This study evaluated energy consumption by Agudu Farms Limited (AFL) that processes maize and cassava into flour for human consumption. The objectives of study included to determine energy contribution to processing cost, to minimize the processing cost and to propose a new selling price per unit of sale of the product. The study materials included; a multi-meter, stopwatch, electrical appliances’ nameplates and bills, fuel purchased receipts, and production records. Data was collected through detailed energy audits and measurements of present electricity consumption. This data was converted into energy intensities, rates and costs, and analyzed. The monthly energy intensity plotted on bar charts using Microsoft excel and the results showed that diesel had the highest consumption variation of 3500 kWh/t, electricity 200kWh/t and labor 110 kWh/t. The percentage of energy contribution to processing cost was 33%. In monetary terms, the processing cost per hour of operation showed average value of ₦830. Whereas, the minimum production cost per hour using Tora software showed ₦767. The new product price per ten-kilogram (10kg) unit of sale of maize flour, using break-even analysis, showed ₦2864. The study observed that diesel contributed more to production cost than electricity and labor and therefore, recommended the setting up of an energy monitoring team to monitor procurement and control utilization of diesel to reduce production cost.
Decision Support System for Energy Saving Analysis in Manufacturing IndustryIJRES Journal
Nowadays the attempts to optimize energy efficiency and environmental impact are increasingly present in all activity areas and specifically in manufacturing industry. An innovative approach to achieve these optimizations lies in advanced combination of decision support technologies and Knowledge Management. A benchmarking energy saving tool (decision support tool) was carried out in four (4) different years, 2007 to 2010 in Niger mills limited, located in Calabar to generate energy intensity and energy intensity index of the period. The result obtained for energy intensity in 2007 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2008 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2009 was 2.40GJ/m3, and energy intensity for 2010 was 2.30GJ/m3. This result shows that for the period of these four years, that the energy consumed is in an average range of 2.30GJ/m3. That if the productivity increase as the result of increase in production, the energy intensity will increase to 2.40GJ/m3 or there about as the case maybe as a result of increase in production.
Energy efficiency of Industrial Utilities-Pratap Jung RaiPratap Jung Rai
The document discusses energy efficiency in industrial utilities. It outlines the objectives of energy efficiency as minimizing costs and environmental impacts without reducing productivity. An effective methodology for conducting energy audits is described, including preliminary, targeted, and detailed audits. The types of industrial utilities covered include electric motors, boilers, pumps, compressors, and HVAC systems. Monitoring equipment needed for energy audits is also discussed, such as electrical meters, combustion analyzers, thermometers, flow meters, and lux meters.
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Sys...IJERA Editor
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
IRJET- Electrical Energy Auditing and Saving Opportunities in Textile Ind...IRJET Journal
This document discusses electrical energy auditing and saving opportunities in textile industries. It analyzes the energy usage at Arbaminch Textile Share Company (AMTSC) in Ethiopia. The analysis found that AMTSC's electrical energy intensity of 3.21-7.67 kWh/kg for yarn and fabric production is higher than the average benchmark intensity of 3.65 kWh/kg. This suggests opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Specifically, the estimated additional annual cost due to inefficient electrical energy use is 1,282,988 Birr. While AMTSC's fuel energy intensity is better relative to benchmarks, overall the analysis indicates energy efficiency can be improved through better energy management and use of efficient technologies
Energy management involves planning and operating energy production and consumption to achieve objectives of resource conservation, cost savings, and climate protection while ensuring access to needed energy. It is closely connected to environmental management, production management, logistics, and other business functions. Energy management aims to improve efficiency in manufacturing, process industries, commerce, and government through strategies like audits, standards, procurement, guidelines, and training.
Sapele Thermal Power Station Generator Availability and Units Performance Stu...irjes
This document discusses a study of generator availability and performance at Sapele Thermal Power Station in Nigeria from 2005 to 2011. Data was collected on the availability and performance of 6 generating units at the power station. The study found the average availability of the units ranged from 29.71% to 89.99%, with an overall station availability of 88.35%. Increased forced outages were found to reduce plant availability. The reasons and durations for forced outages were identified to help improve reliability.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes an presentation on industrial energy efficiency approaches, technologies, and policies in India. It discusses how energy demand is projected to increase significantly in India by 2031-32 based on current trends. It outlines key approaches to improving energy efficiency in industry, including energy audits, research & development on efficient technologies, standards and labeling programs. Case studies are presented on energy audits of public buildings and replacing HVAC systems with waste heat recovery systems. India's Perform, Achieve and Trade program and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency are summarized as important policies to mandate efficiency improvements in energy-intensive industries.
The document summarizes an industrial energy audit conducted at R.R. Industries in Vadodara, India. The audit aimed to identify energy losses and inefficiencies in the facility's production and processes in order to minimize energy costs without affecting output or quality. Auditors monitored the facility's entire system and identified opportunities to reduce waste, lower energy bills, and improve the power factor and overall efficiency. Key areas examined included lighting, machinery, equipment loads, energy consumption by department, electrical parameters, and tariff plans. The audit findings and recommendations could help reduce energy usage and costs significantly at the facility.
Decision Support System for Energy Saving Analysis in Manufacturing IndustryIJRES Journal
Nowadays the attempts to optimize energy efficiency and environmental impact are increasingly present in all activity areas and specifically in manufacturing industry. An innovative approach to achieve these optimizations lies in advanced combination of decision support technologies and Knowledge Management. A benchmarking energy saving tool (decision support tool) was carried out in four (4) different years, 2007 to 2010 in Niger mills limited, located in Calabar to generate energy intensity and energy intensity index of the period. The result obtained for energy intensity in 2007 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2008 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2009 was 2.40GJ/m3, and energy intensity for 2010 was 2.30GJ/m3. This result shows that for the period of these four years, that the energy consumed is in an average range of 2.30GJ/m3. That if the productivity increase as the result of increase in production, the energy intensity will increase to 2.40GJ/m3 or there about as the case maybe as a result of increase in production.
Energy efficiency of Industrial Utilities-Pratap Jung RaiPratap Jung Rai
The document discusses energy efficiency in industrial utilities. It outlines the objectives of energy efficiency as minimizing costs and environmental impacts without reducing productivity. An effective methodology for conducting energy audits is described, including preliminary, targeted, and detailed audits. The types of industrial utilities covered include electric motors, boilers, pumps, compressors, and HVAC systems. Monitoring equipment needed for energy audits is also discussed, such as electrical meters, combustion analyzers, thermometers, flow meters, and lux meters.
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Sys...IJERA Editor
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
IRJET- Electrical Energy Auditing and Saving Opportunities in Textile Ind...IRJET Journal
This document discusses electrical energy auditing and saving opportunities in textile industries. It analyzes the energy usage at Arbaminch Textile Share Company (AMTSC) in Ethiopia. The analysis found that AMTSC's electrical energy intensity of 3.21-7.67 kWh/kg for yarn and fabric production is higher than the average benchmark intensity of 3.65 kWh/kg. This suggests opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Specifically, the estimated additional annual cost due to inefficient electrical energy use is 1,282,988 Birr. While AMTSC's fuel energy intensity is better relative to benchmarks, overall the analysis indicates energy efficiency can be improved through better energy management and use of efficient technologies
Energy management involves planning and operating energy production and consumption to achieve objectives of resource conservation, cost savings, and climate protection while ensuring access to needed energy. It is closely connected to environmental management, production management, logistics, and other business functions. Energy management aims to improve efficiency in manufacturing, process industries, commerce, and government through strategies like audits, standards, procurement, guidelines, and training.
Sapele Thermal Power Station Generator Availability and Units Performance Stu...irjes
This document discusses a study of generator availability and performance at Sapele Thermal Power Station in Nigeria from 2005 to 2011. Data was collected on the availability and performance of 6 generating units at the power station. The study found the average availability of the units ranged from 29.71% to 89.99%, with an overall station availability of 88.35%. Increased forced outages were found to reduce plant availability. The reasons and durations for forced outages were identified to help improve reliability.
Industrial energy efficiency - approaches, technologies and policies, Girish ...ESD UNU-IAS
This document summarizes an presentation on industrial energy efficiency approaches, technologies, and policies in India. It discusses how energy demand is projected to increase significantly in India by 2031-32 based on current trends. It outlines key approaches to improving energy efficiency in industry, including energy audits, research & development on efficient technologies, standards and labeling programs. Case studies are presented on energy audits of public buildings and replacing HVAC systems with waste heat recovery systems. India's Perform, Achieve and Trade program and National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency are summarized as important policies to mandate efficiency improvements in energy-intensive industries.
The document summarizes an industrial energy audit conducted at R.R. Industries in Vadodara, India. The audit aimed to identify energy losses and inefficiencies in the facility's production and processes in order to minimize energy costs without affecting output or quality. Auditors monitored the facility's entire system and identified opportunities to reduce waste, lower energy bills, and improve the power factor and overall efficiency. Key areas examined included lighting, machinery, equipment loads, energy consumption by department, electrical parameters, and tariff plans. The audit findings and recommendations could help reduce energy usage and costs significantly at the facility.
Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservationijtsrd
Today the energy utilization of each nation is expanded pointedly. In all area energy is especially significant for country economy. The energy request is expanding exceptionally quickly with the improvement of society. The costs and request of energy is expanding with time so to control the cost and request a more compelling and feasible energy framework becomes important. The point of this paper is to make an energy overview of the structure, assessing various wellsprings of energy supply and misfortunes in the structure. An energy review is a cycle for energy examination, building study and investigation of energy stream for energy protection in a structure or industry, or to decrease the measure of energy into the structure without influencing the yield of the structure. Energy review is a course of testing and examination energy utilizes the ventures and different associations. Public energy preservation laws details that the guidelines for energy utilization, examination and energy review the board. In energy review the overview of all electrical gadgets which use energy in a structure after a timeframe. Energy review incorporates the stock of energy, utilization of energy and energy misfortunes for every typical structure. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji | Nilesh Kumar Jain | Rajat Rusia "Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47693.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/47693/energy-survey-and-audit-of-buildings-for-energy-conservation/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
An energy audit evaluates a building's energy usage to identify opportunities to reduce costs and increase efficiency. It involves analyzing energy bills, surveying equipment and operations, prioritizing savings opportunities, and estimating savings potential. Audits can range from quick walk-throughs to identify major issues to comprehensive analyses of alternative efficiency measures and financial implications.
IRJET- Comparison of Energy Audit Methods for BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document compares two methods of conducting an energy audit of a building: a general walkthrough audit and a detailed energy audit using computer simulation software. It presents a case study of a shopping complex where both audit methods were used. The walkthrough audit provided simple, low-cost results while the simulation software provided more detailed and technical results but required specialized training and was more costly. The study found the simulation software could identify some energy savings measures that the walkthrough method could not detect without previous proven results. It concluded the walkthrough is a cheaper initial option but the simulation software can provide additional insights.
Energy Management PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document outlines an energy management plan for a company. It discusses establishing goals and metrics, assessing current performance through benchmarking and audits, creating an action plan to implement energy efficiency projects, and evaluating progress. Key steps include setting targets to reduce energy use, tracking consumption data, conducting technical assessments of energy systems, developing conservation measures, and monitoring results.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Module 1 - Introduction to Energy EfficiencyPaul Brown
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency, including:
- Defining energy efficiency as delivering the same or greater levels of energy services with less energy supply.
- Discussing the importance of energy efficiency for businesses in managing rising costs from carbon pricing policies and legislation, as well as maintaining their license to operate.
- Outlining the role of accountants and managers in supporting organizations to adopt more sustainable practices and implement energy efficiency projects through skills like communication, problem solving, and change management.
- Introducing change management as a process for shifting organizations to a desired future state through steps like assessing impact, planning changes, executing changes, and communications.
Nepal’s access to energy and modern energy services is inadequate and the use of energy is inefficient. The electrical power supply is characterized by scheduled power interruption up to 16 hours daily. The insufficient and interrupted supply of electricity affects industrial production negatively and forces more and more industrial and commercial enterprises to generate their own electricity generally by means of diesel generators. Over the last year its development has led to the increased import of petroleum products contributing to an increased trade balance deficit. Furthermore, the additional burning of fossil fuels results in higher emissions of climate change relevant and environmentally harmful pollutants.
Energy efficiency improvements help industries, business, governments, and consumers meet their needs by using less energy, saving them money, driving investment across all sectors of the economy, creating much needed jobs, and reducing the myriad of environmental impacts of the energy production system. The industrialists, regulators, and citizens are increasingly recognizing the energy efficiency is a crucially important national resource. In fact, the demand for the energy efficiency audit by the industrialists in Rupandehi is increasing day by day.
After performing the energy efficiency audits in the industries as well as the business, the project has identified the saving potential of around 2,000 kVA electrical demand, 3,39,000 kWh electricity, 33,380 litres of Diesel fuel, 27,300 litres of Furnace Oil and 31,14,000 MJ of thermal energy.
Electricity and each type of fuel savings are being compared with the annual electricity sales by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) and fuel sales by Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC). Practice of energy efficiency in the different sectors has proved the saving of electrical energy equivalent to 4.03% of the sales by NEA and 2.39% of diesel sales by NOC. Finally, the energy efficiency project is being adopted by the industrialists and the business personnel to enhance their energy use.
This document discusses energy efficiency and its importance. It defines energy efficiency as the level of energy consumption required to provide a given service based on both technical and non-technical factors. The benefits of energy efficiency include energy savings, increased disposable income, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, energy efficiency also faces costs in the form of rebound effects, where consumers increase their consumption in response to energy efficiency gains. The document also examines energy efficiency in Jordan, where initiatives aim to increase renewable energy production and public awareness to reduce energy demand.
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
Business Idea: Industrial Energy Conservation Solutions eeaadil
The document provides details about a proposed energy conservation business, including its project profile, scope, marketing analysis, potential customers, and finances. The business would identify areas for energy savings at industrial customers' facilities by assessing equipment like motors and lights. It aims to capitalize on Pakistan's energy crisis and increasing prices by providing cost-effective conservation solutions.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy, Saurabh Diddi, Bureau of Ene...ESD UNU-IAS
The document discusses India's energy profile and efforts to reduce energy intensity. It notes that coal accounts for 44.1% of India's primary energy supply. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency was established in 2002 to develop policies and strategies to reduce India's energy intensity through greater efficiency. Major programs include standards and labeling for appliances, the Energy Conservation Building Code, and targets for designated consumers. The standards and labeling program has helped shift the market towards more efficient air conditioners. Overall, energy efficiency programs are estimated to achieve annual fuel savings of 44 million tons of oil equivalent.
The document summarizes an Indian government website that promotes energy efficiency. The website provides information for various stakeholders on energy conservation laws, certification programs for energy managers and auditors, sector-specific best practices, case studies and reports. It aims to spread awareness on energy efficiency and conservation among industries, experts, students and the public.
Energy management in small scale industries a vital tool for sustainable deve...IAEME Publication
This document discusses energy management in small scale industries as a vital tool for sustainable development. It first provides background on the importance of energy management and conservation. It then summarizes the results of a survey conducted on energy practices in textile and foundry cluster industries in India. The survey found a lack of energy auditing and awareness. Finally, it proposes a six-step plan for improving energy management in small industries: 1) Generate awareness, 2) Conduct energy audits, 3) Assess energy use, 4) Schedule conservation programs, 5) Enhance energy efficiency, and 6) Consistently monitor progress. Implementing this plan can help small industries improve energy efficiency and competitiveness.
ETOU electricity tariff for manufacturing load shifting strategy using ACO al...journalBEEI
This paper presents load shifting strategy for cost reduction on manufacturing electricity demand side, by which a real test load profile had been used to prove the concept. Superior bio-inspired algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) had been implemented to optimize the upright load profile of load shifting strategy in the Malaysia Enhance Time of Use (ETOU) tariff condition. Subsequently, significant simulation results of operation profit gain through 24 hours electricity consumption had been analyzed properly. The proposed method had shown reduction of approximately 6% of the electricity cost at peak and mid peak zones, when 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% load shifting weightages were applied to the identified 10% controlled loads consequently. It is hoped that the finding of this study can help poise the manufacturers to switch to ETOU tariff as well as support the national Demand Side Management (DSM) program
The document outlines the key aspects of conducting an energy audit for an industrial establishment. It defines an energy audit as the first step in any energy management program that seeks to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency. The summary includes identifying major energy uses, analyzing conservation opportunities, conducting cost-benefit analyses of projects, and developing an action plan to prioritize implementation. The goal of an energy audit is to establish a baseline and targets to help reduce energy costs through efficiency gains over time.
This document is a project report on energy conservation and auditing of B.C.O.E. It was submitted by five students in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report discusses concepts of energy auditing, objectives to reduce energy usage and costs while maintaining output and comfort. It defines key terms and outlines the scope of analyzing energy usage at a site to identify efficiency opportunities through a technical audit.
This document summarizes an electrical energy audit conducted at the Nandi Institute of Technology and Management Sciences (NIT&MS) campus in Bangalore, India. The audit found that the total average monthly electrical energy consumption across the campus was 3,842.842 kWh. Personal computers in labs, offices, and libraries accounted for the highest consumption at 39.14% of total usage. Fans were the second highest usage at 21.53%. Recommendations to improve energy efficiency included replacing conventional ballasts with electronic ones, installing motion sensors, replacing CRT monitors with LCDs, and switching to LED lights. Implementing all recommendations could save an estimated 10,435.84 kWh per year and reduce electricity costs by
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
This document identifies promising industrial sectors for commercializing solar energy in India. It analyzes 15 energy-intensive sectors and ranks them based on their energy consumption, heating/cooling loads, power needs, number of units, and past solar experience. The top 10 sectors are textiles, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, leather, food processing, dairy, textiles, electroplating, automobiles, and agro-malls. Pre-feasibility studies estimate the potential for these sectors to replace conventional energy with solar, such as using solar water heaters in textiles, pulp and paper, leather, and dairy industries. The studies calculate energy and cost savings from solar applications in these promising sectors.
This document discusses industrial energy audits and their importance. It provides an overview of the types of energy audits, including preliminary and detailed audits. Preliminary audits gather basic energy usage data through interviews and reviews, while detailed audits involve comprehensive assessments of energy systems and balance of energy inputs and outputs. The goals of energy audits are to reduce waste, improve efficiency, and lower costs. Conducting regular audits is important for energy management and conservation efforts in industries.
It approach for energy management in electrical demandiaemedu
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about using information technology for energy management in the electrical demand of industries. It discusses how the demand for electricity in India is growing faster than production capacity, resulting in a gap that is addressed through demand side management. The article explains how conservation and management of electrical energy in industries can be improved using computer technologies and advanced metering. It also provides background on energy use in India and obstacles to improving energy efficiency.
Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservationijtsrd
Today the energy utilization of each nation is expanded pointedly. In all area energy is especially significant for country economy. The energy request is expanding exceptionally quickly with the improvement of society. The costs and request of energy is expanding with time so to control the cost and request a more compelling and feasible energy framework becomes important. The point of this paper is to make an energy overview of the structure, assessing various wellsprings of energy supply and misfortunes in the structure. An energy review is a cycle for energy examination, building study and investigation of energy stream for energy protection in a structure or industry, or to decrease the measure of energy into the structure without influencing the yield of the structure. Energy review is a course of testing and examination energy utilizes the ventures and different associations. Public energy preservation laws details that the guidelines for energy utilization, examination and energy review the board. In energy review the overview of all electrical gadgets which use energy in a structure after a timeframe. Energy review incorporates the stock of energy, utilization of energy and energy misfortunes for every typical structure. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji | Nilesh Kumar Jain | Rajat Rusia "Energy Survey and Audit of Buildings for Energy Conservation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47693.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/47693/energy-survey-and-audit-of-buildings-for-energy-conservation/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
An energy audit evaluates a building's energy usage to identify opportunities to reduce costs and increase efficiency. It involves analyzing energy bills, surveying equipment and operations, prioritizing savings opportunities, and estimating savings potential. Audits can range from quick walk-throughs to identify major issues to comprehensive analyses of alternative efficiency measures and financial implications.
IRJET- Comparison of Energy Audit Methods for BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document compares two methods of conducting an energy audit of a building: a general walkthrough audit and a detailed energy audit using computer simulation software. It presents a case study of a shopping complex where both audit methods were used. The walkthrough audit provided simple, low-cost results while the simulation software provided more detailed and technical results but required specialized training and was more costly. The study found the simulation software could identify some energy savings measures that the walkthrough method could not detect without previous proven results. It concluded the walkthrough is a cheaper initial option but the simulation software can provide additional insights.
Energy Management PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
The document outlines an energy management plan for a company. It discusses establishing goals and metrics, assessing current performance through benchmarking and audits, creating an action plan to implement energy efficiency projects, and evaluating progress. Key steps include setting targets to reduce energy use, tracking consumption data, conducting technical assessments of energy systems, developing conservation measures, and monitoring results.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Module 1 - Introduction to Energy EfficiencyPaul Brown
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency, including:
- Defining energy efficiency as delivering the same or greater levels of energy services with less energy supply.
- Discussing the importance of energy efficiency for businesses in managing rising costs from carbon pricing policies and legislation, as well as maintaining their license to operate.
- Outlining the role of accountants and managers in supporting organizations to adopt more sustainable practices and implement energy efficiency projects through skills like communication, problem solving, and change management.
- Introducing change management as a process for shifting organizations to a desired future state through steps like assessing impact, planning changes, executing changes, and communications.
Nepal’s access to energy and modern energy services is inadequate and the use of energy is inefficient. The electrical power supply is characterized by scheduled power interruption up to 16 hours daily. The insufficient and interrupted supply of electricity affects industrial production negatively and forces more and more industrial and commercial enterprises to generate their own electricity generally by means of diesel generators. Over the last year its development has led to the increased import of petroleum products contributing to an increased trade balance deficit. Furthermore, the additional burning of fossil fuels results in higher emissions of climate change relevant and environmentally harmful pollutants.
Energy efficiency improvements help industries, business, governments, and consumers meet their needs by using less energy, saving them money, driving investment across all sectors of the economy, creating much needed jobs, and reducing the myriad of environmental impacts of the energy production system. The industrialists, regulators, and citizens are increasingly recognizing the energy efficiency is a crucially important national resource. In fact, the demand for the energy efficiency audit by the industrialists in Rupandehi is increasing day by day.
After performing the energy efficiency audits in the industries as well as the business, the project has identified the saving potential of around 2,000 kVA electrical demand, 3,39,000 kWh electricity, 33,380 litres of Diesel fuel, 27,300 litres of Furnace Oil and 31,14,000 MJ of thermal energy.
Electricity and each type of fuel savings are being compared with the annual electricity sales by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) and fuel sales by Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC). Practice of energy efficiency in the different sectors has proved the saving of electrical energy equivalent to 4.03% of the sales by NEA and 2.39% of diesel sales by NOC. Finally, the energy efficiency project is being adopted by the industrialists and the business personnel to enhance their energy use.
This document discusses energy efficiency and its importance. It defines energy efficiency as the level of energy consumption required to provide a given service based on both technical and non-technical factors. The benefits of energy efficiency include energy savings, increased disposable income, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, energy efficiency also faces costs in the form of rebound effects, where consumers increase their consumption in response to energy efficiency gains. The document also examines energy efficiency in Jordan, where initiatives aim to increase renewable energy production and public awareness to reduce energy demand.
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
Business Idea: Industrial Energy Conservation Solutions eeaadil
The document provides details about a proposed energy conservation business, including its project profile, scope, marketing analysis, potential customers, and finances. The business would identify areas for energy savings at industrial customers' facilities by assessing equipment like motors and lights. It aims to capitalize on Pakistan's energy crisis and increasing prices by providing cost-effective conservation solutions.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy, Saurabh Diddi, Bureau of Ene...ESD UNU-IAS
The document discusses India's energy profile and efforts to reduce energy intensity. It notes that coal accounts for 44.1% of India's primary energy supply. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency was established in 2002 to develop policies and strategies to reduce India's energy intensity through greater efficiency. Major programs include standards and labeling for appliances, the Energy Conservation Building Code, and targets for designated consumers. The standards and labeling program has helped shift the market towards more efficient air conditioners. Overall, energy efficiency programs are estimated to achieve annual fuel savings of 44 million tons of oil equivalent.
The document summarizes an Indian government website that promotes energy efficiency. The website provides information for various stakeholders on energy conservation laws, certification programs for energy managers and auditors, sector-specific best practices, case studies and reports. It aims to spread awareness on energy efficiency and conservation among industries, experts, students and the public.
Energy management in small scale industries a vital tool for sustainable deve...IAEME Publication
This document discusses energy management in small scale industries as a vital tool for sustainable development. It first provides background on the importance of energy management and conservation. It then summarizes the results of a survey conducted on energy practices in textile and foundry cluster industries in India. The survey found a lack of energy auditing and awareness. Finally, it proposes a six-step plan for improving energy management in small industries: 1) Generate awareness, 2) Conduct energy audits, 3) Assess energy use, 4) Schedule conservation programs, 5) Enhance energy efficiency, and 6) Consistently monitor progress. Implementing this plan can help small industries improve energy efficiency and competitiveness.
ETOU electricity tariff for manufacturing load shifting strategy using ACO al...journalBEEI
This paper presents load shifting strategy for cost reduction on manufacturing electricity demand side, by which a real test load profile had been used to prove the concept. Superior bio-inspired algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) had been implemented to optimize the upright load profile of load shifting strategy in the Malaysia Enhance Time of Use (ETOU) tariff condition. Subsequently, significant simulation results of operation profit gain through 24 hours electricity consumption had been analyzed properly. The proposed method had shown reduction of approximately 6% of the electricity cost at peak and mid peak zones, when 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% load shifting weightages were applied to the identified 10% controlled loads consequently. It is hoped that the finding of this study can help poise the manufacturers to switch to ETOU tariff as well as support the national Demand Side Management (DSM) program
The document outlines the key aspects of conducting an energy audit for an industrial establishment. It defines an energy audit as the first step in any energy management program that seeks to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency. The summary includes identifying major energy uses, analyzing conservation opportunities, conducting cost-benefit analyses of projects, and developing an action plan to prioritize implementation. The goal of an energy audit is to establish a baseline and targets to help reduce energy costs through efficiency gains over time.
This document is a project report on energy conservation and auditing of B.C.O.E. It was submitted by five students in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report discusses concepts of energy auditing, objectives to reduce energy usage and costs while maintaining output and comfort. It defines key terms and outlines the scope of analyzing energy usage at a site to identify efficiency opportunities through a technical audit.
This document summarizes an electrical energy audit conducted at the Nandi Institute of Technology and Management Sciences (NIT&MS) campus in Bangalore, India. The audit found that the total average monthly electrical energy consumption across the campus was 3,842.842 kWh. Personal computers in labs, offices, and libraries accounted for the highest consumption at 39.14% of total usage. Fans were the second highest usage at 21.53%. Recommendations to improve energy efficiency included replacing conventional ballasts with electronic ones, installing motion sensors, replacing CRT monitors with LCDs, and switching to LED lights. Implementing all recommendations could save an estimated 10,435.84 kWh per year and reduce electricity costs by
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
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Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
This document identifies promising industrial sectors for commercializing solar energy in India. It analyzes 15 energy-intensive sectors and ranks them based on their energy consumption, heating/cooling loads, power needs, number of units, and past solar experience. The top 10 sectors are textiles, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, leather, food processing, dairy, textiles, electroplating, automobiles, and agro-malls. Pre-feasibility studies estimate the potential for these sectors to replace conventional energy with solar, such as using solar water heaters in textiles, pulp and paper, leather, and dairy industries. The studies calculate energy and cost savings from solar applications in these promising sectors.
This document discusses industrial energy audits and their importance. It provides an overview of the types of energy audits, including preliminary and detailed audits. Preliminary audits gather basic energy usage data through interviews and reviews, while detailed audits involve comprehensive assessments of energy systems and balance of energy inputs and outputs. The goals of energy audits are to reduce waste, improve efficiency, and lower costs. Conducting regular audits is important for energy management and conservation efforts in industries.
It approach for energy management in electrical demandiaemedu
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about using information technology for energy management in the electrical demand of industries. It discusses how the demand for electricity in India is growing faster than production capacity, resulting in a gap that is addressed through demand side management. The article explains how conservation and management of electrical energy in industries can be improved using computer technologies and advanced metering. It also provides background on energy use in India and obstacles to improving energy efficiency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of energy efficiency aspects in energy man agement model of bunse in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Correct energy management and its efficiency have been emphasized in industrial and manufacturing firms’ policy makings for different reasons. Different studies focus on available potentials of these firms in the field of their energy efficiency. From among them just the fewest numbers of manufacturing enterprises could exploit them. Therefore the researcher intends to study some aspects of energy management model of Bunse in manufacture. Also by finding the differences and gaps between theories and available circumstance of the industry, this study encourages the Mobarakeh Steel Complex to execute energy efficiency management correctly. The results of the statistical analysis show that although there is not significant gap between industry’s requirements and scientific literatures, based on the comparison of the present case and ideal circumstance of managers’ point of view and because of the complex approximately proper condition, this complex has differences with worlds and scientific ideal standards. Keywords: Energy Management, Key Performance Indicator, Benchmarking, Control and monitoring, Conceptual Framework, Energy Efficient Measurement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reconceptualizing the Application of Renewable Energy Sources in Industry: A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of applying renewable energy sources in industries. It discusses how renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass could provide nearly 50% of industrial energy needs by 2050 at a favorable cost compared to other sources. Solar energy is expected to be the dominant renewable source due to its compatibility with various systems. The document proposes several frameworks for better utilizing renewable sources in industries and overcoming challenges like intermittent output. It also summarizes research on applying renewable energy to industries and estimates future global energy consumption and the potential role of biomass and solar specifically. Modeling software can help evaluate renewable energy system designs for industries.
Energy Performance Evaluation of Retail Outlets – Case Study of anAir- Condit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted on an air-conditioned supermarket in Kerala, India. The audit found that air conditioning and refrigeration systems accounted for the majority of energy consumption. Specific energy consumption of the supermarket was calculated to be 295 kWh/m2 per year. Through recommended energy efficiency measures and a proposed 25 kW solar PV system, annual energy consumption could be reduced by over 11,000 kWh and carbon emissions offset by 21.5 tons, with a simple payback period of under 6 years for the solar investment. Thermal imaging identified overheating issues in deep freezer compressors. Overall the audit identified significant potential for energy savings and on-site renewable energy generation at the supermarket.
ENERGY-MANAGEMENT IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES: A VITAL TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEV...IAEME Publication
This document discusses energy management in small scale industries as a vital tool for sustainable development. It first provides background on the importance of energy management and conservation. It then summarizes the results of a survey conducted on energy practices in textile and foundry cluster industries in India. The survey found a lack of energy auditing and awareness. Finally, it proposes a six-step plan for improving energy management in small industries: 1) Generate awareness, 2) Conduct energy audits, 3) Assess energy use, 4) Schedule conservation programs, 5) Enhance energy efficiency, and 6) Consistently monitor progress. Implementing this plan can help small industries improve energy efficiency and competitiveness.
ENVOGUE is the official newsletter of E-Cube Energy Trading Private Limited. It intends to bring in some fresh and independent perspective on the energy efficiency markets in India.
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted on the electrical systems of a small-scale snack food processing plant in India. The audit found that motors used in operations like de-oiling, conveying, and flavoring were not optimally loaded. Illumination levels throughout the plant were also determined to be inefficient. Total annual electricity consumption for the plant was calculated to be 2,347 MWh. The audit suggested replacing oversized motors, improving motor load efficiency, and upgrading lighting systems to reduce annual electricity usage by over 650 MWh and lower operating costs. Conducting regular energy audits was recommended for identifying additional areas to cut energy waste and costs in food industry operations.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
Energy audit for a waste water treatment processIRJET Journal
This document discusses conducting an energy audit of a wastewater treatment process. It begins by outlining the costs associated with running a wastewater treatment plant, noting that energy costs make up 38-40% of total costs. The document then provides an overview of the wastewater treatment process and defines what an energy audit is. Key areas the audit examines include energy usage, losses, and developing energy conservation measures. The overall goal is to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.
eni_Rossi Gianmarco - Energy Management System for the Optimization of the Up...Gianmarco Rossi
The document discusses developing an energy efficiency monitoring system for upstream oil and gas plants. It involves creating an energy system model using production data to estimate energy requirements and key performance indicators. Scenarios are developed like "business as usual" and "clean but not sparkling" to examine different strategies' impacts on energy intensity and emissions. The model shows potential savings from initiatives like compressor optimization, thermal energy recovery, and on-site electricity generation. Overall the analysis aims to finalize an innovative monitoring and optimization system to help achieve sustainability targets and reduce energy use.
This paper is related with the importance of the energy policy and renewable energy which play a important role in the development of the environmental benefits. India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources and it is one of the largest countries in the world for deploying renewable energy. This paper attempts to review the policies and planning measures undertaken by the Indian government for promotion of renewable energy. Low impact renewable energy (LIRE) technologies offer important benefits compared to conventional energy sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear power. However due to their uncertainty different kinds of renewable-energy resources need to be operated in an integrated way, which complement each other. Global electricity demand is expected to increase considerably during the next decade and at the same time environmental pollution is also increasing with the development of conventional energy source. To meet the challenges for global energy demand various support schemes, policies and planning to promote use of renewable energy sources are discussed in this paper.
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
Analysis of Maximum Demand of Educational Buildings and its Impact on Electri...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the maximum electricity demand of an engineering college in Rajasthan, India over two years to identify opportunities to reduce electricity bills. It finds that the college was paying for 75% of its connected load as a minimum demand charge each month, even when actual demand was lower. By analyzing monthly bills and demand patterns, opportunities were identified to more accurately forecast connected load closer to actual consumption, reducing unnecessary demand charges. Plotting load curves provided transparency into consumption patterns. With infrastructure and technology upgrades also considered, connected load could be reduced while maintaining satisfaction, lowering electricity costs.
A Case Study Of An Educational Building Transformation To Renewable EnergyJoe Osborn
This document summarizes a case study analyzing the feasibility of transitioning the energy usage of Kabul University's Engineering School from conventional sources to renewable energy. It finds that installing a solar photovoltaic system with a total initial cost of 14,237,771 AFN and annual operation and maintenance costs of 341,862 AFN would pay for itself in under 4.5 years. Based on energy demand calculations and the renewable energy potential of solar power in Kabul, the study concludes such a transition would be both economically and technically viable.
Feasibility analysis of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery energy system for a...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy plays a very important role in the improvement and promotion of environmental sustainability in agricultural-related activities. This paper evaluates the techno-economic and environmental benefits of deploying photovoltaic (PV)- battery systems in a livestock farmhouse. For the energy requirements of the farm to be determined, a walkthrough energy audit is conducted on the farmhouse. The farm selected for this study is located in southern Nigeria. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Hybrid Optimization Modeling for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was adapted for the purpose of the techno-economic analysis. It is found that a standalone PV/battery-powered system in farmhouse applications has higher economic viability when compared to its diesel-powered counterparts in terms of total net present cost (TNPC). A saving of 48% is achievable over the TNPC and Cost of Energy with zero emissions. The results obtained show the numerous benefits of replacing diesel generators with renewable energy sources such as PV-battery systems in farming applications.
Similar to Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize Processing Industry (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses theoretical estimates for the costs of compressing and transporting CO2 from a hypothetical carbon capture and storage project at the Saline Joniche Power Plant in Italy. It first provides background on the power plant project from 2008 that proposed converting the site to coal power. It then details the methodology used to size the compression system, estimating power needs for multi-stage compression up to pipeline pressures. Costs are considered for constructing, operating, and maintaining both the compression plant and pipeline to a potential offshore storage site. The aim is to evaluate retrofitting the existing plant with carbon capture and storage as a way to enable continued coal power production consistent with climate goals.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize Processing Industry
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Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize
Processing Industry
I.J Agabi1
and J.S Ibrahim2
1
Senior Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Akperan Orshi Polytechnic, Yandev, Gboko, Benue
State, NIGERIA
2
Professor, Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State,
NIGERIA
1
Corresponding Author: agabiij58@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated energy consumption by Agudu
Farms Limited (AFL) that processes maize and cassava into
flour for human consumption. The objectives of study
included to determine energy contribution to processing cost,
to minimize the processing cost and to propose a new selling
price per unit of sale of the product. The study materials
included; a multi-meter, stopwatch, electrical appliances’
nameplates and bills, fuel purchased receipts, and production
records. Data was collected through detailed energy audits
and measurements of present electricity consumption. This
data was converted into energy intensities, rates and costs,
and analyzed. The monthly energy intensity plotted on bar
charts using Microsoft excel and the results showed that
diesel had the highest consumption variation of 3500 kWh/t,
electricity 200kWh/t and labor 110 kWh/t. The percentage of
energy contribution to processing cost was 33%. In monetary
terms, the processing cost per hour of operation showed
average value of ₦830. Whereas, the minimum production
cost per hour using Tora software showed ₦767. The new
product price per ten-kilogram (10kg) unit of sale of maize
flour, using break-even analysis, showed ₦2864. The study
observed that diesel contributed more to production cost than
electricity and labor and therefore, recommended the setting
up of an energy monitoring team to monitor procurement
and control utilization of diesel to reduce production cost.
Keywords-- Agudu Farms Limited, Cost Reduction,
Evaluation, Energy, Unit Price Reduction
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy consumption is unavoidable in any
processing activities and its cost constitutes a significant
part of total processing costs therefore; using minimum
amount of energy resources to achieve the desired
production level should be the key to sustainable growth.
To reduce cost, entails effective energy management,
which traces all causes of wastes, evaluates and analyzes
them with a view to eliminating them [1]
Agudu farms limited (AFL), is an agro-crop
processing industry that processes maize and cassava into
flour for human consumption. Like any other industry in
Nigeria it faces many challenges that make effective
energy management appear difficult. For instance, poor
infrastructures, epileptic and low electric power supply,
high cost of fuels, inadequate loan facilities, poor quality
farms produce etc [2][3]. These factors are among the
impediments that directly or indirectly affect the
operations of this industry, which in turn may influence
increased energy consumption and processing cost.
However, by setting up an industry, investors should
perform feasibility studies and determined the prevailing
technical, economic, social and environmental problems,
and worked out ways to handle them as they arise [4], and
should be done before set up and not after.
Similarly, AFL like any other processing industry,
depends on inputs like; capital, land, energy, labor, raw
materials etc, for processing but the major recurrent inputs
been energy, labor and raw materials. The most acceptable
option worldwide is minimizing the use of the recurrent
variables or reverting to renewable energy sources, which
are less costly, and environmentally benign[5]. Moreover,
the issue of cost reduction through effective energy
management has become a global subject because the
developments of nations depend on energy consumption,
which informs its ever-increasing costs. It is important to
follow the global trend in energy management to reduce
production cost and its other negative effects.
Towards this end, the developed economies of the world
standardized the use of energy in their policy frameworks.
These standards are set for everything including; domestic
and industrial energy utilizations, farms produce, labor
utilization [6]. However, Nigeria, as a nation has no policy
or standards concerning energy consumption domestically
or industrially [2][7]. However, researchers in energy
managements have advocated for reduced energy
consumption in industries [8][9].
Although, researches have been carried out in
some industries to evaluate energy consumption, however,
no study has been carried out on AFL to evaluate its
energy consumption with a view to reduce its processing
cost. Energy consumption is location dependent and based
2. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
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143 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
on the type and quality of raw crop, effectiveness of the
processing machinery, extent of processing required,
proficiency of labor involved etc [8]. Therefore, energy
audit of one industry in a location does not confer same
solution on other industries even within the same vicinity.
Therefore, the previous studies did not offer solution to
energy consumption problems of AFL.
The problem in view was the high selling price of
a unit of maize flour produced by AFL compared to those
brought from elsewhere, and blamed on high production
cost. The cost of energy consumed in processing
influences production cost, which is one of the major
determinants of the selling prices of products [10][11].
Therefore, the specific objectives of this work are to
determine the contribution of energy sources to production
cost, to determine the minimum cost of energy necessary
for processing a unit of output and lastly, to suggest a new
price per unit of sale for the product.
This study contributes significantly to both
practical and intellectual knowledge. Firstly, assessment of
energy aimed at reducing processing cost from AFL is
carried out for the first time. Secondly, the results obtained
can assist the industry to predict future energy
consumption. Lastly, product will be priced based on
actual costs involved in production and remove the
drudgery of arbitrariness. For the intellectual contribution,
other researchers with little modifications to suit other
industries can replicate the procedures outlined herein. The
study is beneficial to managers whose responsibility is to
plan, manage energy for production and priced output
product, the study will remove the drudgery of guesswork.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study used the following materials: multi-
meter for electricity instrument, stopwatch, electric utilities
nameplates, electricity bills, production record books
and fuels purchased receipts. These materials obtained
from the industry were considered adequate for the study
because an expert from the industry validated them. The
multi-meter had the following specifications; (Suoer SD
9208A version 2010, maximum voltage (700 VAC);
accuracy AC voltage for 700V (± 1.2%) while, for AC
current 20A (± 3.0%).The stopwatch had the following
specifications; An Accu split Pro Survivor-A601X
stopwatch, specification 0.01 of a second. The methods of
data gathering were through detailed energy audit that
included present electricity consumption measurement.
The data gathering was done personally within a
period of one-month of work in the industry. The industry
attached a qualified staff that guided the data collection
process throughout this period. The choice of these
methods based on the level of accuracy of information
required. The importance of these techniques was to
maximize the quality of the data and reduce the chances of
bias. The period of data collection was the last twelve
months. The study chose this period to coincide with the
budget-planning period of the industry. Moreover, the
study hopes to provide models to aid annual energy
planning for the industry to reduce arbitrariness in its
energy planning. The annual information on energy, time
and production outputs collected on monthly bases, were
converted in intensities and rates of consumption, and
organized on monthly bases together with the costs
incurred. The analyses energy intensities, rates and costs
formats addressed the specific objective posed in the study.
III. PRIOR APPROACH
The test of average working temperature of
electric motors and load balance between electric motors
and the mechanical driven equipment, The methods used
by [3] to test for percentage unbalanced voltage (PUV)
and the power factor (PF) was used in the present study:
PUV =
𝑀𝑉−𝐴𝑉
𝐴𝑉
x 100% (1)
Where,
𝑀𝑉 is maximum phase voltage and
𝐴𝑉 is the average phase voltage.
PF was tested using =
𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
(2)
Similarly, optimization, in linear programming
was used to address the problem of minimum energy
consumption by the industry. The problem was to
determine the rate of product output required at each
production unit, so that the overall cost of energy involved
per hour of processing would be a minimum. The linear
programming method presented by [13][14] was used in
this study. The following steps outlined were followed to
problem formulation were:
i. The identification of the objective function and
decision variables from the problem,
ii. The identification of the problem parameters and
constraints, and
iii. The non-negativity constraints
The linear model for minimization of the problem was
given by [13][14]:
Minimize Z= Ci,
n
i=1 xj, (3)
Subject to:
ai,j
m
j=1 xj ≥ bi (4)
Nonnegative constraint
xi ≥0 (5)
Therefore, (3) to (5) expanded to;
Minimize (Z) = C1x1 + C2x2 + C3x3 (6)
Subject to the constraints;
a11x1 + a12 x2 + a13x3 ≥ b1 (7)
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a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 ≥ b2 (8)
a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 ≥ b3 (9)
Non-negativity constraints;
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0, x3 ≥ 0 (10)
Z= the overall measure of performance called the objective
function,
xj = decision variables, in the level of activity j (for j =
1, 2, 3...n)
bi = the total amount of energy resources i that is
available for allocation to activities (i= 1, 2, 3...m),
Ci = unit cost of energy source Z that would result from
each unit increase in level of activity j
ai,j = amount of energy resourceiused in unit j.
The parameters; aj,i, bi and Ci, were required for
optimization.
The third objective in this study was a proposal
for new selling price per unit of sale of the product. The
method used by previous researchers to address this type
of problem was the breakeven analysis. The tool allows
the review of all fixed and variable costs to establish if any
of them can be removed at any point without serious effect
on production. This tool helps to narrow the breakeven
point, with higher assurances of making profit from sales
[10][11]. It is used in this work with the following
assumptions made [11]:
i. The quantity of output during the previous
output was the break-even quantity,
ii. The value of the fixed cost (F) was based on the
problem parameters (not the actual fix cost of industry),
iii. The unit selling price of product remained
constant during last year,
iv. The processing had only two costs: fixed and
variable costs, and
v. The quantity of output produced were sol
Therefore, the total production costs (TPC) was given as
the fixed cost (F) plus the variable costs (x) multiply by the
output (Q) [10] [11]:
TPC = F +𝑥𝑄1 (11)
Where;
TPC = total production cost recoverable from total sales
( 𝑦𝑖𝑄1 ) at breakeven point
F= fixed cost,
𝑥 = variable costs used to produce output products 𝑄1
Q1= quantity produced at break-even point
𝑦1 = the unit selling price of products at breakeven point .
IV. PRESENT APPROACH
AFL uses only three energy sources namely;
electricity, diesel for local power generation and manual
labor supplied by human beings. Information on the
consumptions of these sources was collected from
walkthrough and detailed energy audit and present
electricity measurements. Electricity consumption was
considered for utilities that have direct bearing to
production while, consumption by allied departments were
collected but removed as none process consumption.
Table 1: Basic Energy Requirements per Unit of Operation
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Table 2: Information from detailed Energy Audit
Table 3: Units Costs of Energy Types, Raw Materials and Impurity Ratings
Table 4: Information on Electricity Measurements based on Operation Units
Days CLU
(kVA)
MLU
(kVA)
GSU
(kVA)
1 20.45 21.32 94.41
2 21.56 20.56 90.63
3 20.21 20.54 91.45
4 22.79 19.56 91.56
5 21.54 20.67 90.73
6 20.55 20.98 91.75
7 22.67 21.56 91.67
8 21.91 20.89 92.69
9 20.95 20.59 90.88
10 22.83 21.56 92.22
11 22.69 20.48 92.59
12 22.89 20.65 92.64
Note: Total Apparent power = 134.52 kVA
Total PI = 96.42 kW
Total PR = 79.03 kW (Table 1)
Months Product
Output
(t)
Admin
Elect
(kWh)
Process
Elect
( kWh)
Diesel
(liters)
Time
(h)
Labor (N)
1 59.16 323.64 1131.00 1084.59 348 26
2 6.96 323.64 720.36 1145.68 348 26
3 81.12 290.16 954.72 1073.21 312 27
4 33.00 279.00 717.00 1024.45 300 26
5 40.56 290.16 645.84 1155.67 312 25
6 49.92 290.16 698.88 1043.24 312 27
7 6.96 323.64 1071.84 1135.67 348 26
8 59.16 323.64 664.68 1034.56 348 27
9 57.80 316.20 1026.8 1025.67 340 26
10 51.00 316.20 663.00 1157.45 340 25
11 59.28 290.16 1170.00 1088.45 312 25
12 90.48 323.64 1030.08 1035.35 348 25
Elect
(₦/KWh)
Diesel
(₦/liter)
Average
Labor
(₦/h)
Product
Selling
Price
(₦)
Unit Cost of
Raw
Material
(₦ /kg)
Raw material
Type
Raw
Mats.
impurity
Ratings
( %/ton )
46.25 165.00 6.50 3000 50 Maize/cassava 6 - 14
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Detailed Energy Audit and Conversion
Table 1 showed information gathered from the
first phase of the detailed energy audit from the industry.
While, Table 2, represent information from the second
phase of the detailed energy audit, collected from
nameplates of all electric power equipment including; air
conditioners, refrigerators, lighting points, computers, etc
used by the industry. From inventory, information obtained
included annual amounts of electricity consumption and
bills paid, receipts of fuel purchased and amounts of
money paid. Similarly, the unit selling price of product
output and the cost per unit of raw material collected from
records for the past twelve months shown in Table 3. For
the raw material flow diagram, refer to Appendix A,
Figure 1a. Electric power supplied and used by appliances
was measured through voltage, current and time.
Electricity energy consumption by departments like;
administration, accounts, security, etc collectively tagged
‘elect admin’; this quantity was deducted from the monthly
consumption because it did not have direct contribution to
output. The first column in Table 4 showed the number of
days measurements were conducted, the other columns
showed consumption by each operation unit. Electric
motors were the dominant electric appliances driving the
mechanical equipment for processing, therefore,
measurements of centered on them. The data collect from
this method was used to test the average working
temperature of the electric motors, using the percentage-
unbalanced voltage (PUV), and the power match between
electric motors and the driven equipment using power
factor (PF).
Information collected on energy sources was
converted into energy consumption units (kWh) per ton of
output (Appendix A, Table 1a), using standard energy
conversion factors (Appendix A, Table 1c). Then monthly
output and corresponding energy units consumed
(Appendix A, Table 1b) tabulated. The rate of energy
consumption and cost incurred for each month (Appendix
A, Table 1d). It provided indication of the monthly
variations of energy consumed to produce a ton of output
during the period under review. This data was analyzed
using Microsoft excel, which drew bar charts and
determined the consumption variation during the period.
The amount of money expended on energy per hour (₦/h)
to produce per hour (t/h) was also presented on bar charts
using Microsoft excel.
Minimization of the Processing Cost
Energy sources consumed within the period were
converted into monetary values in Naira, using unit values
in Table 4. For the problem formulation, the industry has
three production units that consume different amounts of
energy for production. The amounts of different energy
sources available from previous year’s processing
activities represented the basic amount of energy resources
used by each processing unit. The problem therefore, was
to determine the product output at each production unit, so
that the overall cost of energy involved per hour of
processing would be a minimum.
The descriptions and dimensions of the
parameters used for optimization. From (3) to (5), the
parameters C1 – C3 represent the cost of each energy
source 𝑖 used in unit 𝑗 while, 𝑥1 - 𝑥3 represent the variables
(product output per hour - t/h) from each processing unit.
The parameters a11– a43 are the basic values of energy
sources required by each of the operation units. The
parameters b1-b4 represents energy sources consumed per
hour of processing during the previous year’s production.
The constraints (4) represent the impediments preventing
effective energy consumption for production. The
dimension units for these parameters were also tested to
ensure consistency. From the objective function (3), the
symbol 𝑍 has two components; 𝐶𝑖 and 𝑥𝑖. the label 𝐶𝑖,
represents the cost (₦) of a particular energy type, 𝑖,
consumed to process one ton (t) of output (₦/t). The
variable (𝑥𝑖) represent the rate of output per hour (t/h).
Therefore combining the units of these two parameters, the
dimension unit for 𝑍 became:
₦/t * t/h =(₦/h) (12)
The symbol Z therefore, represents the minimum
cost of energy required to process raw material per hour.
From the constraints (4), dimension units for the
symbol 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 , which is the basic amount, 𝑎, of a primary
energy source, 𝑖 consumed for production in unit 𝑗. 𝑥𝑗
represents the output from production unit 𝑗, combining
the two parameters yielded, 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 𝑥𝑗 . The dimension unit for
each constraint becomes:
kWh/t * t/h = kWh/h, (13)
liter/t * t/h = liter/h, (14)
kg/t * t/h = kg/h (15)
The dimension unit for 𝑏𝑖, (4), been an energy source
consumed during the year reviewed, to produce per hour
represented as kWh/h, liter/h, kg/h etc. Therefore, the left
hand side (LHS) and right hand side (RHS) of (3) and (4)
are dimensionally consistent.
The actual model for the industry was derived
according to industry’s expected output and energy
requirements. The objective of the problem was to
minimize the cost of energy that meets the consumption
requirements of the production units. Therefore, applying
(6) and (10):
Min(𝑍) = 1405.23x1+1712.20x2+3604.21x3 (16)
Subject to;
5.88x1+3.38x2+16.28x3≥2.65 (17)
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5.16x1+9.23x2+15.39x3≥3.28 (18)
5.50x1+0.36x2+3.60x3≥1.95 (19)
The non-negativity constraint;
x1 ≥0, x2≥0 and x3≥0 (20)
The Proposed Selling Price Per Unit of Sale
The third objective in this study was the proposal
for a new product-selling price per unit of sale. The data
for this analysis was obtained from Table 3 and
optimization results. From (11), the following equation
was derived to find the fixed cost in the problem:
F = y1Q1 - xQ1 (21)
Where;
𝑦1 = the selling price per unit of sale,
𝑦1Q1 = the total revenue from sales
xQ1 = total variable costs based on production,
𝑥 = total variable cost (energy resources and raw
materials etc.)
x = u+ ᵯ + ω (22)
Where;
u = average unit cost of energy resources used, and
ᵯ = the unit cost of raw material processed ω = other
variable costs not identified like lubricants, (in this study
these are constant)
Therefore, the amount of energy contributed to processing
cost = Q1
u
Therefore, the percentage energy cost contribution to
processing cost =
Q1u
TPC
(23)
From (21) and (22), the unit selling price of the product
was derived as:,,
y =
F
Qi
+ u + ᵯ+ω (24)
Where
𝑄𝑖 = the quantity of output from operation unit (i= 1, 2).
1 = the average output from previous operation
2 = average quantity of output obtained from proper
planning
For detailed numerical calculations, refer to Appendix C.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results obtained are presented and discussed
in this section, based on the data collected to address the
objectives of the study, which included the percentage
energy contribution to processing cost, the minimization
of processing cost and a suggestion for a new product
selling price per unit of sale.
Figure 1: Energy Contributions to Processing
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthly
Variations
in
Energy
Intensity
(kWh/t)
Jan to Dec 2017
Elect (kWh/t)
Diesel (kWh/t)
Labor (kWh/t)
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Figure 2: Relationship between Total Energy Consumption and Product Output
Figure 3: Energy Contribution to Processing cost per Hour
Figure 4: The Results of Processing Cost Optimization
y = 99.08x + 1420.
R² = 0.902
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total
Energy
Consumption
(kWh)
Product Output (t)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0.17
0.02
0.26
0.01
0.13
0.26
0.02
0.17
0.17
0.15
0.19
0.26
Energy
Cost
Contribution
to
Processing
per
Hour
of
Operation
(₦/h)
Output per Hour (t/h) of Operation
Y
Predicted Y
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Energy Contribution to Processing Cost
Figure 1, showed the variations in energy sources
consumed across the months of January to December
2017. The industry used three energy types; electricity,
diesel (automotive gas oil –AGO) and labor. Diesel had
the highest consumption variation during the period of
3500kWh/t, followed by electricity with 200kWh/t. and
lastly labor with 110 kWh/t This was indication of very
poor electricity supplied to the industry [2][3] hence, the
dependence on local generating plant that consumed diesel
to power the production machinery. The figure also
showed poor labor utilization. It was observed during data
collection that most labor was hired only when an order
was placed for production by customers and fired at the
end.
Figure 2, showed the relationship between energy
consumption and output during the period of January to
December 2017. It showed positive and linear
relationship, which agreed with literature [7][8]. The
intercept on the y-axis showed the value of 1420 kWh/t.
The intercept represented the amount of energy consumed
during start, cleans up. Comparing Figures 1 and 2, it was
observed that this quantity of energy might be contributed
mainly by diesel without value addition to the products.
However, the present study did not have adequate data to
determine the actual energy consumption during start and
clean up periods.
Observation of Figure 3 showed the uneven
variations of energy cost distribution across the months of
the year. Comparing Figure 3 to 1 showed that diesel was
responsible for the increased cost. The blue bars in the
figure depicted monthly variations of energy cost per hour
of operation during the period. The third, fifth and the
eleventh months had very high values however, eleventh
month had the highest cost variation of ₦910. Whereas,
the average value of ₦830 for each month shown in red
bar was predicted by the software. Why was energy
consumption more in some months and less in others?
Observe the output in ton per hours on the x-axis of Figure
3; the output was low compared to installed capacity of 2
t/h (Table 1). The available answer to this researcher is
unprofessional practices in energy procurement and
utilization. To buttress this point, it was observed during
data collection that only energy purchase records were
available but no consumption records to compare and
contrast what was purchased and actually used. For proper
accountability, both purchased and utilized records must
be available for comparison[7][8][9].
Electricity supply and utilization by the industry
was very low, however, the examination of what was
supplied and utilized by the electric motors and the
mechanical driven requirements showed that the results of
PUV was 4.5% whereas, , the standard value reported was
5% [3][4]. The implication was that the electric motors
operated optimally without excessive heat generation.
Whereas, the PF, result showed 72%. The standard
value for processing industry was reported as 75%-95%
[9]. The proximity of the results to the practical values
indicated that the industry needs to put measures that are
more practical in place for improvements of electricity
utilization like installing of smart electric monitors to
monitor and dictate .faults for quick ,maintenance.
It was observed from Figure 1 that diesel
contributed more to the cost of production than the other
two sources. Comparing Figures 1 and 2, the cost
distribution across the period showed that the high cost
variation was majorly contributed by diesel. The industry
should set up energy monitoring team to monitor
purchases and consumptions and keep proper records.
Minimization of Processing Cost
Figure 4 presented an objective function solution
of ₦767.05 as the minimum energy cost per hour of
processing, obtained after six (6) iterations by Tora
software. The result of variables (output from each
processing unit) showed: CLU (𝑥1) as 0.339, MLU (𝑥2) as
0.151, GSU (𝑥3) as 0.009 in ton per hour (t/h) with average
value of 0.166 t/h (166 kg/h). Compare the optimized
value with the actual production value during the period
under review of 151 kg/h (Appendix A, Table 1d), and the
installed production capacity of 2 t/h (Table 1), the
industry performed below the installed production
capacity. The industry need to improve on its inputs
management to produce close to installed capacity. This
minimum amount represents the cost incurred on energy
sources and the output; represent maximum production if
the energy inputs were planned properly. The constraints
in the same figure, represent the impediments in energy
sources consumed to produce maximally, which included
cost, availability and waste. The software showed 0.00
values under the ‘surplus column.’ The implication was
that the values presented for optimization were reasonably
authentic.
In the section labeled ‘sensitivity analysis’
(Figur4 4) under this simplex table, there are five columns
headed: variable, current objective coefficient, minimum
objective coefficient, maximum objective coefficient and
reduced cost. The software showed the values fielded into
the software were realistic and this was indicated as 0.00 in
the reduced cost column. In a similar way, under this
simplex table there were five columns labeled: constraints,
current right hand side (RHS), minimum RHS, maximum
RHS and the dual price. The software generated the values
for the columns labeled: ‘minimum RHS’, ‘maximum
RHS’ and ‘dual price’. The significance of dual price for
minimization problem is that energy types with high dual
price values needed careful planning, monitoring and
controlled consumption to reduce their cost since the
consumption of a unit more of such energy source
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increased cost equivalent to the dual price value. Observe
Figure 4, the energy source with the highest dual price
value was diesel; also observe Figure 1, diesel had the
highest energy source consumed during the period. The
optimized energy cost per hour of operation was ₦767.05
and the output per hour was 0.166 t/h. The implication of
this result is that controlled diesel consumption, which has
the highest dual price value; will reduce energy
consumption significantly and its production cost and
improve output.
How optimal will this model and results be if
changes occurred in the parameters used? Two
hypothetical cases, a 25% decrease in electricity
consumption and a 15% increase in all the energy sources
consumed by the industry were tested. The first change
involved only a single parameter (may be due to electricity
consumption changes following a new installation of a
smart meter). Analysis showed a reduction in the objective
function from ₦767.05/h to ₦728.04/h (Appendix B,
section 1), without effect on the variables (outputs)
because the decrease was within allowable limits (
constraint Figure 4). Similarly, a 15% increase in the costs
of all energy sources used, the changes also affected only
the objective function, it showed increase from ₦767.05/h
to ₦851.72/h (Appendix B, section 2), without increase in
the variables (output per unit). This also explained that all
the increases were within the allowable limits. Therefore,
the results showed that changes in the model would not
require a new model provided the changes be within the
allowable limits. The implication is that the model
presented is effective for predicting future energy
consumption based on anticipated production level and can
accommodate changes if they fall within allowable range.
The Selling Price Per Unit of Sale
Energy cost is one of the major recurrent
variables in processing that have significant influence on
the selling price of products [10]. Therefore, fixed cost (F)
for the industry was generated from the problem
parameters using (21) as ₦22754.19. The total production
cost, which made up of the fixed costs and the variable
costs (energy cost) totaled ₦45299.81. Energy costs alone
contributed ₦14995.81 to the total processing cost. Thus,
percentage contribution of energy to processing costs was
33.10% (23). The cost per kilogram (kg) of flour was
calculated using equation (24) as ₦286.38. For a 10kg bag
of processed maize flour, the cost of ₦2863.80/bag was
obtained. Comparing this value with the actual price sold
per 10 kg bag of maize floor ₦3000 (Table 3), the
percentage reduction in selling price achieved was 4.5%.
For details of calculations, refer to Appendix C.
VI. CONCLUSION
The study-assessed energy consumed by AFL
during the period of January to December of 2017. The
objectives of the study were to determine the percentage
processing cost, minimum processing cost and a proposal
for a new price regime per unit of sale of the product. Data
collected through energy audit of the industry covering the
period of one year was analyzed and the following
conclusions drawn:
i. Energy contributed 33% to the cost of
processing.
ii. The minimum cost of energy needed per hour of
processing was ₦767.05, and
iii. The proposed product-selling price per 10 kg unit
of sale was ₦2863.80.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It was observed during data gathering that the
industry did not have an energy monitoring team, this
manifested in the manner diesel was utilized. It had the
highest consumption variation during the period. It also
had the highest dual price value, accounting for high
percentage cost contribution to processing cost The study
therefore, recommend that:
i. the industry should create an energy monitoring
team to be responsible for; planning, purchases,
monitoring, control and documentation of energy
utilization,
ii. the industry to install smart electricity monitors
to control electric consumption to dictate faulty appliances
in time for prompt maintenance, and
iii. the industry to use systematic approach
outlined herein to fix prices to units of sales
and avoid arbitrariness. .
Further Study
Assumption was made in the study about the
‘fixed cost’ in the third objective; further study is needed
to establish the true value for the ‘fixed costs’, so that the
true price per unit of sale can be determined.
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11. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-1 (February 2021)
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152 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Appendix A
Figure 1a: Material flow Diagram for maize to flour processing
Table 1a: Energy Units consumed Per Ton of Output
Months Elect
(kWh/t)
AGO
(kWh/t)
Manual
Energy
(kWh/t)
1 188.50 1796.80 112.45
2 102.91 1626.88 96.94
3 119.34 1333.45 78.98
4 239.00 3394.31 195.00
5 161.46 2871.86 146.25
6 87.36 1296.28 78.98
7 153.12 1612.65 96.94
8 110.78 1713.92 117.45
9 171.13 1699.19 110.50
10 132.60 2301.01 127.50
11 195.00 1803.20 97.50
12 114.45 1143.49 72.50
Maize in
take
Point
AND
CLEAN
ING
Mixing
and
Packaging
Cassava
Grinding
Final
Grinding
and
Sieving
First and
Second
Grinding
Maize
Milling
Unit
Loading and
cleaning dry
Cassava
Chips
Dust To
Open
Space
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Appendix B
1. Single parameter change
∆Z = 𝑦𝑖∆ 𝑏𝑖
From this same equation:
Change in the electric energy (availability- 𝑏𝑖 ) = (2.65 x 0.25) = 0.66
The dual price for the constraint (𝑦1 ) = ₦59.11
Change for this constraint = (59.11x 0.66) = ₦39.01
The change in the objective function (∆𝑍) = (767.05- 39.01) = ₦728.04/h
This represents about 5.09% reduction in the cost of energy used.
2. For multiple parameter changes
For this industry too, the same treatment applied and for 15% increase in energy consumption Figure 9 shows that the present
values will be: electricity = 0.39, diesel= 0.36 and labor = 0.08. Therefore, the allowable increases are;
Electricity = 875.55, diesel = 366.92 and labor = 445.79
Therefore, dividing the increases over the allowable changes (increases);
r = 0.39/875.55 + 0.36/ 366.92 + 0.0.08/445.79
= 0.0004 + 0.001 + 0.0002
= 0.002
( r < 1)= (0.002 < 1)
∆Z = 𝑦𝑖 ∆𝑏𝑖 = 59.11 (0.39) + 162.29 (0.36) + 40.04(0.08)
= 23.05 + 58.42 + 3.20 = 84.67
New Z = 767.05 + 84.67 = ₦851.72/h
1. The increase in the cost of energy is 84.67/767.05 x100% = 11.04%.
The proposed changes will bring about change in objective function value increasing from (₦767.05/h) to (₦851.72/h).
However, these increments will have no effect on the product output because the changes are within the allowable increase
range.
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Appendix C
𝑻𝑷𝑪 = 𝑭 + 𝒙𝑸
From (21) (derivative of breakeven equation, TPC = yQ))
F = yQ1 - xQ1 (derivative)
The average output (Q1) (Appendix C, Table 1e) during the previous year was 151 kg/h. Therefore;
𝐹 + 𝑥𝑄1 = 𝑦𝑄1 (The actual form of breakeven (21))
Substituting (the cost per 10 kg bag of flour ₦3000 (Table 3) was converted to the cost per kilogram (₦300/kg) to be
consistent with the units thus, the fixed cost F was:
𝐹 = 𝑄1(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 151(300 -149.31) = ₦22754.19
And from (22) the unit costs of variables 𝑥 was:
𝑥 = 𝑢 + ᵯ = 99.31 + 50 = ₦149.31
The unit costs of energy sources and raw material (Table 3)
TPC = 22754.19 + 149.31 (151) = 45299.81
Energy contribution to production cost was ( 99.31 x151) = 14995.81
The percentage energy cost contribution to production, (23):
=
14995.81
45299.81
x 100% = 33.10%
From cost optimization conducted output appreciated to (𝑄2): 166 kg/h. Thus, the new product-selling price (𝑦2) based on the
new output was calculated using (24), a derivative of breakeven equation as:
𝑦2 =
22754 .19
166
+ 99.31 +50 = ₦ 286.38 /𝑘𝑔
Therefore for a 10 kg bag of maize flour the proposed selling price will be:
₦286.38 x 10 kg = ₦2863.80/bag.
This analysis showed a percentage reduction in price of 4.54%.