Information and Communication Technology (ICT) consumes 1500 TWh of energy annually and is responsible for 789 megatonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and $90B in electricity costs. These impacts are increasing dramatically with the growing digital universe. While energy efficiency has improved, more efficiency ultimately leads to greater consumption. ICT operators must focus on reducing emissions and electricity costs, not just efficiency. Considering electricity costs and emissions together in optical data center networks can yield superior green cost savings or economic green networking to jointly address economic and environmental concerns about ICT. The purpose of this thesis is to develop new energy-aware routing paradigms as an interdisciplinary project between power grids and ICT to make optical networks truly economic and ecological without comprom