finishing Program - Rectangular Pocket
One Step Finishing Cycle Program - Rectangular Pocket
Write a G-Code Program for the Part Shown Below
A typical round part used for CNC programming and machining.
Circular pocket cutting
Slot milling
Slot finishing
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Safety Inspections and Sample Safety Inspection.Health and safety training D...Salman Jailani
Safety Inspections and Sample Safety Inspection.Health and safety training Definition of risk WHAT ARE PERMITS-TO-WORK
Mechanical Engineering
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Energy Resources and Utilization
1. Energy Resources and Utilization
Dr. Muhammad Farooq
Assistant Professor
Engr.farooq@uet.edu.pk
2. Course Contents
I. Fossil Energy Resources and Technologies
Oil, Gas and Coal reserves, production technologies and trends,
consumption trends, Technologies for conversion for heat, electricity and
transport
II. Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Definition and types of Renewable Energies, Resource availability,
technologies and applications Solar Energy (thermal and photovoltaics) Wind
Energy (resources, turbines and applications), Hydropower (resources,
turbines, small hydro power systems and applications), Biomass Energy
(resources, thermal and non thermal applications of biomass, and biofuels),
Geothermal Energy (resources, heat and electricity applications), Other
Renewable Energy Resources (Tidal, Wave and Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion)
III. Outlook of future energy use, Towards a low carbon society,
Energy access and energy conservation
11/23/2019 2
3. Text Books
l. JohnTwidell, TonyWeir, AnthonyD.Weir “Renewable
Energy Resources”,Taylor&Francis.
Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy - Power for a
Sustainable Future”. Oxford University Press, 2004
Jefferson W. Tester, Elisabeth M. Drake, Michael J. Driscoll,
Michael W. Golay, William A. Peters, “Sustainable Energy:
Choosing Among Options”, The MIT Press.
Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, Francis Tuluri “Energy Resources,
Utilization and Technologies”
11/23/2019 3
4. Lecture Plans
Fossil Energy Resources and Technologies (3-4 Weeks)
Coal, oil and gas reserves, production, trends, Energy
modeling and demand forecasting
Renewable Energy Resources and Utilization (7-8 Weeks)
Solar, Wind, Hydropower, Biomass, Carbon Capture
Storage (CCS), Geothermal, Tidal/Ocean Thermal Energy
Outlook of future energy use, Towards a low carbon society,
Energy access and energy conservation (2 Weeks)
11/23/2019 4
5. Fossil Energy Resources
A fuel (such as coal, oil, or natural gas) that is formed in the earth from
dead plants or animals
Any combustible organic material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived
from the remains of former life
Ancient organic remains (fossils) in sediments which became
sedimentary rock, giving rise to solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels such
as coal, crude oil, and natural gas. Coal is derived from vegetable
matter altered by pressure, whereas crude oil and natural gas are
derived from animal and vegetable matter altered by pressure and heat.
11/23/2019 5
6. Coal
Coal is an organic rock it contains mostly carbon (C), but it also
has hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N), as
well as some inorganic constituents (minerals) and water (H2O).
Coal is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that
originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs.
Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period – known
as the first coal age – which spanned 360 million to 290 million
years ago
11/23/2019 6
7. Coal Formation
Coal was formed from prehistoric plants, in marshy
environments, some tens or hundreds of millions of years
ago. The presence of water restricted the supply of oxygen
and allowed thermal and bacterial decomposition of plant
material to take place, instead of the completion of the carbon
cycle. Under these conditions of anaerobic decay, in the so-
called biochemical stage of coal formation, a carbon-rich
material called peat was formed.
11/23/2019 7
14. Coal Characterization
Low rank coals, such as lignite and subbituminous coals are
typically softer, friable materials with a dull, earthy
appearance. They are characterized by high moisture levels
and low carbon content, and therefore a low energy content.
Higher rank coals are generally harder and stronger and
often have a black, vitreous lustre. They contain more carbon,
have lower moisture content, and produce more energy.
Anthracite is at the top of the rank scale and has a
correspondingly higher carbon and energy content and a
lower level of moisture
11/23/2019 14
15. Coal Analysis
Ultimate (elemental) Analysis
Elemental or ultimate analysis encompasses the
quantitative determination of Carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal.
Proximate Analysis
moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.
11/23/2019 15
16. Coal Reserves
It has been estimated that there are over 984 billion tonnes of
proven coal reserves worldwide. This means that there is
enough coal to last us over 190 years.
11/23/2019 16
17. Coal reserves
11/23/2019 17
The United States, former
Soviet Union and China
together possess more
than 80% of the ultimately
recoverable resources
Amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one pound of
water (at or near 39.2 degrees
Fahrenheit) by one degree
Fahrenheit.
1 BTU=252 Calories= 1055.06
Joules
19. How long will it last
Answer is not that straight forward
• Exact quantity is not known
• Advancement in mining technology may enhance productivity
• Not easy to predict rate of utilization
Assumptions
No new coal reserves will be found
No new mining technologies will be developed
All available coal will be burned regardless of Quality
The annual coal consumption will increase at 5% per year (that is,
it will double every 14 years)
11/23/2019 19
21. Coal Mining
Surface/Strip/Opencast Mining
Highly efficient and highly productive method
Controversial from environmental point of view
Underground/deep Mining
Less productive
Highly mechanized
Air must be kept safe
11/23/2019 21
23. Coal Mining
The choice of mining method is largely determined by the
geology of the coal deposit.
Underground mining currently accounts for about 60% of
world coal production, although in several important coal
producing countries surface mining is more common
The choice of mining technique is site specific but always
based on economic considerations; differences even within a
single mine can lead to both methods being used
11/23/2019 23
24. Coal processing
Coal straight from the ground, known as runof-mine (ROM) coal,
often contains unwanted impurities such as rock and dirt and
comes in a mixture of different-sized fragments. However, coal
users need coal of a consistent quality.
Once the coal has been mined, it is usually processed to
separate the inorganic, ash-forming components and to produce
appropriately sized particles. The various operations involved in
this processing are collectively known as coal preparation or
coal beneficiation.
The treatment depends on the properties of the coal and its
intended use.
11/23/2019 24
25. Coal Transportation
After the coal has been prepared, it will be transported to the
point of use. It may then be stored at the plant site for some
time before being consumed. Transportation of coal is
efficient but very expensive process.
Coal is generally transported by conveyor or truck over short
distances. Trains and barges are used for longer distances
within domestic markets, or alternatively coal can be mixed
with water to form a coal slurry and transported through a
pipeline.
11/23/2019 25
26. Coal Transportation
Ships are commonly used for international transportation, in
sizes ranging from Handymax (40-60,000 DWT), Panamax
(about 60-80,000 DWT) to large Capesize vessels (about
80,000+ DWT). Around 700 million tonnes (Mt) of coal was
traded internationally in 2003 and around 90% of this was
seaborne trade. Coal transportation can be very expensive –
in some instances it accounts for up to 70% of the delivered
cost of coal.
11/23/2019 26
27. Global coal production and consumption
11/23/2019 27
Global coal production is expected to reach 7 billion tonnes in 2030 – with China
accounting for around half the increase over this period.
28. Energy security issue
Coal reserves are very large and will be available for the
foreseeable future without raising geopolitical or safety issues.
Coal is readily available from a wide variety of sources in a well-
supplied worldwide market.
Coal can be easily stored at power stations and stocks can be
drawn on in emergencies
Coal-based power is not dependent on the weather and can be
used as a backup for wind and hydropower.
Coal does not need high pressure pipelines or dedicated supply
routes.
Coal supply routes do not need to be protected at enormous
expense.
11/23/2019 28
29. Coal Utilization
Coal has a very long and varied history. Some historians believe
that coal was first used commercially in China. There are reports
that a mine in northeastern China provided coal for smelting
copper and for casting coins around 1000 BC.
The first practical coal-fired electric generating station,
developed by Thomas Edison, went into operation in New York
City in 1882
Coal has many important uses worldwide. The most significant
uses are in electricity generation, steel production, cement
manufacturing and other industrial processes, and as a liquid
fuel.
11/23/2019 29
30. Coal Utilization
Coal still plays a vital role in the world’s primary energy mix,
providing 23.5% of global primary energy needs in 2002, 39%
of the world’s electricity, more than double the next largest
source, and an essential input into 64% of the world’s steel
production.
Primary Energy is all energy consumed by end-users. This
includes the energy used to generate electricity, but does not
include the electricity itself.
11/23/2019 30
32. Coal Utilization-Power Production
Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power
stations to generate electricity. The earliest conventional coal-
fired power stations used lump coal which was burnt on a
grate in boilers to raise steam. Nowadays, the coal is first
milled to a fine powder, which increases the surface area and
allows it to burn more quickly. In these pulverised coal
combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered coal is blown into
the combustion chamber of a boiler where it is burnt at high
temperature. The hot gases and heat energy produced
converts water – in tubes lining the boiler – into steam.
11/23/2019 32
34. Coal Utilization-Steel Mills
11/23/2019 34
Some 64% of steel production
worldwide comes from iron made
in blast furnaces
A blast furnace uses iron ore, coke
(made from specialist coking
coals) and small quantities of
limestone.
35. Coal Utilization-Steel Mills
11/23/2019 35
Coke has certain physical properties that
cause them to soften, liquefy and then
resolidify into hard but porous lumps when
heated in the absence of air. Coking coals
must also have low sulphur and
phosphorous contents and, being relatively
scarce, are more expensive than the steam
coals used in electricity generation.
36. Coal Utilization-Coal Liquefication
In a number of countries coal is converted into a liquid fuel –
a process known as liquefaction. The liquid fuel can be
refined to produce transport fuels and other oil products, such
as plastics and solvents. There are two key methods of
liquefaction:
>> direct coal liquefaction – where coal is converted to liquid
fuel in a single process;
>> indirect coal liquefaction – where coal is first gasified and
then converted to liquid.
11/23/2019 36
37. Coal Utilization-Cement Industry
Cement is made from a mixture of calcium carbonate
(generally in the form of limestone), silica, iron oxide and
alumina. A high temperature kiln, often fuelled by coal,
heats the raw materials to a partial melt at 1450°C,
transforming them chemically and physically into a substance
known as clinker. This grey pebble-like material is comprised
of special
compounds that give cement its binding properties. Clinker is
mixed with gypsum and ground to a fine powder to make
cement.
11/23/2019 37
38. Coal Utilization-Other
Other important users of coal include alumina refineries,
paper manufacturers, and the chemical and pharmaceutical
industries.
Several chemical products can be produced from the by-
products of coal. Refined coal tar is used in the manufacture
of chemicals, such as creosote oil, naphthalene, phenol, and
benzene. Ammonia gas recovered from coke ovens is used
to manufacture ammonia salts, nitric acid and agricultural
fertilisers.
11/23/2019 38
39. Coal and the environment
Our consumption of energy can have a significant impact on
the environment. Minimizing the negative impacts of human
activities on the natural environment– including energy use –
is a key global priority.
“Sustainable development---development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs”.
11/23/2019 39
40. Coal and the environment
Coal mining raises a number of environmental challenges,
including soil erosion, dust, noise and water pollution, and
impacts on local biodiversity.
For coal, the release of pollutants, such as oxides of sulphur
and nitrogen (SOx and NOx), and particulate and trace
elements, such as mercury, have been a challenge.
Clean coal technologies (CCTs) are a range of technological
options which improve the environmental performance of coal.
These technologies reduce emissions, reduce waste, and
increase the amount of energy gained from each tonne of coal
11/23/2019 40
41. Coal and the environment
Emissions of particulates, such as ash, have been one of the
more visible side-effects of coal combustion in the past. They
can impact local visibility, cause dust problems and affect
people’s respiratory systems.
Coal cleaning-Lowering level of sulphur and minerals
Electrostatic precipitator and Fabric Filters---about 99.5% ash
can be removed
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42. Coal and the environment
In electrostatic precipitators, particulate-laden flue gases
pass between collecting plates, where an electrical field
creates a charge on the particles. This attracts the particles
towards the collecting plates, where they accumulate and can
be disposed of.
Fabric filters, also known as ‘baghouses’, are an alternative
approach and collect particles from the flue gas on a tightly
woven fabric primarily by sieving.
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Carbonization—production of coke for metallurgical applications.
Conversion—Transform coal into liquid or gaseous fuel
However, strip mining is a
controversial activity, primarily because of its impact on the environment. In strip mining
the fertile top soil must be removed to expose the coal. If the top soil is not properly stored
during mining, and then replaced and re-seeded after mining, nothing can grow in the