This document discusses various cytology techniques including exfoliative cytology, abrasive cytology, and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). It focuses on the use of FNAC and ultrasound guidance for sampling deep seated lesions. FNAC is a useful tool for diagnosing lesions without significant trauma. Ultrasound guidance allows real-time visualization of the needle for precise and safe sampling of deep lesions. Complications are usually minor bleeding or infection when the technique is performed appropriately. Cytology provides valuable diagnostic information with minimal risk to patients.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal imaging techniques and examinations. It discusses:
1. The main imaging methods for examining the GI tract including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine.
2. Special contrast techniques like double contrasting and pneumoparietography.
3. The anatomy, examination techniques, and common pathologies of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
4. Imaging findings of conditions like achalasia, cancer, ulcers, diverticula, obstructions, and perforations.
Radiological diagnostics of Gastro-Intestinal SystemEneutron
The document discusses various radiological examination methods of the gastrointestinal system including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It describes the radiological anatomy and examination techniques for specific organs like the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies that can be identified through radiological imaging like esophageal diverticula, achalasia, gastric cancer, esophageal burns, and foreign bodies. Imaging findings for different conditions are provided along with appropriate examination methods.
1) Abdomen & Pelvis Radiography for helminthic diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To spotlight on the techniques used for imaging as a diagnostic tool for parasitic diseases.
To outline that imaging techniques can play an important role in diagnosis and management of Helminthic Infections.
To illustrate the characteristic radiological findings of some Helminthic Infections.
Ultrasound has several applications in diagnosing and assessing parasitic diseases:
1) It can identify characteristic ultrasound features of parasites that help in diagnosis of diseases like ascariasis and hydatid cysts.
2) It can detect characteristic pathology caused by parasites, as seen in schistosomiasis and amoebic liver abscess.
3) It guides needle biopsies and aspirates of organs infected by parasites like the liver.
4) It assesses the severity of conditions like schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis and monitors changes with treatment.
5) Portable ultrasound enables large-scale epidemiological studies in parasite-endemic areas.
Pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses can develop from a variety of causes. Ultrasound or CT imaging are used to identify abscesses, which appear as hypoechoic or low attenuation areas on scans. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics along with drainage of larger abscesses via needle aspiration or catheter placement. For pyogenic abscesses, antibiotics are chosen based on culture results and typically include combinations targeting common bacteria. Amebic abscesses are generally treated with metronidazole or other nitroimidazole antibiotics, sometimes along with drainage or other antiparasitic drugs. Complications can arise if abscesses rupture or spread beyond the liver.
1. Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and pH monitoring are key investigative tools used to examine the esophagus and assess conditions like dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and esophageal cancer.
2. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy if needed, and endosonography uses ultrasound to examine the esophageal walls and nearby structures.
3. pH monitoring and manometry are used to evaluate motility disorders and reflux by measuring pH levels and pressure in the esophagus over 24 hours.
Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and manometry are key investigative tools for evaluating abnormalities of the esophagus. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and surrounding structures under x-ray. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy of lesions. Endosonography uses high-frequency sound waves to image the esophageal walls and nearby structures. Manometry evaluates esophageal motor function by measuring pressure during swallowing. Together these investigations aid in diagnosing conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus.
This document discusses various cytology techniques including exfoliative cytology, abrasive cytology, and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). It focuses on the use of FNAC and ultrasound guidance for sampling deep seated lesions. FNAC is a useful tool for diagnosing lesions without significant trauma. Ultrasound guidance allows real-time visualization of the needle for precise and safe sampling of deep lesions. Complications are usually minor bleeding or infection when the technique is performed appropriately. Cytology provides valuable diagnostic information with minimal risk to patients.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal imaging techniques and examinations. It discusses:
1. The main imaging methods for examining the GI tract including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine.
2. Special contrast techniques like double contrasting and pneumoparietography.
3. The anatomy, examination techniques, and common pathologies of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
4. Imaging findings of conditions like achalasia, cancer, ulcers, diverticula, obstructions, and perforations.
Radiological diagnostics of Gastro-Intestinal SystemEneutron
The document discusses various radiological examination methods of the gastrointestinal system including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It describes the radiological anatomy and examination techniques for specific organs like the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies that can be identified through radiological imaging like esophageal diverticula, achalasia, gastric cancer, esophageal burns, and foreign bodies. Imaging findings for different conditions are provided along with appropriate examination methods.
1) Abdomen & Pelvis Radiography for helminthic diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To spotlight on the techniques used for imaging as a diagnostic tool for parasitic diseases.
To outline that imaging techniques can play an important role in diagnosis and management of Helminthic Infections.
To illustrate the characteristic radiological findings of some Helminthic Infections.
Ultrasound has several applications in diagnosing and assessing parasitic diseases:
1) It can identify characteristic ultrasound features of parasites that help in diagnosis of diseases like ascariasis and hydatid cysts.
2) It can detect characteristic pathology caused by parasites, as seen in schistosomiasis and amoebic liver abscess.
3) It guides needle biopsies and aspirates of organs infected by parasites like the liver.
4) It assesses the severity of conditions like schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis and monitors changes with treatment.
5) Portable ultrasound enables large-scale epidemiological studies in parasite-endemic areas.
Pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses can develop from a variety of causes. Ultrasound or CT imaging are used to identify abscesses, which appear as hypoechoic or low attenuation areas on scans. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics along with drainage of larger abscesses via needle aspiration or catheter placement. For pyogenic abscesses, antibiotics are chosen based on culture results and typically include combinations targeting common bacteria. Amebic abscesses are generally treated with metronidazole or other nitroimidazole antibiotics, sometimes along with drainage or other antiparasitic drugs. Complications can arise if abscesses rupture or spread beyond the liver.
1. Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and pH monitoring are key investigative tools used to examine the esophagus and assess conditions like dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and esophageal cancer.
2. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy if needed, and endosonography uses ultrasound to examine the esophageal walls and nearby structures.
3. pH monitoring and manometry are used to evaluate motility disorders and reflux by measuring pH levels and pressure in the esophagus over 24 hours.
Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and manometry are key investigative tools for evaluating abnormalities of the esophagus. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and surrounding structures under x-ray. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy of lesions. Endosonography uses high-frequency sound waves to image the esophageal walls and nearby structures. Manometry evaluates esophageal motor function by measuring pressure during swallowing. Together these investigations aid in diagnosing conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus.
Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and manometry are key investigative tools for evaluating abnormalities of the esophagus. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and surrounding structures on x-ray. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy of lesions. Endosonography uses high-frequency sound waves to image the esophageal walls and nearby structures. Manometry assesses esophageal motility and sphincter function by measuring pressure during swallowing. Together these investigations aid in diagnosing conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus.
Etrapulmonary tuberculosis surgical management and recent advances InduVanaparthi1
1) This document discusses recent advances in tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic modalities, management, and treatment. It covers microbiological, pathological, and radiological diagnostic tests as well as investigations for various forms of TB.
2) Recent advances include renaming the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme to the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in 2020 and a shift to treatment based on drug susceptibility testing rather than classification.
3) The document outlines standard drug resistant TB treatment regimens and management of TB in special populations like pregnant or breastfeeding women. It also covers surgical management of extrapulmonary TB sites like abdominal, renal, cervical, and anal TB.
Laparoscopy is becoming more widely used in pediatric surgery due to its advantages over open surgery. It can be used diagnostically and for various procedures such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, hernia repair, and treatment of undescended testes. Some challenges in pediatric laparoscopy include the thin abdominal wall and limited space. Care must be taken with trocar placement and insufflation pressures. Laparoscopy provides benefits like less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times for children. It is an important technique for pediatric surgeons to learn and incorporate into clinical practice.
Principles and diagnostic use of Endoscopy in caninesAjith Y
Endoscopy refers to examining the interior of hollow organs or body cavities using an endoscope, an instrument with a camera, light, and channels. The document discusses the history and development of endoscopy from the early 19th century to modern techniques. It also provides details on the various types of endoscopy used to examine different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and other body cavities in both human and veterinary medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
This document summarizes several case studies involving histopathological examination of protozoa and nematodes. Case 1 describes a woman with giardiasis based on patchy whitish patterns seen on jejunal biopsy. Case 2 involves cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient based on acid-fast cysts in diarrheal stool. Case 3 describes isosporiasis in a man with chronic diarrhea based on stages of Isospora belli seen on jejunal biopsy. Case 4 shows enterobiasis in a woman based on worms seen on appendiceal biopsy. The remaining cases describe various protozoan and helminthic infections identified through tissue examination.
Liver hydatid disease is caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Humans can become infected by ingesting the tapeworm's eggs from contact with infected dog feces. The larva travels to the liver where it forms a hydatid cyst. Symptoms are usually mild until complications occur. Diagnosis involves serological tests and imaging such as ultrasound or CT scan which can identify cyst characteristics. Treatment options include medication, minimally invasive techniques such as PAIR, or surgery depending on cyst location and size.
Liver hydatid disease is caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Humans can become infected by ingesting parasite eggs from dog feces. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing cysts that may contain daughter cysts. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy with albendazole, and minimally invasive techniques like PAIR which involve puncturing and draining the cysts.
This document discusses endoscopy, its history, principles, types, and applications. It describes how endoscopy allows examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a camera. Key developments in endoscopy are outlined from 1958 to present. The document discusses various endoscopic procedures including upper GI endoscopy, enteroscopy, colonoscopy, and their indications. It provides details on endoscopy techniques, benefits, complications, and images.
Diagonstic Procedures and test in gastroenterologyRamya569989
Endoscopy refers to medical procedures that use an endoscope to examine the inside of a body cavity or organ. Some common types of endoscopy include gastroscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, and bronchoscopy. Endoscopy allows physicians to visually examine the interior of organs and tissues, and to perform procedures such as biopsy, polyp removal, and treatment of abnormal growths. Potential risks include infection, bleeding, perforation of organs, and reactions to sedatives used during procedures. Preparation may involve fasting beforehand, and post-procedure recovery typically involves monitoring for complications. Endoscopy is used to diagnose conditions like ulcers, inflammation, tumors, and to investigate unexplained symptoms.
Endoscopy allows examination of body cavities using an endoscope. This document discusses various types of endoscopy including upper GI endoscopy (gastroscopy, ERCP), lower GI endoscopy (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy), and therapeutic endoscopy procedures. It describes the anatomy of the digestive tract, techniques, indications, and potential complications of different endoscopic procedures. New imaging technologies such as chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, and magnification endoscopy are also mentioned to improve tissue characterization during endoscopy.
This PPT provides different types of tests and procedure to identify problem in GI track which may help to understand of what procedure is specialized for
LOWER GI ENDOSCOPY IN SURGICAL PRACTICE.pptxGHAIYOORAHMAD
Lower GI endoscopy procedures like colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy allow examination of the interior of the large intestine. Colonoscopy uses a flexible tube 110-140cm long to view the entire colon, and is helpful for evaluating changes in bowel habits, bleeding, and screening for colorectal cancer. It requires bowel preparation with clear liquids and laxatives. Sigmoidoscopy can examine the descending colon and rectum using a rigid or flexible short tube. Both procedures provide direct visualization of the intestinal lining and any abnormalities.
Diagnostic tests for GI disorders- include physical evaluation, blood tests, imaging techniques. Learn the methods of diagnosis in detail, for gastrointestinal disorders.
The document discusses hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It summarizes the life cycle, pathology, clinical features, investigations including imaging techniques, and treatment options for hydatid cyst. Treatment options include medical treatment with albendazole, percutaneous drainage using the PAIR technique, endoscopic management for biliary involvement, and surgical options. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst under imaging guidance, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the urinary bladder and prostate.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides information on ultrasound examination of the urinary bladder and prostate. It begins with descriptions of normal ultrasound images of the bladder and prostate. It then discusses the role of ultrasound in assessing these structures. Common pathologies that can be identified include trabeculation, diverticula, calculi, ureterocele, infections, and cancers. Scanning techniques for bladder and prostate ultrasound are outlined. The document concludes with ultrasound images demonstrating various normal and abnormal findings of the bladder and prostate.
1) Three patients developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections after undergoing ERCP procedures using the same pancreatic and biliary endoscope.
2) The endoscope was cleaned and disinfected multiple times according to standard protocols, but still tested positive for P. aeruginosa on subsequent biological inspections.
3) The endoscope's internal tubes were eventually replaced, after which the endoscope tested negative for bacteria, suggesting the previous positive results were due to damage or biofilm formation within the endoscope that made thorough cleaning and disinfection impossible.
The document discusses various diagnostic tests involving visualization of body structures and functions. It describes procedures like endoscopy, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy which allow direct visualization of the gastrointestinal tract. Indirect visualization is achieved through radiographic imaging using barium and fluoroscopy. Procedures for visualizing the urinary system like IV pyelogram, cystoscopy and renal ultrasonography are also outlined. The document also discusses various cardiac diagnostic tests including electrocardiography, echocardiogram, stress testing and angiography. Visualization of the lungs can be achieved through procedures like bronchoscopy.
Basic principles of ultrasound.
Terms used in ultrasound.
Advantages of ultrasound.
Definition of acute abdomen.
Differential Diagnosis.
Abdominal ultrasound technique.
USG findings in most common pathologies.
Conclusion.
The document discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies seen on imaging. It begins by describing the location and appearance of peptic ulcers on barium studies, noting the "niche sign" seen in gastric ulcers. It then discusses the classic appearance of a benign gastric ulcer as an oval mucosal defect with thin folds radiating toward it. Colorectal carcinoma signs discussed include the "apple core sign" seen with annular stenosing tumors and "shouldering" seen with malignant lesions. Intussusception is described along with its characteristic "target sign" appearance on ultrasound.
RADIOLOGY and US Imaging for Protozoal Diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To understand the basic principles of imaging techniques used in medical parasitology, including X-ray imaging, CT scanning, MRI, ultrasound, endoscopy, and radionuclide imaging.
To identify the common imaging findings in protozoal diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and babesiosis.
Barium swallow, endoscopy, endosonography, and manometry are key investigative tools for evaluating abnormalities of the esophagus. Barium swallow involves ingesting barium sulfate to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and surrounding structures on x-ray. Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and biopsy of lesions. Endosonography uses high-frequency sound waves to image the esophageal walls and nearby structures. Manometry assesses esophageal motility and sphincter function by measuring pressure during swallowing. Together these investigations aid in diagnosing conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, tumors, and motility disorders of the esophagus.
Etrapulmonary tuberculosis surgical management and recent advances InduVanaparthi1
1) This document discusses recent advances in tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic modalities, management, and treatment. It covers microbiological, pathological, and radiological diagnostic tests as well as investigations for various forms of TB.
2) Recent advances include renaming the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme to the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in 2020 and a shift to treatment based on drug susceptibility testing rather than classification.
3) The document outlines standard drug resistant TB treatment regimens and management of TB in special populations like pregnant or breastfeeding women. It also covers surgical management of extrapulmonary TB sites like abdominal, renal, cervical, and anal TB.
Laparoscopy is becoming more widely used in pediatric surgery due to its advantages over open surgery. It can be used diagnostically and for various procedures such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, hernia repair, and treatment of undescended testes. Some challenges in pediatric laparoscopy include the thin abdominal wall and limited space. Care must be taken with trocar placement and insufflation pressures. Laparoscopy provides benefits like less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times for children. It is an important technique for pediatric surgeons to learn and incorporate into clinical practice.
Principles and diagnostic use of Endoscopy in caninesAjith Y
Endoscopy refers to examining the interior of hollow organs or body cavities using an endoscope, an instrument with a camera, light, and channels. The document discusses the history and development of endoscopy from the early 19th century to modern techniques. It also provides details on the various types of endoscopy used to examine different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and other body cavities in both human and veterinary medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
This document summarizes several case studies involving histopathological examination of protozoa and nematodes. Case 1 describes a woman with giardiasis based on patchy whitish patterns seen on jejunal biopsy. Case 2 involves cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient based on acid-fast cysts in diarrheal stool. Case 3 describes isosporiasis in a man with chronic diarrhea based on stages of Isospora belli seen on jejunal biopsy. Case 4 shows enterobiasis in a woman based on worms seen on appendiceal biopsy. The remaining cases describe various protozoan and helminthic infections identified through tissue examination.
Liver hydatid disease is caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Humans can become infected by ingesting the tapeworm's eggs from contact with infected dog feces. The larva travels to the liver where it forms a hydatid cyst. Symptoms are usually mild until complications occur. Diagnosis involves serological tests and imaging such as ultrasound or CT scan which can identify cyst characteristics. Treatment options include medication, minimally invasive techniques such as PAIR, or surgery depending on cyst location and size.
Liver hydatid disease is caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Humans can become infected by ingesting parasite eggs from dog feces. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing cysts that may contain daughter cysts. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy with albendazole, and minimally invasive techniques like PAIR which involve puncturing and draining the cysts.
This document discusses endoscopy, its history, principles, types, and applications. It describes how endoscopy allows examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a camera. Key developments in endoscopy are outlined from 1958 to present. The document discusses various endoscopic procedures including upper GI endoscopy, enteroscopy, colonoscopy, and their indications. It provides details on endoscopy techniques, benefits, complications, and images.
Diagonstic Procedures and test in gastroenterologyRamya569989
Endoscopy refers to medical procedures that use an endoscope to examine the inside of a body cavity or organ. Some common types of endoscopy include gastroscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, and bronchoscopy. Endoscopy allows physicians to visually examine the interior of organs and tissues, and to perform procedures such as biopsy, polyp removal, and treatment of abnormal growths. Potential risks include infection, bleeding, perforation of organs, and reactions to sedatives used during procedures. Preparation may involve fasting beforehand, and post-procedure recovery typically involves monitoring for complications. Endoscopy is used to diagnose conditions like ulcers, inflammation, tumors, and to investigate unexplained symptoms.
Endoscopy allows examination of body cavities using an endoscope. This document discusses various types of endoscopy including upper GI endoscopy (gastroscopy, ERCP), lower GI endoscopy (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy), and therapeutic endoscopy procedures. It describes the anatomy of the digestive tract, techniques, indications, and potential complications of different endoscopic procedures. New imaging technologies such as chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, and magnification endoscopy are also mentioned to improve tissue characterization during endoscopy.
This PPT provides different types of tests and procedure to identify problem in GI track which may help to understand of what procedure is specialized for
LOWER GI ENDOSCOPY IN SURGICAL PRACTICE.pptxGHAIYOORAHMAD
Lower GI endoscopy procedures like colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy allow examination of the interior of the large intestine. Colonoscopy uses a flexible tube 110-140cm long to view the entire colon, and is helpful for evaluating changes in bowel habits, bleeding, and screening for colorectal cancer. It requires bowel preparation with clear liquids and laxatives. Sigmoidoscopy can examine the descending colon and rectum using a rigid or flexible short tube. Both procedures provide direct visualization of the intestinal lining and any abnormalities.
Diagnostic tests for GI disorders- include physical evaluation, blood tests, imaging techniques. Learn the methods of diagnosis in detail, for gastrointestinal disorders.
The document discusses hydatid cyst of the liver caused by the larva of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. It summarizes the life cycle, pathology, clinical features, investigations including imaging techniques, and treatment options for hydatid cyst. Treatment options include medical treatment with albendazole, percutaneous drainage using the PAIR technique, endoscopic management for biliary involvement, and surgical options. PAIR involves puncturing the cyst under imaging guidance, injecting a scolicidal agent, and reaspirating the contents.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the urinary bladder and prostate.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides information on ultrasound examination of the urinary bladder and prostate. It begins with descriptions of normal ultrasound images of the bladder and prostate. It then discusses the role of ultrasound in assessing these structures. Common pathologies that can be identified include trabeculation, diverticula, calculi, ureterocele, infections, and cancers. Scanning techniques for bladder and prostate ultrasound are outlined. The document concludes with ultrasound images demonstrating various normal and abnormal findings of the bladder and prostate.
1) Three patients developed Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections after undergoing ERCP procedures using the same pancreatic and biliary endoscope.
2) The endoscope was cleaned and disinfected multiple times according to standard protocols, but still tested positive for P. aeruginosa on subsequent biological inspections.
3) The endoscope's internal tubes were eventually replaced, after which the endoscope tested negative for bacteria, suggesting the previous positive results were due to damage or biofilm formation within the endoscope that made thorough cleaning and disinfection impossible.
The document discusses various diagnostic tests involving visualization of body structures and functions. It describes procedures like endoscopy, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy which allow direct visualization of the gastrointestinal tract. Indirect visualization is achieved through radiographic imaging using barium and fluoroscopy. Procedures for visualizing the urinary system like IV pyelogram, cystoscopy and renal ultrasonography are also outlined. The document also discusses various cardiac diagnostic tests including electrocardiography, echocardiogram, stress testing and angiography. Visualization of the lungs can be achieved through procedures like bronchoscopy.
Basic principles of ultrasound.
Terms used in ultrasound.
Advantages of ultrasound.
Definition of acute abdomen.
Differential Diagnosis.
Abdominal ultrasound technique.
USG findings in most common pathologies.
Conclusion.
The document discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies seen on imaging. It begins by describing the location and appearance of peptic ulcers on barium studies, noting the "niche sign" seen in gastric ulcers. It then discusses the classic appearance of a benign gastric ulcer as an oval mucosal defect with thin folds radiating toward it. Colorectal carcinoma signs discussed include the "apple core sign" seen with annular stenosing tumors and "shouldering" seen with malignant lesions. Intussusception is described along with its characteristic "target sign" appearance on ultrasound.
RADIOLOGY and US Imaging for Protozoal Diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To understand the basic principles of imaging techniques used in medical parasitology, including X-ray imaging, CT scanning, MRI, ultrasound, endoscopy, and radionuclide imaging.
To identify the common imaging findings in protozoal diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and babesiosis.
Imaging RADIOKLOGY and US for Protozoal Diseases.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
To identify the common imaging findings in protozoal diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and babesiosis.
To discuss the strengths and limitations of each imaging technique in the diagnosis and management of protozoal diseases.
1. The document discusses various parasitic diseases that can infect the central nervous system (CNS), including their clinical manifestations and imaging features.
2. Common parasitic infections that can affect the CNS discussed include neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, strongyloidiasis, baylisascariasis, angiostrongyliasis, and gnathostomiasis.
3. Imaging modalities like CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of parasitic CNS infections by revealing characteristic lesion patterns and anatomical involvement that can help differentiate between infections.
2) chest soft tisue Radiological for helminth infections.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad
helminthic infections with thoracic involvement, including
Pulmonary pathology and pathogenesis in cases of parasitic infections can be attributed to:
Soft Tissue and Bone Parasites
radiography
the mechanisms of parasite evolution,
the factors that influence the rate and direction of evolution,
the implications of evolution for the control and management of parasitic diseases, and finally
the dynamic of Host-Parasite Coevolution.
This document discusses various types of host-parasite relationships including commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predation, competition, and amensalism. It provides examples of each type of relationship between humans and microorganisms. The document also covers classifications of parasites based on their relationship to the host such as obligate vs facultative parasites, and classifications based on host specificity such as generalist vs specialist parasites. Understanding host-parasite relationships is important for fields like ecology, evolution, medicine, and controlling parasitic diseases.
Overview of arthropod allergies
Routes of exposure for arthropod allergens and target organ of arthropod allergic diseases
Immune response to arthropod allergens
Pathogenesis of arthropod allergies
Arthropod species involved in allergic diseases
Immuno-diagnosis, skin prick tests. Allergen-specific immunotherapy, desensitization
Prevention and prophylaxis
Impacts of arthropod allergy on individual and community health
Malaria is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. There are five Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans, with P. falciparum being the most deadly. The life cycle involves an initial hepatic phase followed by an erythrocytic phase where the parasites multiply within red blood cells. This causes cyclical fevers, chills, and other symptoms. P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe complications due to adhesion of infected cells and blockage of small blood vessels. Untreated malaria remains a major global health problem, especially among young children in sub-Saharan Africa.
This document discusses the diagnosis of parasitic diseases through clinical, laboratory, and imaging techniques. It covers the importance of clinical evaluation as the initial step, noting that many parasitic infections present with nonspecific symptoms. Laboratory tests play a pivotal role through microscopic examination of samples and newer PCR assays. Imaging such as X-rays, ultrasound, CT and MRI can detect parasitic infections in difficult to access organs. The document also discusses specific clinical manifestations of parasitic diseases, including fever, jaundice, abdominal signs, and genitourinary symptoms, as well as different parasites that can cause similar manifestations.
This document discusses Toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasmosis. It covers the parasite's complex life cycle between definitive and intermediate hosts, the molecular mechanisms it uses to invade host cells and evade the immune system, and how host-parasite interactions influence disease pathogenesis. It also examines the genetic diversity of T. gondii populations and emerging research topics, like the potential links between toxoplasmosis and neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal is to provide an in-depth examination of T. gondii and toxoplasmosis for PhD students and researchers.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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1. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Aboul Asaad
Lecture Doctorate
degree Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases
2. Approach to Diagnosis of Parasite Diseases
Internal Approach
External Approach
I) Clinical diagnosis:
1) History of exposure to infection
2) Clinical Aspect
II) Laboratory investigations:
1) Direct laboratory exam.
2) Indirect laboratory exam.
3) Advanced laboratory exam.
a) Molecular techniques
b) Cultivations
III) Imaging techniques
1) Radiography
a) X-rays.
b) Computed tomography (CT).
2) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3) Ultrasound imaging (US).
Endoscopy For:
1) Obtaining diagnostic specimens
2) Imaging of sites of infections.
Duodenal content can be obtained by:
1) Duodenal intubation
2) Duodenal capsule (Entero-test)
3) Upper endoscopy and sampling.
Colonic content can be obtained by:
1) Rectal swap or snip
2) Lower endoscopy
Bladder content can be obtained by:
1) Bladder snip or biopsy
2) Cystoscopy
Bronchial content can be obtained by:
1) Broncho-alveolar lavage
2) Bronchoscopy
3. Examination of the inside of the body by using a lighted, flexible instrument called an
endoscope.
In general, an endoscope is introduced into the body through a natural opening such as
the mouth or anus.
Endoscope
Overview
Endoscopy
4. Disadvantages
Endoscopy is an invasive procedure with possible complications include:
1) Perforation of an organ
2) Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage)
3) Infection
4) Allergic reaction to the anesthesia.
General Indications
Diagnostic procedure:
a) Obtaining diagnostic specimens
b) Visualization and Imaging the organisms or the visual evidence of infections , such as
ulceration, inflammation,
Therapeutic procedure: For complications of some parasitic infections such as
a) Remove of polyps.
b) Therapy of Esophageal varices .
c) Remove of the parasite from ectopic sites
Endoscopy is an invasive procedure, but it may be of great value in management of parasitic
diseases.
Its value as a direct diagnostic procedure.
Its value in assessment of pathology.
Its value in assessment of complications.
Its value in management of complications.
5. Types of Endoscopy
o Upper endoscopy: The scope is inserted through the mouth
o Lower Endoscopy: The scope is inserted through the anus.
o Other endoscopes: Cystoscopy, Bronchoscope & laparoscope.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD:
Enteroscopy:
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP
Capsule Endoscopy
Upper endoscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD):
Used to examine the esophagus, stomach and upper few inches of
the jejunum
6. Enteroscopy:
A procedure that allows the visualization of a greater portion of
the small bowel than is possible with EGD.
Upper endoscopy
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP):
ERCP combines the use of X-rays, contrast dyes,
and an endoscope.
Used to treat and diagnose problems in the liver,
gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.
7. o Patient swallows a pill-sized camera. The capsule camera travels along the
digestive tract for 8 to 12 hrs.
o By this capsule, images and video can be captured, but samples cannot be
delivered.
Capsule Endoscopy
Wireless endoscopy system
8. • Proctoscopy
Used to examine rectum and sigmoid colon
• Sigmoidoscopy
Used to examine sigmoid colon
• Colonoscopy
Used to examine the entire length of the colon
Lower Endoscopy:
The scope is inserted through the anus.
o Cystoscopy is used to examine the bladder. The scope is inserted through the
urethra,
o Bronchoscopy is used to examine the lungs. The scope is inserted into the nose
or mouth.
o Laparoscopy is used to examine the abdominal or pelvic area. The scope is
inserted through a small incision near the area that’s being examined
Other Endoscopies:
9. Upper Endoscopy
Platyhelminthes Nematodes Protozoa
Fasciola
Clonorchis sinensis
Taenia
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
Capillaria philipinensis
Anisakis simplex
Giardia trophozoites.
Cryptosporidia
oocysts.
Isospora bell
Can help diagnosis of the following parasitic infections:
12. Under magnifying endoscopy, a worm is seen hooking its head into the
intestinal mucosa. The parasite was removed and identified as Ancylostoma
ceylanicum, a nematode that is endemic to Southeast Asia.
Ancylostoma ceylanicum
16. Ascaris Worm in Common Bile Duct (CBD),
and endoscopic removal.
17. • Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed multiple white granular
lesions resembling xanthoma in the antrum (a, b) and widespread
erosion surrounded by granular lesions in the gastric body (c). Direct
microscopic examination of gastric fluid revealed crawling filariform
larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enteroscopy
18. • Fasciola
• Endoscopic appearance of Fasciola
hepatica showing a leaf-like trematode
extracted by ERCP using a balloon
catheter.
20. Clonorchis
sinensis
• A flattened (dorsoventrally) and leaf-shaped fluke was
observed repeatedly in the small intestinal lumen by capsule
endoscopy (A & B)
• It is a rare case that C sinensis was in the bowel lumen, being
found by capsule endoscopy.
21. • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy findings. (A) Dark
brown, soft obstructive mass is found at stricture site of left
intrahepatic duct. (B) Flat, leaf-shaped worm indentified
as Clonorchis sinensis is observed after extraction of bile sludge
Clonorchis
sinensis
22. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram in an adult Korean with clonorchiasis
shows marked dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. These are numerous
oval, elliptical or crescentic filling defects representing adult C. sinensis in
small and medium-sized bile ducts.
Clonorchis sinensis
24. Clonorchis
sinensis
• Cholangiocarcinoma in the mid common duct, with
clonorchiasis, in a 64-year-old man. MR cholangiography shows
a diffuse dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts and common
duct. Note an intraluminal tumor (arrows) at the level of the mid
common duct.
27. Taenia
solium
• Capsule endoscopy demonstrated a long, thin,
segmented, flat structure consistent with a pork tapeworm
(Taenia solium) at least 1 meter in length.
30. A case of diphyllobothriasis is detected by video capsule endoscopy.
Diphyllobothrium latum
31. Capillaria
philipinensis
• Endoscopic finding of the stomach showing an exudative flat erosive
change on antral mucosa.
• Sectioned worms (C. philipinensis) in the superficial portion of the gastric
mucosa. Cross and tangential sections of eggs observed in the uterus. In
egg cross-sections, eggshell striations were arranged radially. In tangential-
sectioned eggs, striations formed a network resembling a net with irregular
meshes (inset: ×400) (H&E stain, ×200).
32. Anisakis
simplex
• (a) Endoscopic view of an Anisakis larva
sticking in the wall of the stomach.
• (b) Endoscopic treatment - visible
worms removed with biopsy forceps.
34. Lower Endoscopy
The following parasites can be detected:
1) S. mansoni
2) T. trichiura
3) Migrating Ascaris
4) Migrating Taenia
5) E. histolytica.
35. Intestinal
schistosomiasis
• A) Endoscopic manifestation of acute intestinal schistosomiasis:
Mucosal hyperemia and edema, mucus exudation, vague
vascular striation and scattered small ulcers and yellow nodules.
• B) Endoscopic manifestation of chronic intestinal
schistosomiasis, mucosal thickening and cicatrize with polypoid
protrusion.
36. A) Vascular net like map of sigmoid colon in chronic Schistosomiasis
B) Giant flat, lobulated polypus in rectum in chronic Schistosomiasis
Intestinal Schistosomiasis
40. Cystoscopy
A cystoscope is a thin tube with a camera and light on the end. During a
cystoscopy, this tube is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder so
the doctor can visualize the inside of the bladder.
Doctor can pass tiny surgical tools through the scope to take a sample
of bladder tissue.
41. (A) Bilharzial pseudotubercles and adjacent ulcer;
(B) Bilharzial sessile mass covered by psudotubercles;
Cystoscopic appearances of bilharzial lesions in the urinary bladder
Urinary Schistosomiasis
42. (C) Sandy patches
(D) Cystitis cystica: a series of mucosal cysts form in the bladder wall
Urinary Schistosomiasis
43. (E) Malignant ulcer (squamous cell carcinoma) with adjacent phosphate
encrustations and sandy patches;
(F) Fungating malignant mass (squamous cell carcinoma).
Urinary Schistosomiasis