The document provides guidance on responsible energy management through energy conservation and efficiency. It discusses how fans, which account for 34% of residential electricity use in India, can be made more efficient. Switching to a super efficient ceiling fan can reduce electricity consumption by 65% compared to a regular fan, saving money and reducing emissions. Maintaining fans properly and using them efficiently, such as running them only when needed, can significantly reduce energy use.
A one-day workshop was organised by Auroville Consulting, unit of the
Auroville Foundation in affiliation with the World Resources Institute, India
to discuss issues pertaining to the scaling up of solar energy, and use the
recommendations to propose a 2016 Action Plan for Tamil Nadu Solar Energy
Policy 2012.
NATIONAL GREEN CORPS, NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME, CLIMATE EDUCATION AND ENERGY C...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
A one-day workshop was organised by Auroville Consulting, unit of the
Auroville Foundation in affiliation with the World Resources Institute, India
to discuss issues pertaining to the scaling up of solar energy, and use the
recommendations to propose a 2016 Action Plan for Tamil Nadu Solar Energy
Policy 2012.
NATIONAL GREEN CORPS, NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME, CLIMATE EDUCATION AND ENERGY C...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
small presentation on energy conservation, providing just a backbone to the information so that you can move forward in giving your presentation a body to cover. Hoping it would serve the purpose you are looking for.
Energy saving techniques in current scenarioMuthar Hussain
Energy is the basic necessity of all humans on Earth. It is a key factor that determines the economy of the country.
Energy business in India is vastly growing with demand. It aims in exploring opportunities for sustainable growth, development and economy. It brings awareness on energy saving, energy efficiency through their projects.
This paper finally concludes giving the Energy saving techniques to be incorporated in all the sectors to curb the power crisis situation in current Indian scenario.
small presentation on energy conservation, providing just a backbone to the information so that you can move forward in giving your presentation a body to cover. Hoping it would serve the purpose you are looking for.
Energy saving techniques in current scenarioMuthar Hussain
Energy is the basic necessity of all humans on Earth. It is a key factor that determines the economy of the country.
Energy business in India is vastly growing with demand. It aims in exploring opportunities for sustainable growth, development and economy. It brings awareness on energy saving, energy efficiency through their projects.
This paper finally concludes giving the Energy saving techniques to be incorporated in all the sectors to curb the power crisis situation in current Indian scenario.
Target Audience-Biggest electricity users in government buildings
major reference for EPC process flow-North Carolina
Guide to Energy Performance Contracting
The goal of this discussion is to demystify building performance modeling. Computer-simulations give you a more complete picture of how various context and design factors can affect the performance of your space. Modeling information can help you analyze the impacts of your design decisions and determine how to most effectively meet project goals.
Energy modeling is also valuable tool used for code compliance and LEED points. Not to mention the fancy graphics that models produce to show your clientele your commitment to performance-based design.
This discussion will present various opportunities that can arise from building performance simulations with analysis at the early design, whole building, and building component levels. We will examine the following types of analysis:
• Climate
• Daylighting
• Massing and orientation
• Whole building energy usage forecast
• Fenestration design
• Façade development
• Zone level energy performance
• Baseline and design case models
• System selection and optimization
For more information on this training, contact Brittany Grech at bgrech@yrgsustainability.com or (347) 843-3085.
3 Goals this presentation focuses upon: Reduction of Energy Consumption, Improvement of Maintenance and Operations, Importance of Energy Conservation and who's involved.
Energy conservation / Energy Saving tipsJohnson C.J
Energy Conservation / Energy Saving Tips, Power saving of, Lighting,Fans,Electric iron, Kitchen Appliances, Microwaves ovens, Electric stove, Computers, Refrigerator, Washing machines, Air Conditioners
Energy Conservation, Energy in Afghanistan, Ways to Save energy, Sources Of Energy In Afghanistan
Engr.Ahmad Sameer Nawab
Kardan University Kabul, Afghanistan
A green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants as compared to a conventional building
energy conservation / how to conserve/ save energysaksham123ska
please open your hearts and give likes i will thank you if you will give me likes i am saksham kaushal i read in KIIT world school in delhi , india i am a student of class 6the if you see any changes in ppt please mail me at sakshamsci7@gmail.com and if you need any help mail me at same please please please please please please please please give more and more like so that i can upload more ppt thanks to all those you had given likes to tell your friends and give me more and more likes thankssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss to allllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll those have givennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
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Full Description of Energy Conservation in Pakistan.
You will get good knowledge from it. Totally on Currently Energy based scenario in Pakistan.
Share and aware.
Energy Efficient Building using Solar Energy and Adoptation of Green Building...ijtsrd
The field of "ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING", or building design and constructions that prioritizes energy efficiency and sustainability, is young but rapidly developing. This report's analysis of building construction practices includes description of methods that are currently being employed by the construction industry to increase energy efficiency methods to decrease the amount of energy used in building operating systems, and methods that are currently known to improve energy efficiency but are not yet commercially viable. As energy consumption from residential building is predicted to rise by more than 8 times by 2050 under the business as usual scenario, it is of vital importance for India to develop energy efficiency strategies focused on the residential sector to limit the current trend of unsustainable escalating energy demand. This study investigates methods of restraining growth in energy consumption in the Indian residential sector and documents energy saving potentials that can be achieved with focused policy and market efforts. The report examines other methods of encouraging the public to use energy more efficiently. Also discussed are possibilities for the state of mandate greater energy efficiency in the private sector, primarily through amendments to the building code and to land use and zoning policies. Due to current economic factors, this option may promote a state of policy of energy conservation more than attempting to encourage efficiency with incentives. The ultimate aim is to make the residential building as eco friendly. P K Ponsangari "Energy Efficient Building using Solar Energy and Adoptation of Green Building Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28093.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28093/energy-efficient-building-using-solar-energy-and-adoptation-of-green-building-techniques/p-k-ponsangari
Your Quick Guide to Energy Management for Sustainability and Reduced Business...QuekelsBaro
Learn how to increase energy efficiency, conserve energy, and harness renewable energy for your business, with free access to our energy management plan.
Actis Technologies provides an integrated range of solutions that offer advanced lighting control and consumption monitoring and analysis through active energy management. Our systems provide clients with an integrated software suite, a built-in power metering option, and the ability for each zone of lighting to be independently measured, controlled and automated. See more at: https://www.actis.co.in/solutions/energy-management-solutions/energy-management/
Actis Technologies provides an integrated range of solutions that offer advanced lighting control and consumption monitoring and analysis through active energy management. Our systems provide clients with an integrated software suite, a built-in power metering option, and the ability for each zone of lighting to be independently measured, controlled and automated. See more at: https://www.actis.co.in/solutions/energy-management-solutions/energy-management/
At its core, mastering energy efficiency involves optimizing the use of energy resources to achieve the desired outcome while minimizing waste. This begins with a comprehensive energy audit, which serves as the foundation for identifying areas of improvement. By understanding current energy consumption patterns, individuals and businesses can make informed decisions about where and how to implement changes.
In a world where sustainability and environmental consciousness are at the forefront, mastering energy efficiency has become a crucial aspect of responsible living and business operations. This article delves into the key principles and practices that contribute to mastering energy efficiency, exploring how individuals and organizations can make informed decisions to reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a greener future.
India's pursuit of climate targets, including net-zero emissions by 2070, hinges on integrating renewable energy. The power sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels necessitates a significant shift towards renewables. With a rising demand for electricity, effective demand-side management strategies are vital to ensure grid stability. Time-of-use (ToU) tariffs, recognized globally, play a crucial role in this strategy, offering a more accurate reflection of electricity costs compared to flat rates.
This report focuses on evaluating the impact of various ToU tariff designs on grid management parameters for Tamil Nadu in 2024. The objective is to assess how static ToU tariffs prompt consumers to shift or reduce electricity usage, facilitating greater renewable energy integration. The study considers 27 ToU tariff designs, assuming 17% wind energy and 11% solar energy. Notably, findings are specific to Tamil Nadu's energy demand pattern, peaking in early afternoon hours in April.
Results emphasize the importance of defining peak and off-peak time slots optimally to reduce peak loads and curtailment of renewables. Shifting peak hours from 6:00h-10:00h and 18:00h-22:00h to 5:00h-7:00h and 17:00h-23:00h improves key parameters, including a reduction in peak load instances on the gross and net load. Introducing a tariff rebate during solar energy generation hours (solar sponge) from 10:00h to 16:00h effectively reduces peak load magnitudes and encourages load distribution throughout the day, enhancing grid stability. Adjusting peak hour tariffs and shifting peak hours has a noticeable impact on load distribution and peak load occurrences.
The study indicates that a 25% increase in peak-hour tariffs outperforms a more aggressive 40% increase, which may create new peak load instances. Simulated off-peak rebates of 5% and 10% during late night and early morning hours have negligible effects.
Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of implementing ToU tariffs for all consumer categories, including reduced peak loads, load range occurrences, and ramping requirements. Careful consideration of peak hour tariffs and adjustments to peak hours can further optimise load distribution and maximise the efficiency of the power grid. To meet its RPO and its climate change objectives Tamil Nadu will have to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy generation. In order to manage the variable nature of wind and solar energy generation and of demand the grid management will require a higher degree of demand and generation flexibility services.
Auroville Consulting (AVC) published its annual sustainability report for the financial year 2022-23.
This year we intensified this practice along with the digital footprint through network usage and website hosting, understanding the impact of our recently installed HVAC system, and emissions avoided through providing e-bikes to all our team members. We have achieved a net zero emission balance for FY 2022-23. This was made possible through planned interventions and implementation of good practices to reduce gross emissions, followed by investment in long term effective carbon positive projects. Some key highlights:
● 92% of this year’s gross emissions were offset by planting trees and the remaining 8% was offset by excess solar generation, making AVC a carbon net-zero organisation.
● 100% of electricity demand was supplied by renewable energy through rooftop solar.
● 25.58 kWh of electricity was consumed per square meter of office space, which is 75% lower than the benchmark of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for an office building in a warm and humid climate (Benchmark: 101 kWh/sq. m/yr).
● From March 2022 onwards, the organisation has been providing electric two-wheelers to all its full-time team members for their daily commute to and from office and for their own personal use, along with a charging facility supplied by an additional installed capacity of rooftop solar. This initiative resulted in :
o An emission reduction of 2,584 kg CO2e for their daily commute to and from office, which is an 88% decrease in comparison to the previous year, and
o An emission reduction of 6,309 kgCO2e, which was achieved by converting the personal commute of our team members to e-vehicles and charging them through renewable energy. This is a value higher than the total gross emissions of the organisation..
● 98% of the operational expenditure was made in local areas, with 91% inside Auroville; and the remaining 2% in Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu – preventing unnecessary emissions and stimulating the local economy.
Rajapalayam is the taluk headquarters of Rajapalayam Taluk, and an important town in the district of Virudhunagar within the State of Tamil Nadu. Rajapalayam LPA, which includes Rajapalayam town, 15 surrounding revenue villages and 2 reserved forests, has a total population of 2.16 lakh, as per the 2011 Census. In 2023, a master plan was formulated for Rajapalayam LPA, the master plan has a planning period till 2041. The master plan was meant to foster sustainable urban development, responsible land-use and resource efficiency and is expected to propel the town on a pathway towards decarbonization and inclusive growth. Rajapalayam is the first town in Tamil Nadu that has aspired to announce a GHG emission reduction target, it aims at achieving net zero emissions by the year 2041.
It is in this context that an emissions inventory for the town has been developed. The purpose of this GHG emissions inventory is to report on the sources and magnitude of GHG emissions. While this inventory provides us a broad understanding of today’s emissions, consecutive reports on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve the quality of the data and understand the progress of the activities undertaken by the LPA to reduce their impact on the surrounding environment.
ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY AND A JUST ENERGY TRANSITION IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
To address climate change, to promote adaptation and resilience, to eliminate energy poverty, and to ensure a just energy transition, countries and states will have to mobilise substantial financial resources. A recent study estimated that India will need to invest a 900 billion USD over the next 30 years to ensure a ‘just energy transition’ (Bushan 2023). While developed countries have pledged to provide climate finance to developing countries, these pledges have not been fulfilled, or are very slow to arrive, or are insufficient. Developing countries will need to find additional and alternative resources to accelerate the decarbonization of its economies and to invest into climate adaptation. The United Nations (2022) has outlined a few interventions that can help in accelerating a just energy transition. These include:
to make renewable energy technologies a public good,
to shift energy subsidies from fossil fuels to renewable energy, and
to triple investments into renewables.
In 2009, G20 members committed to phasing out and rationalizing fossil fuel subsidies in the medium term (Reuters 2009). But as of 2022, fossil fuel subsidies have not been phased out, neither have they been reduced; instead, fossil fuel subsidies exceeded USD 1 trillion globally for the first time. This is largely due to governments’ increased subsidies to cushion consumers from rising energy prices (IISD 2023).
Energy subsidies are found in virtually every country. Justifications for their use range from social welfare protection, job creation, encouragement of renewable energy sources, promotion of economic development, to energy security. However, it may be worth examining some of the current energy subsidy schemes asking if and to what extent these subsidy schemes are contributing to a just energy transition and to what extent these subsidies align with the proposed three interventions by the UN.
Read the full report here: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/electricity-subsidy-and-a-just-energy-transition-in-tamil-nadu/
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRIC...AurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic, and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
Land and water are closely interlinked, as the availability and flow of freshwater depends on the land characteristics, such as its topography and composition, amongst other factors. Therefore, certain areas of lands naturally act as better sinks for capturing stormwater or surface run-off water from precipitation. Freshwater, on the other hand, is a critical resource, and the stress on freshwater resources is expected to increase with growing population, development, and climate change. According to India’s Composite Water Management Index (Niti Aayog, 2018), 600 million people in the country are suffering from an acute shortage of water. Read more in the report: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/land-suitability-assessment-for-stormwater-management-mayiladuthurai-district-tamil-nadu/
MAXIMISING THE BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY: AN EVALUATIONAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is making significant strides towards a sustainable energy future, supported by announcements of adding 20 GW of solar energy capacity and 10 GW of battery energy storage capacity by 2030. The state’s policy and regulatory frameworks, including the Tamil Nadu Solar Policy and the Generic Tariff Order, are driving the adoption of grid-connected distributed solar energy. As the adoption of distributed generation systems increases, the importance of smart grid integration becomes evident. Studies that provide an avoided cost assessment offer an opportunity to network operators to identify the most appropriate distribution network nodes and distributed renewable energy (DRE) capacities
This report focuses on evaluating the network and societal impacts of introducing distributed solar energy in the Karungalpalayam HT Feeder under the Erode substation. This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution of active power and voltage, allowing operators to optimize network performance. The report utilized the Solva tool. Solva is a web-based tool with the aim to assist grid operators in assessing the network and societal value of distributed energy resources (VODER). Solva assesses both network benefits and societal benefits. Network benefits encompass the avoided costs associated with energy, distribution capacity, transmission capacity, and generation capacity. Simultaneously, societal benefits factor in the avoided costs of CO2 emissions, SO2 emissions, NO2 emissions, and PM2.5 emissions.
For the selected feeder a 4.50 MW solar energy system interconnected at the tail end of the feeder results in a VODER benefit of INR 12.84 per kWh. These benefit is subdivided into network benefitss and societal benefit. The societal benefits achieved from the integration contribute to 8.84 INR/kWh or 69% of the total benefit. Network benefits are found to be at 4.00 INR/kWh or 31%. With the integration of distributed solar energy, the distribution line losses show a reduction, particularly if interconnected at the middle end or tail end of the HT feeder. When the solar energy system is interconnected at the tail end or at the middle end of Karungalpalayam HT Feeder, a deferral of feeder upgradation is found.In particular to Karungalpalayam HT feeder, interconnecting the distributed solar energy system close to the point of consumption offers the highest benefits.
In 2022 a GHG emission baseline for Auroville was established. The inventory highlighted the overall emissions from the community. This report now intends to assess the sequestration capabilities of Auroville land under tree cover for a five-year period from February 2017 to February 2022. The tree cover in Auroville is a prime contributor to the community’s long-term vision of sustainable development. The overall tree cover includes the residential zones, industrial zones, parks, public spaces and the designated green belt area of Auroville developed and maintained by the Forest Group of Auroville.
The cumulative carbon stock for Auroville’s land under tree cover of 920 hectares for the time period from February 2017 to February 2022 was estimated at 34,778 tCO2e. This equals an average carbon stock addition of 6,956 tCO2e per year. The average carbon stock per hectare of forest land in Tamil Nadu was estimated at 87.26 tCO2e/year. The average carbon stock per hectare over five years for the Auroville forest was found to be 99.96 tCO2e/year which is 14.55% above the average.
As per the Auroville Greenhouse Gas Accounting Report, Auroville produced 8,298.54 tCO2e in FY 2018- 2019, this excludes emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFLOU) and industrial production and product use (IPPU). Auroville’s green cover sequestered 84% of its total emission or 6,956 tCO2e per year. The surplus CO2e emitted for FY 2018-19 therefore is 1,343 tCO2e or 16%. To offset this carbon an additional 19.82 hectare of land would need to be converted from moderately dense forest to very dense forest. This could also be achieved by installing a 1.19 MW solar energy capacity or by transitioning all units to low or zero emission transport solutions.
Consistent studies either on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve accuracy of emissions tracking and sequestration numbers of the community and help set targets. This would lead to additional financing opportunities and access to voluntary mechanisms such as carbon financing to support existing forestry activities.
During the last COP events (COP 26 and COP 27) India stepped up its climate ambitions and announced a goal of reaching net-zero by the year 2070. More specifically its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) includes to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
In December 2022 Tamil Nadu launched its own Climate Change Mission. Its goals include the development of strategies to cut emissions by using green and renewable energy. This complements an earlier announcement by the State Government, that it aims to add an additional 20 GW of solar energy by the year 2030.
More recently, in March 2023, the Tamil Nadu Governments announced that it will target that 50% of all energy will be sourced from renewable energy sources. If the state where to meet this target it would firmly establish itself as a climate leader on the national and international stage. Further, Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state and as there is increasing international supply chain pressures for industries to reduce their carbon emissions accelerating the transition towards a renewable energy can help its industries to stay competitive in a decarbonizing world. An accelerated energy transition will also promote Tamil Nadu as an attractive location for industries.
In FY 2021-22 the total energy generated was 1,17,553 million units (MU). Renewable energy, this is solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydro, accounted for a 22% of the total energy generation in FY 2021-22. Coal power with a share of 70% is the single largest energy sources. This total energy generation can be subdivided into two parts, (i) energy procured by TANGEDCO and (ii) energy under Open Access. TANGEDCO accounted for 83% or 97,297 MU of energy in FY 2021-22. Whereas the remaining 17% of 20,266 MU are on account of Open Access.
Interestingly TANGEDO procured only 16% of its energy from renewables. Whereas 52% of all energy under Open Access is RE. 51% of all energy procured by TANGEDCO came from either TANGEDCO owned or Centra owned coal power plants. The actual share of coal power may be higher as there is 24% of energy that was sourced under the category ‘Short term and others’ and this may primarily be coal power.
To meet the 2030 RE target an additional 60,637 MU of RE will need to be generated in 2030. This represents approximately an addition of 28 GW of wind energy capacity or a 32 GW of solar energy capacity and means that in the next six years starting with FY 2023-24 approximately 4.80– 5.50 GW of renewable energy capacity needs to go on-grid. The average annual RE capacity addition in Tamil Nadu from 2018 to 2023 was 1.21 GW.
Meeting the 50% RE target will require a concerted effort by all major power sector institutions and players including the distribution licensee, the Electricity Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department, Independent Power producers and the consumers/prosumers.
In the face of the global climate crisis there is an increasing commitment to decarbonise the global economy. This is highlighted by a shift towards renewable energy sources, the energy transition. Energy transition is the process of reducing reliance on fossil fuel across the economy and moving toward greater use of cleaner energy sources such as renewables.
Globally, countries, including those in the European Union, are introducing legislative measures to accelerate the decarbonisation of its economies. In January 2021, the European Union (EU) introduced a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM is part of the EU’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It will put restrictions at the borders on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)
While the carbon price will be levied from 2026 onwards, the reporting of emissions on imported goods has stated in January 2023. CBAM is initially focusing on some key sectors only, but is expected to expand over time. Sectors for which CBAM applies include:
Iron and steel, Cement, Chemicals, Aluminium, Paper, Glass, Fertilizers, Pulp and paper, Textiles,Ceramics,Basic metals
Other countries or regions that consider introducing similar mechanisms include: Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Japan and South Korea.
The EU is a key export market for India, it is India’s third largest trading partner. India’s exports to the EU were worth EUR 46.20 billion in 2021. Compliance of Indian companies with the EU CBAM will require monitoring, calculating and disclosure of the GHG emissions embedded in the products covered under CBAM.
Tamil Nadu has the second largest state economy in India. The Tamil Nadu Government has set a goal of becoming a USD 1 trillion economy by 2030. The state has a diversified manufacturing sector and features among the leaders in several industries like automobiles and auto components, engineering, pharmaceuticals, garments, textiles, leather, chemicals, plastics, etc.
The role of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the economic and social development of the country is well established. Tamil Nadu has the third-largest number of MSMEs in the country with a share of 8% or about five million enterprises (MSME Department 2022). MSMEs form an important and growing segment of the state’s industrial sector, contributing 12.09% to the GSDP. However, the growth of the state’s MSME sector has been severely impacted by Covid and has been stagnant.
As Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) decarbonisation will become an imperative for export-oriented industries to stay completive. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be compliant with regulations it is important to decarbonise the production. The decarbonization will also be paramount for the MSME sector.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY, VILLUPURAM DISTRICTAurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic, and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
As per its intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India is targeting 50% of its cumulative power generation capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. Tamil Nadu has announced that it aims at adding an additional 20 GW of solar energy capacity by the year 2030. This capacity addition is envisioned to be primarily achieved by distributed solar energy generation.
One of the key challenges in developing solar energy project is the identification of suitable lands and land acquisition. The complex land acquisition process can lead to project delays or even cancelation of proposed projects. Unused or fallow lands can be of particular interest for solar energy development. This method avoids the uptake of land under productive agricultural use. Local authorities can proactively facilitate solar energy development in the district by identifying unused lands and by undertaking a solar suitability assessment of these lands. This geospatial information if provided to solar developers and electricity distribution companies has the potential to spur local economic development and to create green jobs.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands in Villupuram district and to evaluate to what extent these unused lands can be utilized to meet the state’s solar energy capacity addition target of 20 GW by the year 2030. Deploying 20 GW of ground mounted solar energy will require approximately 80,000 acres of land, this represents 0.25% of Tamil Nadu’s total geographical area (TGA).
Villupuram, district has a total geographical area of 3,907 km2 of which 1,092 km2 or 28% has been classified as unused or fallow lands. The district’s solar energy target has been set as a proportional share of the state’s solar energy capacity addition target of 20 GW by 2030. The district’s target is to add 0.62 GW of solar energy by 2030. This requires a land area of 2,465 acres. The land suitability analysis revealed that 92,149 acres of unused land have a technical potential for ground mounted solar energy development. These lands are distributed over 3,084 plots. The suitable lands identified can accommodate up to 23.04 GW of solar capacity, this would help achieving a whooping 3,738% of (or 37 times) the district’s solar capacity addition target.
THE SOLAR ENERGY-LAND NEXUS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE STRATEGY FOR SOLAR ENERGY IN...AurovilleConsulting
Energy generation can have intensive or extensive land use requirements, causing habitat and biodiversity loss in sensitive and diverse ecosystems globally or competing with other land use such as agriculture.
As a direct consequence of the Paris Climate Agreement, which requires global decarbonization, renewable energy sources will continue to expand, in particular solar and wind. The increasing land use for renewable energy generation systems and related infrastructure will become more relevant in the future. The extent to which the overall land use balance will be more favourable than for non-renewable sources depends on the mix of renewables, their siting and centralized or decentralized mode of deployment (UNEP, 2016). Innovative deployment of renewables can reduce land use pressures, as well as avoid landscape disturbances caused by fossil fuels and nuclear energy (Lovins, 2011).
While the use of fossil fuels is limited by the size of the resource (including future cost and the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) budget), renewable energy and in particular solar energy, is mostly restricted by land use allocation and by the availability or solar irradiation or adequate windspeeds.
Land or sea occupancy is one of the most visible impacts for any energy development. The relatively large land requirement for solar energy highlights the importance of good mitigation practices to help facilitate the transition into a renewable energy future. Fortunately, the abundance of solar energy means that, unlike other energy sources, there is often flexibility in project siting, allowing the integration of solar energy systems with buildings and infrastructure assets or the co-location of solar energy systems with agricultural practices or the use of wastelands.
Tamil Nadu has set a target of adding a 20 GW of solar energy by 2030. If this target is to be primarily met by ground-mounted solar plants a 405 km2 land area will be required. Considering the projected annual electrical energy demand of 4,89,395 MU by 2050 (Auroville Consulting 2022) the need to decarbonize the state’s power sector and the fact that solar is among the most cost -efficient energy sources today, the potential land-impact of solar is substantial. Meeting 50% of the projected electricity demand for 2050 would require 133 GW of solar capacity, and 2,691 km2 of land resources, which equals the total geographical area of Chengalpattu District or 2.07% of the state’s geographical area.
There are competing and often conflicting demands for land for economic, ecological, and social needs in the development sector. It will be critical to limit the conversion of agricultural lands for solar energy development.
https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FORESTATION, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
As per its intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India is targeting the creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 4 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 – through additional forest and tree cover of 25-30 million hectares. In this context, the State Government of Tamil Nadu has set a target to increase its percentage of tree cover from 23% to 33% by the year 2030.
A forestation land suitability assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands). LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, forestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands in Mayiladuthurai district and evaluate its potential for forestation initiatives that can contribute meeting the state’s tree-cover target of 33% by the year 2030.
Identified unused lands were evaluated based on multiple-criteria methodology including parameters pertaining to terrain suitability, existing road, rail and electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure, elevation, water potential and potential to create forest corridors. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for competing climate action, such as areas that are suitable for water harvesting and solar energy generation.
The land use mapping indicates that 8% of the district’s geographical area is under tree cover. Agriculture land use is by far the most dominating land use category accounting for 63%. Identified unused lands account for an area of 118 km2 or 10% of the total geographical area. Out of the total identified unused lands 56% or 16,237 acres have been found to be suitable for forestation. If all the unused lands suitable for forestation were put under tree cover Mayiladuthurai district would increase its share of lands under tree cover from 8% to 13.5% creating a carbon stock of 0.55 million tonnes of carbon.
PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION – MODELLING TAMIL NADU’S POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA...AurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu’s electricity demand is expected to increase year on year, and so are the sector’s absolute carbon dioxide emissions. Considering India’s commitments under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, and the recent announcement of targeting net zero carbon by 2070, Tamil Nadu will require a long-term strategy to reduce its emissions. This may start with establishing sector-specific emission inventories, followed by sector-specific emission target setting.
The power sector is deemed to be one of the sectors easiest to decarbonise. One of the first steps for putting in place a decarbonisation strategy is target setting. This report assumes a net-zero carbon target for the Tamil Nadu power sector by 2050. It applies the Sectoral Decarbonisation Approach (SDA) of the Science Based Target (SBT) model to simulate decarbonisation pathways that are in line with the goals of the Paris agreement – limiting global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (ETP B2DS) and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C (SBT 1.5°C) respectively.
In this paper, we undertake the following steps:
1) Projecting the electricity generation for the upcoming years along with the corresponding emissions.
2) Setting targets for the emissions based on the Science Based Targets (SBT).
3) Comparing various scenario planning models for decarbonising the electricity sector of Tamil Nadu.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY MAYILADUTHURAI DISTR...AurovilleConsulting
A land assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands) developed in-house. LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS Mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, reforestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands for this district and evaluate to what extent these unused lands can be utilized to meet the state’s solar energy target of 20 GW by the year 2030. The lands were evaluated based on multiple levels of criteria that accounted for plot size, and their distance from evacuation infrastructure, roads, railways and waterbodies. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for climate action, such as areas that are suitable for forestation and water harvesting.
The assessment indicated that a target of 0.29 GW of solar installation is achievable with lands that meet the technical criteria. Lands ranked medium can achieve a cumulative capacity of 0.46 GW with a total area of 1,860 acres. Lands ranked high with a total area 698 acres can achieve a capacity of 0.17 GW.
The prevalence of offshore wind is growing globally. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the total installed capacity worldwide climbed to 57.2 GW at the end of 2021. Offshore wind technology has key advantages such as eliminating the need for large areas of land and harnessing energy from better wind conditions than onshore. Currently, India does not have any installed capacity. However, there has been a recent build-up in momentum. Tamil Nadu has been identified as one of the highest potential states for harnessing offshore wind energy in India. But the State faces technical, social, and financial barriers for phasing-in this new technology. In this regard, the Tamil Nadu Government can play a key role in unlocking this significant source of energy by (i) providing the overall infrastructure required, (ii) engaging with local stakeholders, and (iii) facilitating the clearance process for offshore wind projects, among others.
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIESEL GENERATORS – A COM...AurovilleConsulting
Power demand across the country is growing, and meeting peak demand is becoming more challenging. In Tamil Nadu, frequent power outages are observed, especially during summer months. To reduce economic impacts of unreliable power supply, commercial and industrial (C&I) entities, undertake investments in power backup systems. The most commonly used systems are diesel generator sets (DG sets) and battery energy storage systems (BESS), also known as an uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
DG sets have been a convenient power backup option due to an established market, their reliability, affordability, and modularity. But they have a high environmental footprint, cause noise pollution and negatively impact human health. On the other hand, BESSs could operate on zero emissions, if charged from renewable energy sources, and with minimal noise pollution. And with no exhaust emissions, they are particularly helpful in urban areas.
The cost of batteries, especially those of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs, have been observing a dramatic drop – of 89% over the years 2010-2020. And, apart from performing their primary function as a power backup, BESSs can also provide grid services such as load shifting, load following, peak load management, voltage, and frequency support and facilitate higher levels of renewable energy integration. Thus, BESSs contest DG sets economically and technically as an alternative type of back-up system.
This report compares the economic and environmental performance of a Li-ion-based BESS with a conventional DG set, as power backup solutions. The analysis indicated that the levelized cost of battery storage (LCOS) is dictated by the battery pack costs in the market, while the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the DG is sensitive to diesel prices. The cost analysis was carried over a range of hours of back-up required, and the results favour the Li-ion BESS as a back-up option, in terms of economic and environmental performance, especially when charged at solar tariff solar tariff.
We hope that this report will assist C&I entities in Tamil Nadu to make the most economic and environmentally sound investment in their power backup systems.
BRIEFING NOTE: ELECTRIFICATION OF TOP-PERFORMING INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised states in India and accounted for 9.47% of India’s GDP in FY 2020-21. Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM includes the introduction of a carbon price on certain products imported into the European Union (EU). This will put restrictions at the borders of the EU on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). As per an assessment of the World Bank, many countries are considering setting a carbon price in the years to come. Tamil Nadu could be exporting its finished goods to a few of those countries in the future. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be regulation-proof, it is important to decarbonise the production. The first step towards decarbonisation is the electrification of the processes in the industries. This briefing note explores the potential for the electrification of some of the processes in the top-performing (in terms of contribution to the State’s GDP) industrial sectors of Tamil Nadu.
The second phase of the Auroville Smart Mini Grid is also complete. Driven and conceived by Auroville Consulting it compromises 108 kW of distributed rooftop solar energy systems. The solar PV systems reduces Auroville’s electricity consumption from the TANGEDCO grid by an average of 1,57,680 kWh per year and reduces it’s dependency on TANGEDCO. This is another step forward towards self reliance and sustainability. The project includes an energy storage system with a capacity of 10 kWh, 20 smart energy meters with a remote reading facility and additions to the Auroville internal electricity distribution system. Further we were able to upgrade our internal HT and LT distribution infrastructure and started piloting an active demand response program for domestic air conditioners and for municipal water pumps. The project was lead by Auroville Consulting. Other Auroville units include Auroville Electrical Service, Sunlit Future & Aurinoco.
Inspired by the method of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, this report attempts to consolidate data on the performance of Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company (TANGEDCO). The aim of this work is to initiate and develop holistic benchmarks. These key performance indicators would help TANGEDCO to track its own performance. Apart from the KPIs, this report also highlights the importance of sharing data in a public domain for the civil society to access.
LEVELISED COST OF BTM STORAGE IN INDIA 2021 – A STATUS REPORTAurovilleConsulting
This status report aims to present a snapshot of the current cost of energy storage in India for behind-the-meter (BtM) applications, and project them over the next 10 years to analyse when energy storage will start seeing significant adoption. Based on a detailed cost model for solar PV and energy storage with 50+ parameters & data on battery energy storage systems (BESS) gathered from several vendors in India, we evaluate the levelized cost of solar plus energy storage and standalone energy storage.
Even though as of today, BtM energy storage is not feasible in a lot of cases, we find that this will change fast this decade. By 2025, it will be possible for non-residential consumers to integrate large amounts of battery storage to generate and consume their own energy, enabling a distributed energy future. Along with it, the utilities face an inevitable transition from their traditional roles to distribution system operators.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
2. The publication titled“Responsible Energy Management”was conceptualized by
Auroville Consulting over a period of 1 month (from December 1st 2015 to
December 31st 2015. We would like to specially thank Toine van Megen for his
mentoring support and guidance. We would like to acknowledge the support of
many Aurovilians who permitted us to conduct energy audits at their homes and
workplaces. Our sincerest thanks and gratitude go out to all the Auroville
Consulting Team Members, graphic designers and content writers.
The following team members from Auroville Consulting were involved in its
preparation: Martin Scherfler, Nitin Cherian, Osheen Siva and Vikram Devatha.
acknowledgement
3. This publication will help residents understand various technologies available in
market, and to make premeditated choices in choosing the most energy efficient
appliance for their homes, as compared to its predecessors (least efficient
appliances). This publication also depicts in an informative way, the benefits of
implementing or switching to energy efficient fixtures in an environmental
perspective. Every unit of electricity saved impacts the ecosystem in a positive
way. A more cohesive approach is recommended between building planners
and residential/commercial building users in relevance to choice of electrical
appliances in order to increase the efficiency of future
planning exercises.
disclaimer
4. The publication attempts to inform community members about energy saving
opportunities for the residential and commercial sector by serving as a simple
source book that may guide building stewards taking environmentally sound
and responsible decision in managing their buildings energy consumption.
This publication provides tips in achieving energy savings for common electrical
appliances used in households: fans, lights, air-conditioners, refrigerators, wash-
ing machines and hot water heaters. It elaborates on electricity savings achiev-
able by employing highly efficient appliances available in the market today.
The points covered are:
- Best practices for energy saving related to usage habits.
- Best practices for energy saving related to choice of appliances: AC, water
heaters/geysers, fridges, lights, fans, washing machines.
- Best practices for energy saving related to inverter and battery usage
and maintenance.
Results presented in this publication show that there is substantial energy saving
and CO2 emissions reduction by energy conservation and efficiency initiatives.
Research shows that an electricity saving potential of 23% can be achieved on
the whole of India’s economy, if financially viable energy efficiency interventions
are made.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6. ABBREVIATIONS
kWh Kilo watt hour (or) unit of electricity
kW Kilo -watt
GW Giga-watts
MW Mega-watts
W Watts (or) unit of Power
kgCO2E kilograms of carbon-di-oxide emitted
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
AC Air Conditioner
H Height
Lpd Liters per day
m3 Cubic meters
min. Minute
sq.m Square meters
Lumens It is measure of the brightness output
LED Light Emitting Diode
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
cm. Centimeter
VFD Variable Frequency Drive
kg. Kilogram
SPV Solar Photo-Voltaic
7. off
on
Energy Conservation
Renewable Energy
Fossil Fuel
Do we need it? For eg. light during the day
Using natural light
Using Using CFLs or
LEDs instead
incandescent light
Using
renewable
energy
What is the most energy
What is the
technology for it?
What is the most
sustainable
production?
What is
the last
option?
Use fossil
resource
only
introduction
8. “ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS THE FASTEST,
CLEANEST AND CHEAPEST WAY TO
MEET RISING ENERGY DEMAND”
During the 20th century our energy consumption habits were
shaped by the seemingly unending reserves of fossil fuels.
The availability of cheap fossil fuel created wasteful behavior
patterns. As we are now facing a national and global energy
crisis and the need for a more efficient use of our energy
resources, we are asked to examine behavior in regard to
resource management at our workplaces as well as at our
homes. The unsustainable use of energy constitutes a huge
potential for energy savings.
Today the building sector accounts for more than 40 percent
of India’s electricity consumption. With the projected popula-
tion growth, economic growth and increased urbanization,
energy consumption is expected to rise steeply in the coming
years. In order to achieve long-term energy security and
sufficiency that enables sustainable and equitable economic
growth, India will have to find smart and effective strategies
for introducing energy conservation and energy efficiency
programs at a large scale while simultaneously increasing
its share of renewable energy sources.
Reducing a building’s electricity consumption without com-
promising on the desired performance of the building is
usually achieved through technological solutions including
the use of highly efficient electric appliances. Another equal-
ly important method is awareness creation and behavior
change towards a more efficient use of resources. Changing
our habits is a daunting task that calls for much persever-
ance, but the impact of behavior change can be tremendous
and it requires very little (and often no) modern technology
or financial resources to be implemented.
To emphasize yet again, the intent of this publication is to be
a “buying guide” for common residential electrical applianc-
es like fans, lights, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing
machines and geysers to help you understand various tech-
nologies available in market, and understand which is the
most energy efficient.
To ‘define the need’ one must actively and
consciously think about requirements to
create a comfortable working/living
environment. Decide on your needs with-
out considering the available options that
technology has to offer (e.g. the maximum
setting on your AC, fan or lights).
These are subjective choices, but we are
all similar human beings and you will likely
find that we all have similar needs. For
example most people agree that a quiet,
bright room at 26˚C with an adjustable
office chair and desk make a comfortable
office environment. For lighting, AC and
ventilation there are many guidelines and
even regulations that help to translate
needs into objective data and figures.
To conserve energy is to reduce the
consumption of artificially generated energy,
be it thermal, electrical or any other. Use
natural flows and systems (i.e. natural light,
shading and natural ventilation) to meet your
earlier defined needs as much as possible.
This is where habits play an important
role. Many habitual changes, small and
large, that can significantly reduce our
consumption are known and available.
Energy Conservation is reducing energy
consumption without a service/technical
interventions (minimum cost or low cost)
Energy efficiency is using less energy to
provide the same service or output by the
deployment of highly efficient appliances
For lighting, air conditioning, ventilation
and other services energy conservation
and efficiency tips will be introduced in
the following chapters.
DEFINE THE NEED
AND CONSERVE
ENERGY
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9. AVOIDED ENERGY – A SYSTEM APPROACH
Typically, centralized energy systems waste more
than two thirds of their energy in the process of
generation, transmission and consumption. These
are huge losses. It also means that every kWh saved
at the consumer side equates to at least 3 kWh worth
of energy that does not need to be produced in the
first place. Energy conservation interventions at the
end-user level translate into substantial savings at
the production, transmission and distribution side.
Can we imagine reducing energy consumption by 90
per cent or more, through energy conservation and
energy efficient technologies? What would be the
equivalent power plant capacity that can be avoided,
and the resulting savings?
We want to have a light service of about 1000 lumen.
Let us consider a fossil fuel based energy plant with
an initial energy input of 335 units, 225 units get
wasted at the source due to generation inefficiency
and heat wastage. Another 10 units get wasted in the
transmission and distribution process via the high
voltage power grid. Hence, from the initial 335 energy
units, only 100 units are available for the end-use;
however, 95 units go to waste because of an ineffi-
cient light bulb (incandescent lamp). As a result, an
input of 335 units of primary energy on the supply
side will result in an equivalent of only 5 units of
energy service rendered at end-use; the remaining
330 units go to waste.
Instead of using and incandescent light bulb to get
our 1000 lumen light services we may install an
LED lamp which is 9 to 10 times more efficient. By
switching from an incandescent light to the LED,
we can divide the energy consumption by a factor of
10. Resulting in financial savings for the end-user,
but more importantly in by replacing an incandescent
lamp with a LED, the 335 units of primary energy
needed to supply the incandescent lamb will be
reduced to only 35 primary units. This represents a
saving of 300 units (90%) of primary energy by simply
adopting a more efficient appliance. Promoting
energy efficient appliances instead of scaling-up the
production capacity is one of the most cost effective
interventions, resulting in financial savings, in lower-
ing of CO2 emissions and ensuring that more people
have access to energy services.
lamp
335 W
Coal
100% with incandescent
power station
losses
distribution losses
10 W
heat
losses
5
W
USEFUL LIGHT
1000 lumen
USEFUL LIGHT
1000 lumen
35 W Solar
Battery losses
0.5 W
Heat losses
3.3 W
5
W
Energy flow chart from production to distribution
10. energy consumption trends
Building sectors in India is already consuming close
to 35% of the total electricity consumption in India.
This is expected to increase further by 700% by 2050,
as compared to the year 2005 levels. A large quantity
of incremental electricity demand will come from the
residential sector. The figures below indicate the
electricity consumption and its relative CO2 emis-
sions in India for the baseline year 2014 and its
projected forecast in the year 2030.
ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL
• Energy efficiency is the fastest, cleanest and cheapest
way to meet energy needs (India’s projected annual
savings is $42 billion).
• 42,370 MW of power plant can be avoided by 2021
through building energy efficiency.
• Energy saving potential for the economy as a whole
is about 23%.
• Potential energy savings of up to 30 - 40% in
Commercial sector.
Percentage of average electricity consumption by appliance in India
Current electricity consumption of India and its projected forecast
Current CO2 emissions of India and its projected forecast
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Fan is a swirling device that keeps
you from overheating. Along with
light fixtures and mobile phones it is
the most commonly used electrical
appliance in any household.
FAN
“SUPER EFFICIENT FANS
ARE 65% MORE ENERGY
EFFICIENT THAN REGULAR
CEILING FANS”
*kWh = Kilo Watt per hour calculated with the medium setting of fan
REGULAR TO
5 STAR RATED
% OF SAVING
POTENTIAL
LITERS OF
PERTOL (L/YR)
23
2
REGULAR TO
SUPER EFFICIENT
65
5
5 STAR TO
SUPER EFFICIENT
hWkNISGNIVAS
54
3
INTERVENTION
REGULAR TO
5 STAR RATED
REGULAR TO
SUPER EFFICIENT
5 STAR TO
SUPER EFFICIENT
39
110
71
AurovilleConsulting
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12. A fan does not cool the room temperature. It creates
a wind chill effect. By blowing air around, the fan
makes it easier for the air to evaporate sweat from
your skin, which is how you eliminate body heat and
makes humans feel 2 to 4 degrees centigrade
cooler. The more evaporation, the cooler you feel.
With much lower electricity consumption in compar-
ison to air conditioning, a ceiling fan can give good
comfort in warm and humid climates.
Fans constitute 34% of the annual electricity
consumption in a typical residential house-
hold in India . This leaves room for a great
potential of savings in terms of energy by
introducing an energy efficiency intervention.
-
• Recommended to maintain at least 0.3 m between the fan blade and the ceiling
• The distance of the fan blades from the floor should be (3xH + W)/4, where H is
the height of the fan room, and W is the height of the work plane.
• Install only the number of fans you need, install them at the right height and right place.
• Only run it on step five (full speed) when actually needed.
• Switch off the fan when leaving the room, this will give you a 100% savings.
conservation
efficiency
maintainance
tips
• Dust the blades of the fans on a regular basis.
• Dust the motor housing in the body of the fan that encloses the fan motor.
• Fans that use solid materials for housing, such as metals, tend to vibrate
less and last longer.
• The blades should be protected / treated against corrosion.
• Ensure that the blades are balanced in terms of weight and aerodynamics.
• For this reason the blades of one fan should not be interchanged.
Changing the resistor regulator to electronic step
regulator can reduce power consumption by:
at the minimum speed when using an
electronic regulator against a conventional
regulator.
on average under reduced speed, if the fan
is used along with an electronic regulator
against a conventional regulator.
61%
27%
Energy efficiency is all about achieving the same results while using less electricity. The older
ceiling fans typically consume about 70-80 Watts of electricity. The air delivery of these fan
ranges between 230 and 250 m3/min. In the current scenario, with improved manufacturing
technology and a stronger emphasis on energy efficient fans, 5-star-rated fans consume about
45-50 Watts of electricity, which constitutes a reduction in energy consumption of about 35%.
The most energy efficient fans on the market are the so called super-ef-
ficient fans, which consume about 30-35 Watts of electricity, with air
delivery capability of 250 m3/min and a reduction in energy consumption
by 47%, and a 65% saving potential at lower speeds.
Change at least the regulators if not the fans. In case the replacement of
existing fans with super-efficient fans or five-star-rated fans is not a real
option, we do recommend changing the regulators from resistor type to
electronic type. This can already lead to substantial energy savings.
13. light
While buying a lighting
appliance, look for the:
Watts: It is a measure
of electricity consump-
tion. Lower the watts,
lesser the electricity
consumption.
Lumens: It is measure
of the brightness (or)
light output. More the
lumens per watt,
better the energy
efficiency.
*kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of
light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light
sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as
natural illumination by capturing daylight during
the hours between sunrise to sunset.
Lighting constitutes about 30% of the annual
consumption of a typical residential household in
India and about 24% in Auroville. Thus, it is a
major contributor in the electricity bill, and the
energy efficient options are fairly simpler to
implement and provide higher rate of returns.
3 common variants of lighting:
Incandescent bulbs I LED bulbs I Tubelights
40
60
100
77
110
175
88%
83%
80%
8
12
19
Savings
kWh/year
Saving
Potential
Liters of
petrol/ year
“LIGHTING
CONSTITUTES
ABOUT 30% OF THE
ANNUAL ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION IN A
RESIDENTIAL
HOUSEHOLD”
SWITCH FROM
INCANDESCENT
TO LED BULBS
The traditional incandescent light
bulbs, which were available in
various variants: 40W, 60W and
100W, are the most inefficient in
terms of energy consumption. 90%
of the energy they consume is lost
as heat and only 10% is converted
into useful light. They have a
lifespan of 1200 hours. These bulbs
are energy guzzlers. It makes a lot
of sense to replace them with
energy efficient options just from a
cost saving perspective.
WATTS
AurovilleConsulting
14. A typical tubelight has a
ballast (to stabilize the
current through the lamp)
and a tube. The tube comes
in three standard sizes: T12,
T8 and T5 (these numbers
represent the thickness of
the tubelight). The smaller
the number, the higher the
efficiency.
In the past, tubelights used
to come with electromagnet-
ic ballast which caused the
lights to flicker on start.
Nowadays we get electronic
ballast which prevents the
tubelights to flicker. Electro-
magnetic ballast consumes
far more electricity than an
electronic ballast. Most
tubelights today have
electronic ballast.
T5 tubelights with electronic
ballast are the best available
tubelight options in the
market. A T12 tubelight with
an electromagnetic ballast
typically consumes 55W of
electricity but a T5 with
electronic ballast will
consume only 28W.
LEDs are the latest and
most efficient lighting
option, which is available in
the market. Their electricity
consumption is 50% less
than that of CFLs and 80%
less than incandescent
bulbs for the same amount
of light.
LEDs also are long lasting
with a lifespan of about
50,000 hours and their
performance remains the
same throughout their
lifetime and have lower
operating temperatures
SWITCH FROM T12 TUBELIGHTS
TO T5 TUBELIGHTS
Switch
from
Savings
kWh/year
% Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
Regular
T-12
to T-5
Rated
T-12
to T-5
Rated
T-8
to T-5
59
26
18
49
30
22
Keep your curtains or shades open during the day to use
natural daylighting instead of turning on lights.
Turn off the lights in rooms that are not in use.
Decorate your interiors & paint your walls with lighter
colors that would reflect the daylight
off
on
conservation
maintainance & operation tips
A thick layer of dust on the bulbs and tubelights can
reduce luminance by 25%. Dust the lighting appliances
on a regular basis.
Controls such as timers and occupancy sensors save
electricity by turning lights off when not in use and
provide optimum lighting in a room.
Outdoor lights are usually left on a long time for secu-
rity or decoration purposes. Consider using LEDs in
these fixtures will save a lot of energy.
Choice of a lighting system has a direct impact on the
air-conditioning of the room. Inefficient and increased
lighting appliance within a room, increase the heat
build-up in a room, which overworks the compressor of
the air-conditioner.
Energy efficiency
intervention
for Tubelights
Regular
T-12
to T-5
Rated
T-12
to T-5
Rated
T-8
to T-5
59
26
18
49
30
22
6
3
2
15. *kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
“INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
REFRIGERATORS SAVES
ABOUT 30% TO 50%
ELECTRICITY
WHEN COMPARED
TO A CONVENTIONAL
REFRIGERATOR”
Refrigerators are major consum-
ers of electricity in any home after
air conditioners. Refrigerators are
one of the few appliances, apart
from televisions that are common
to residences. Nearly 39% of the
population in urban households of
India possess a refrigerator, based
on a NSSO survey in 2012. Refrig-
erators constitute 13% of the
annual electricity bill in a typical
residential household.
Refrigerator has a device called
thermocouple which senses the
temperature inside the refrigera-
tor and makes the compressor go
“on” or “off”. Every time the refrig-
erator door is opened, heat enters
the refrigerator and the compres-
sor has to take care of this load as
well. So most regular compressors
are built to take care of peak load
plus the “door open shut” load
which during most of the year is
much more than the actual
requirement. The compressor uses
electricity to do its job and is the
most electricity consuming part of
a refrigerator.
refrigerator
SWITCH FROM
REGULAR
TO 5-STAR
SWITCH FROM
REGULAR TO
INVERTER
Annual
savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
Storage
volume
300 to
400 litres
1125
90%
124
energyefficiencyinterventioN
DIRECTCOOLREFRIGERATORS
Old refrigerators consume significantly higher units as compared to new ones. With
improvement in technology, the efficiencies of refrigerators have been increasing
regularly. Buying a new 5 – Star rated refrigerator will not only save electricity but also
give better cooling and more/latest features in the same sized refrigerator. By replac-
ing your old and inefficient refrigerators, one can achieve an energy saving potential of
50% - 75%.
Storage volume
200 to 300 litres
Litres of
petrol/ year
% of saving
potential
Annual
savings
in kWh
699
77
77
AurovilleConsulting
FROST FREE:
16. conservation
Minimize the amount of time the
refrigerator door is open. The longer
the door stays open, the more hot air
gets inside – making the refrigerator
spend energy cooling it down.
Avoid putting hot food items into the
refrigerator.
Bureau of Energy
Efficiency rates various brands and
models of refrigerators on their efficient
use of electricity. So always look for star
rating. Currently BEE star rating is
available only for Single Door (Direct
Cool) and Double Door (Frost Free) type of
models. For the purposes of this study,
we have compared the least energy
efficient refrigerator (one that is not BEE
rated) with the most energy efficient
model available in the market today.
efficiency
It is an all season refrigerator. It has
variable-speed motors that change their
speed as per the need. It saves about 30%
- 50% electricity when compared to a
conventional refrigerator. Although prices
of inverter technology refrigerators are on
a higher side, but they can save a good
amount of electricity, thereby helping
you recover the money in your
electricity bills.
Inverter refrigerators are
currently the most energy
efficient refrigerators
available in
the market.
SWITCH FROM
REGULAR TO
INVERTER
spitecnaniatniaM
Refrigerator motors and compressor generate heat, so maintain a 10 -
15 cm. gap between the wall and the refrigerator unit on all sides to
allow adequate space for continuous airflow.
Over filling of the storage capacity of refrigerator with food items
should be avoided, to ensure adequate air circulation inside.
Allow hot and warm foods to sufficiently cool down to room
temperature before putting them in refrigerator.
1.
2.
3.
Make sure
that refrigerator’s
rubber door seals
are clean and tight.
If light around the
door is seen, the
seals need to be
replaced
4. 5. 7.
8.
9.
Make sure that
refrigerator is
kept away from all
sources of heat,
including direct
sunlight, and
appliances that
tend to heat up.
When dust
builds up on
refrigerator’s
condenser coils,
the compressor
works harder &
uses more
electricity. There-
fore clean the
coils regularly.
6.
It is important to pick
refrigerator of right size while
buying. Also refrigerators are
most efficient when they are
full, but not over loaded. With
empty refrigerators you pay
more for what you use. If refrigerator is
older and needs major
repairs, it is likely to
become inefficient after
repairs. It may be advisable
to replace old refrigerator
with a new and energy-
efficient one.
In manual defrost refrigerator, accu-
mulation of ice reduces the cooling
power by acting as unwanted insula-
tion. Therefore, defrost freezer com-
partment regularly in a manual
defrost refrigerator.
17. “SWITCH FROM A REGU-
LAR AIR CONDITIONER TO
AN INVERTER TECHNOLO-
GY AIR-CONDITIONER AND
ACHIEVE 50% OF ANNUAL
ENERGY SAVINGS”
AIR CONDITIONER
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of
air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfort-
able conditions as to improve thermal comfort and indoor
air quality. In common use, an air conditioner is a device
that lowers the air temperature.
With the rising global temperatures, it is become common for every house-
hold to own an air conditioner to provide thermal comfort. Air conditioners
are the biggest consumers of electricity in homes that have an air-condi-
tioner. Nearly 22% of the population in urban households of India have an
air conditioner, based on a NSSO survey in 2012. Air-conditioners constitute
10% of the annual electricity bill in a typical residential household.
Like refrigerators, the air conditioner attains the desired
temperature according to the temperature set by its
thermostat. The compressor in the air conditioner is turned
on and remains on until the room temperature decreases to
be the same as the temperature of the thermostat. Once the
ffosnrutrosserpmoceht,dehcaersierutarepmetderised
until the room temperature increases again. This turning on
and turning off, of the compressor determines a cycle of the
air conditioner and its power consumption.
inTervention
SWITCH FROM
REGULAR SPLIT TO
INVERTER TECH AC
SWITCH FROM
REGULAR WINDOW TO
5-STAR WINDOW AC
Annual
savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
1116 53 123
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
rates various brands and
models of air conditioners
on their efficient use of
electricity. So always look
for star rating. Currently
BEE star rating is available
for both models: window
AC’s and Split AC’s. For the
purposes of this study, we
have compared the least
energy efficient AC (one that
is not BEE rated) with the
most energy efficient model
available in the market today.
* BEE star rating is upgraded every
years, with new technologies
coming in. Be sure to make an
informed decision, before buying.
*kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
Annual
savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
392 24 43
Bureau of Energy efficiency
rates various brands and
models of air conditioners
on their efficient use of
electricity. So always look
for star rating. Currently
BEE star rating is available
for both models: window
AC’s and Split AC’s. For the
purposes of this study, we
have compared the least
energy efficient AC (one that
is not BEE rated) with the
most energy efficient model
available in the market today.
* BEE star rating is upgraded every
2 years, with new technologies
coming in. Be sure to make an
informed decision, before buying.
AurovilleConsulting
18. conservation
Set AC thermostat settings to
25-26 °C which is the most
optimum temperature.
Keep windows and doors of
air-conditioned rooms closed.
Avoid outside warm air intake.
Using a fan with keeping the
windows open for natural air
circulation can allow better
distribution of cooler air and
avoid the operation of
air conditioners
1.
5.
2.
3.
4.
Avoid placing appliances
(lamps, televisions, etc.)
that heat up, near the
thermostat control of AC.
6.
7.
Insulation pipes exposed to
weather should be protected by
aluminium sheet metal,
painted canvas or plastic cover
Clean outdoor coils when they become dusty. Efficiency of AC degrades in dusty conditions.
Do not place lamps, televisions or other electric appliances near AC. As these
appliances generate heat.
Consider light colored paints for interior walls, curtains and interior furnishing.
Dark colors absorb heat and will take more time to cool.
If room air conditioner is older and needs major repairs, it is likely to become inefficient
after repairs. It may be advisable to replace old AC with a new and energy-efficient one.
Provide insulation to all the cooling pipes and conduits, which may deteriorate over a period of time.
The unit should be installed in a shaded spot on the north or east side which results in
a 10% energy saving potential.
Clean the air-conditioner filter regularly:
A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit.
Give the annual maintenance contract of AC directly to the manufacturer
or its authorized service technicians.
Consider providing shading to the outdoor metal cabinet (or) compressor unit of a split AC
and window AC, because if it is exposed directly to the sun, the AC tends to overwork.
Use a light
colored paints for
interior walls,
curtains & interior
furnishing. Dark
colors absorb
more heat.
Adjust the
diffuser
fins to achieve
uniformly cooling
of the room.
Ensure to size
the tonnage of the
AC based on the room
size and occupancy. An
AC with inverter
technology mitigates
this problem.
Plant a tree or a creeper
near windows where
air conditioners are
installed to prevent
direct sunlight from
entering the room.
efficiency
19. “WASHING MACHINES
WITH DIRECT-DRIVE
TECHNOLOGY AND
INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
CAN HELP SAVE 60%
OF ENERGY”
*kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
Washing machines are the third highest consumers of electrici-
ty, after air conditioners and refrigerators, in a residential
setting. Over the years, a switch from conventional hand wash-
ing to a regular washing machine is quite common with the
launch of cheaper models of washing machines in the market.
Nearly 20% of the population in an urban setting have access to
a washing machine in their households. This leaves room for
a great saving potential, in terms of energy and water, if an ef-
ficient washing machine is used. Hence in both cases, buying
a BEE 5 star rated washing machine is always recommended.
Whenever a word “Automatic”
is associated with a washing
machine, it means that the
machine not only washes the
clothes but also extracts most
water out of it after washing.
The main difference between
a Fully Automatic and
Semi-Automatic washing
machine is that in fully
automatic washing machine,
all the process from washing
to spinning happen on their
own through an automated
program, whereas in
semi-automatic, one has to
move cloths from one opera-
tion to another manually.
Having said that, because
both the machines have
similar operations, from
energy point of view neither
option offers great benefit
over the other.
For the purposes of this
study, we have considered a
fully automatic front-loader
washing machine with a 7 kg
rated capacity (typical in all
residential households).
FULLY AUTOMATIC VS
SEMI AUTOMATIC MACHINES
Annual
savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
168 62 18
SWITCH FROM REGULAR TO
INVERTER TECH. +
DIRECT DRIVE TECHNOLOGY
WASHING MACHINE
intervention
Electricity consumption of wash-
ing machine depends on how you use
the washing machine. Front loaders use
less water but have longer wash cycles.
Top loaders use more water but have
smaller wash cycles. If you use hot water
for washing then top loaders will consume
more because amount of electricity
needed for heating water is lot more than
the amount needed by the motor of the
washing machine. But if you use cold
water wash, then front loaders will
consume more because they have
longer wash cycles.
washing machine
AurovilleConsulting
20. A washing machine with the
inverter technology has sensors
that detect the loading of the
washing machine. Based on the
load, the electronic circuit
determines the optimum speed
at which the motor should be
run to optimize the electricity
use. To have variable speeds the
washing machines have a VFD
or Brushless DC motors that
allowsoptimumuseofelectricity
atvariablespeeds.
A washing machine with the
direct-drive technology has
lesser moving parts in which
part such as the gears and belts
that are present in the conven-
tional motor are removed. This
ensures that the energy lost in
frictioninrunningagearbox,etc.
isreduced.Therebysavingelectricity.
efficiency
conservation
maintEnance
Never leave
washing machine
in standby mode.
Whenever
possible, use
cold water wash
as it can
drastically cut
down the
electricity.
Hang your clothes
outside to dry. Not
running the dryernot only savesenergy, but alsohelps themlast longer.
Choose a high spin speed
or the extended spin option
to reduce the amount of
remaining moisture in
your clothes after
washing.This decreases
the amount of time it
1. 2.
3.
4.
takes to dry
your clothes.
Washing machines use
about the same
amount of energy
regardless of the size
of the load, so run full
loads whenever
possible, but do not
overload them.
Use the right detergent
or else it may need
multiple cycles to wash
the clothes properly
leading to water and
energy wastage.
Somtimes rinsing the
washer each month by
running a normal cycle
with 1 cup of bleach to
help reduce the risk of
mold or mildew buildup
Leave the door open after
washing because washing
machines use airtight seals
to prevent water from
leaking while the machine is
in use. When the machine is
not in use, this seal can trap
moisture in the machine
and lead to mold.
21. “THE IDEAL SIZE OF
WATER HEATER
SHOULD BE CLOSE TO
THE VOLUME OF HOT
WATER REQUIRED AT
ONE GO”
*kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
While buying a water heater one has to make sure that it not
just suffices the need of the family but also does not increase
electricity bills (or units consumed) significantly. People might
look at the wattage of the water heater to determine the
amount of electricity the water heater might use, but wattage
does not have any impact on the electricity consumption of
water heater. The energy consumption of a water heater
depends on the following factors: Volume of hot water used,
temperature of the tap water, temperature of water used for
bathing, Thermostat temperature (by default, this is set to 60˚
C by all manufacturers) and standing losses (heat lost through
the surface of the water heater, when no water is drawn).
Solar and renewable energy are quite popular these days. Solar
water heater is a system that utilizes solar energy (or the
energy from sunlight) to heat water. It has a system that is
installed on a terrace or open space where it can get sunlight
and the energy from the sun is then used to heat water and
store it in an insulated tank. The system is not connected to
electricity supply and thus does not have an on-off switch, but it
dnaretawehttaehotyadehttuohguorhtthgilnusehtsesu
store it in the storage tank. Water from the storage tank can
then be used for any application as desired.
For the purposes of this study, we
have considered a 25 liter capacity
electric water heater, which is
typical to a common household
setting. We have excluded instant
water heaters and gas water heaters
, though it proves beneficial in
energy costs because they are not
very prevalent. We have drawn
comparisons between the least
efficient and the most efficient
electric water heater available in the
market today, of similar capacities
(or) storage volume.
“Standing loss” or heat/energy
loss of a water heater to the
surrounding in 24 hours is an
important factor used by BEE
to decide on star rating of a
water heater. Using hot water
optimally and choosing the
right sized heater can
minimize “Standing Loss”, but
the most efficient water heater
for a given size can assist in
minimizing losses. The water
heater with the least value of
standing loss units is ranked
as the most efficient. BEE star
rating is optional for water
heaters, hence not all water
heaters available in the
market are rated. It is always
better to buy a branded water
heater because brands comply
with BIS standards and are
safe to use.
Savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
Potential
Liters of
petrol/ year
209 32 23
SWITCH FROM REGULAR TO
5-STAR RATED WATER HEATER
intervention
geyser
AurovilleConsulting
22. Switch on
the geyser
before use
& switch it
off immedi-
ately after
you bathe.
noitavresnoc
1.
2. 3.
Use less hot
water, as saving
water will help
save electricity.
The geyser
consumes
electricity,
when unused
hot water is left
in the geyser.
ycneiciffe
Solar water heaters sizes in market start from100 to
200, 250, 300 and 500 liters per day. The maximum area
required for the similar capacities are: 2 sq.m, 4 sq.m,
5 sq.m, 6 sq.m, 10 sq.m respectively. An ideal step to
attain energy efficiency is to replace the inefficient
electric geysers with a solar water heater. For a
25 liter capacity electric geyser, for a typical
family of 4 members, a switch to a 100
lpd (liters per day) capacity
solar water heater.
Annual
savings
kWh/year
% of Saving
potential
Liters of
petrol/year
658 100 72
SWITCH FROM REGULAR TO
SOLAR POWERED WATER HEATER
Maintainance
& operational
tips
Use smaller sized
geysers, because the
electricity consumed is
dependent on the
amount of water heated.
Periodic maintenance of
your electric water
heaters /solar water
heaters can minimize
the efficiency losses.
Scaling happens on solar water heaters regularly especially if the
water is hard. So the collectors need regular cleaning using acid.
Ensure you have an annual service contract with the installers.
Occasional leakages could happen in the system, but local
plumbers are sure to repair such problems.
23. INVERTER AS POWER BACKUP
In this case there is no power
supply from the mains, so power
is taken from the battery and
supplied to the setup where it is
used. Efficiency here will be effec-
tiveness with which inverter
draws and uses 1 unit (or kWh) of
power. If all of it is effectively used
then the process is 100% efficient.
But if only 0.85 units are supplied
to the system then the efficiency
will be 85% with 0.15 units lost.
Inverters cannot save elec-
tricity. When the electricity
passes through the inverter,
there are some losses in the
electricity, which cannot be
entirely eliminated. Howev-
er, the overall efficiency of
an inverter A of a particular
manufacturer can definitely
be better than another
inverter B of a different
manufacturer, which means
that the energy losses in one
inverter can be lesser than
energy losses in another.
But energy loss in an invert-
er will always be there.
Efficiency of a system in simple terms
can be defined as the ratio of Power it
gives as output to Power it takes in as
input. If the batteries are charged
using regular power supply then there
are 2 operations for which efficiency
can be identified: power backup and
charging of batteries
*kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
“ONE WEAK CELL IN THE
BATTERY INCREASES THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
AND REDUCES THE
PERFORMANCE OF
A BATTERY”
inverter & battery
Inverters are not 100% efficient. Inverters use certain
amount energy to drive its electronics and cooling
fan. It is in the order of 8% during no load and
goes up to 20% during full load. This
inefficiency is generally taken care by
the manufacturer and the kVA
rating mentioned is what is
at the output terminal.
Here the inverter takes
power from power supply
and charges the batteries.
Power input is power taken
from mains and power
output is the energy saved
in the battery.
Efficiency here will be
effectiveness with which
inverter saves 1 unit (or
kWh) of power. If all of it is
stored in the battery it will
be 100%. If only 0.85 units
are saved then the
efficiency will be 85% with
0.15 units of energy lost.
CHARGING OF BATTERIES
AurovilleConsulting
24. Chart out an annual maintenance contract with
battery installers for regular and timely maint
-enance related checks to improve the life of the
batteries.
Store the batteries in a place which has adequate
ventilation. Its life decreases with every 10 %
upsurge in air temperature.
Always top up the battery with distilled water.
Do not use tap water or rain water.
After installation, use battery on a regular basis.
If there are no frequent power cuts, discharge the
battery completely once every month and then
recharge it.
Check the water level of battery every two
months for tubular lead acid batteries. Ensure
that the water level is maintained between
the maximum and minimum water limit.
Always keep the surface and sides
of battery clean and dust free.
Use cotton cloth to clean
these surfaces.
Rusting and corrosion are
very bad for battery perfo
-rmance. Keep the battery
terminals corrosion free
and rust free.
Replace your battery if it is
dead or damaged. One bad
cell, can reduce the
the battery.
If there is any issue
like battery heating
and low backup
time, your battery
needs attention.
energy loss in
conversion between
inverter & battery
load
ELECTRIC
B
OX
METER
RETREVNIYRETTAB
25% LOSS IN CONVERSION AC TO DC
Maintainance
& operational
tips
25. *kWh - Kilo Watt Hour
“THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR
ENERGY THAT IS ABSO-
RBED BY THE EARTH’S
ATMOSPHERE IS EQUIVA-
LENT TO 8000 TIMES THE
TOTAL ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION IN THE
WHOLE WORLD”
With increasing power tariffs,
power cuts and decreasing
solar panel prices, there is a
lot of interest in people to
adopt solar technologies.
Electricity is becoming expen-
sive with each passing day and
more people are getting inter-
ested in using solar energy to
meet their electricity needs.
Power cuts and dependence
on diesel generator sets is
making people look for more
and better sources. Solar PV
panels provide a good alternative.
Solar panels are an invest-
ment that requires mainte-
nance. In order for panels to
run efficiently, they need
upkeep. Here are a few opera-
tional and maintenance tips to
help you get the most from
your solar panels.
Solar PV panels come in two variants: Mono is for
mono-crystalline PV cell and multi is for multi-crystal-
line (or polycrystalline) PV cell. The difference between
the two is that mono-crystalline is made of single
silicon crystal whereas multi-crystalline PV is made up
of multiple crystals. A mono-crystalline is more
efficient in converting solar energy into electricity per
square meter area than a multi-crystalline PV. Thus
the space required for the same amount of wattage is
less in mono-crystalline PV panel.
Thus, it is costlier than a multi-crystalline PV. The
choice between the two depends on the area that you
have for PV installation.
solar pv
inverter & battery
AurovilleConsulting
26. irregular maintenance of
solar panel system
If 25% of one cell in
a panel is shaded,
it results in 25%
loss in total solar
module power.
Preventive, predictive, and corrective mainte-
nance of SPV systems can improve the overall
efficiency of the system.
At least once a year, ensure that O&M personnel
should conduct a general
inspection of the PV installation site.
Panels may be subject to shading by trees. Every
six months trim any overhanging branches back
to ensure maximum light hits each panel.
Check for signs of animal infestation under the
PV arrays.
Check for any
artificial shading
(such as a satellite
dish or shadow of
tall structures in
the roof or ground)
on the PV panels.
Shade on a panel
can affect its
overall efficiency.
Spray the modules with water,
at least once a month and use
a soft-bristled brush to get
stubborn dirt off to prevent
dust build-up in your panels as
this might variably reduce the
panel efficiency.
If needed, squeegee the PV
modules dry after spraying.
Always prefer a solar
inverter to a home inverter
for off/on-grid SPV systems.
Inspect PV
modules for
defects that can
appear in the
form of burn
marks, discolor-
ation, delamina-
tion, or broken
glass.
Check modules
for excessive
soiling from dirt
buildup or
animal drop-
pings.
In roof-mounted
SPV systems,
check the
integrity of the
penetrations.
In ground-mounted systems, look for signs
of corrosion near the supports.