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This document discusses encoding and framing techniques for transmitting data over direct linked networks. It describes problems such as encoding bits onto wires or fibers, framing messages, and detecting and correcting errors. It then explains various encoding techniques like NRZ, NRZI, and 4B/5B encoding which map data bits to signal levels and address issues like baseline wander and clock recovery. 4B/5B encoding specifically inserts extra bits to break up long sequences of zeros or ones when transmitting over NRZI encoding.
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This document discusses mobile communication and propagation challenges, including short antenna heights and time-varying propagation paths. It then introduces OFDM as a modulation technique that uses channel coding and multiple narrowband subcarriers to solve multipath problems. OFDM allows parallel transmission of data across multiple frequencies to mitigate frequency-selective fading on mobile channels. The document also covers spread spectrum techniques like frequency hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum that make wireless signals resistant to interference and interception by spreading them across a wider frequency band.
05 signal encodingtechniques
This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for transmission, including:
1) Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding schemes which use different voltage levels to represent 1s and 0s without returning to a baseline between bits.
2) Manchester and differential Manchester encoding which add transitions in the middle or start of each bit to provide clocking functionality.
3) Phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK) which represent data by shifting the phase of the carrier signal.
4) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) which are used to transmit
Error detection.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It explains that networks must transfer data accurately and that errors can occur during transmission. It then describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It also discusses various techniques for error detection using redundancy like vertical redundancy check, longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, and checksums. Finally, it covers error correction methods like having the sender retransmit data or using error-correcting codes like Hamming codes to automatically correct certain errors.
Lecture 08
This document discusses different methods of line coding used to convert digital data into signals for transmission. It describes several line coding schemes including unipolar, polar, return to zero, biphase, Manchester, differential Manchester, bipolar, AMI, and pseudoternary. For each scheme, it explains the voltage levels used to represent zeros and ones, whether they have DC components, synchronization issues, and their bandwidth requirements. Line coding is the process of mapping digital bits to signal elements for transmission over a channel.
pbchwp
The document describes a method for unambiguously characterizing 4G LTE signal coverage using PBCH (Public Broadcast Channel) decoding. It explains that by decoding the PBCH bits and checking for errors, one can positively determine signal quality without knowing the original bits. This is more decisive than conventional RSSI or RSRP metrics. The document then provides details on PBCH encoding/decoding processes and how the results (PBCH OK, PBCH poor, PBCH bad) correspond to varying levels of signal coverage and user experience. Test examples demonstrate the different PBCH decoding outcomes.
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This document discusses digital line coding techniques. It begins with an introduction to digital-to-digital conversion, which involves line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding converts digital data to digital signals, while block coding adds redundancy to improve line coding performance. Several common line coding schemes are described, including unipolar, polar, return-to-zero, Manchester, and bipolar coding. Block coding techniques like 4B/5B coding are also summarized, which divide data into blocks, substitute code values, and recombine the data with added redundancy. Key properties of line codes like voltage levels, transitions, bandwidth, synchronization and error detection are covered.
computer Networks Error Detection and Correction.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers the following key points:
- There are two main types of errors: single-bit errors and burst errors. Burst errors are more common in serial transmission.
- Error detection verifies data accuracy without having the original message. It uses redundancy like vertical and longitudinal redundancy checks. Cyclic redundancy checks use polynomial division to detect errors.
- Error correction automatically fixes certain errors. Single-bit error correction reverses the value of the altered bit. Hamming codes use additional redundant bits to detect and correct single-bit errors.
Network Coding in Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN)
Disruption Tolerant Network Coding scenarios often rises from mobile wireless networks where due to limited transmission power, fast node mobility,sparse node density, and frequent equipment failures, there is often no contemporaneous path from the source to destination nodes. Before going to the depth of DTN, it is recommended to review traditional non-coding routing schemes for broadcast and unicast applications in DTNs, and the basic operations of Random Linear Coding (RLC).
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The document discusses the physical layer of computer networks. It describes how the physical layer interacts with hardware, defines signaling mechanisms, and converts digital data to electrical pulses for transmission. The physical layer provides encoding, signaling, transmission, and topology design. Digital data is converted to digital or analog signals using techniques like line coding, block coding, and modulation. Analog to digital conversion involves sampling, quantization, and encoding analog signals. Data can be transmitted serially or in parallel.
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This document discusses various techniques for digital signal transmission and line encoding. It covers considerations for choosing a good line encoding scheme such as preventing baseline wandering and removing DC components. Several line encoding schemes are described including unipolar, polar, return-to-zero, biphase, and bipolar encodings. The document also discusses multilevel coding schemes, multitransition coding, and scrambling techniques used to create self-clocking signals without low frequencies or wide bandwidth requirements. Specific scrambling techniques like B8ZS and HDB3 are explained through examples.
Real time-embedded-system-lec-06
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Encoding
- 1. Direct linked network Problems: Encoding (bits onto the wire or fiber). Framing (sequence of bits transmitted over link into complete messages that can be delivered to the end node). Error detection frames are sometime corrupted during transmission detect it and take appropriate action. reliable corrupts frames time to time. media access control mediate access to this link.
- 2. Encoding and framing The binary data that the source node wants to send into the signals that the link are able to carry. Network adopter contains a signaling component that actually encodes bits into signal at the sending node and decodes signals into bits at the receiving node Map the data value 1 onto the high signal and the data value 0 onto the low signal (Non-return to Zero)NRZ.
- 3. Non-return to Zero (NRZ)
- 4. Non-return to Zero (NRZ) Problem with NRZ is that a sequence of several consecutive 1s means that the signal stays high on the link for an extended period of time, similarly several consecutive 0s. Baseline Wander receiver keeps an average of the signal and uses this average to distinguish between low and high whenever the signal is significantly lower than this average the receiver concludes that it has just seen a 0 and if a signal that is significantly higher than the average is interpreted to be 1.
- 5. NRZ (cont…) the second problem is that frequent transmission from high to low and vice versa are necessary to enable clock recovery Every clock cycle the sender transmits a bit and receiver recover a bit . (Synchronized) Non-return to Zero inverted (NRZI)
- 6. Non-return to Zero inverted (NRZI )
- 7. 4B/5B encoding 4B/5B, attempts to address the inefficiency of the Manchester encoding without suffering from the problem of having extended durations of high or low signals. The idea of 4B/5B is to insert extra bits into the bit stream so as to break up long sequences of 0s or 1s. Specifically, every 4 bits of actual data are encoded in a 5-bit code that is then transmitted to the receiver; hence, the name 4B/5B. The 5-bit codes are selected in such a way that each one has no more than one leading 0 and no more than two trailing 0s. Thus, when sent back-to-back, no pair 5-bit codes results in more than three consecutive 0s being transmitted. The resulting 5-bit codes are then transmitted using the NRZI encoding, which explains why the code is only concerned about consecutive 0s— NRZI already solves the problem of consecutive 1s. Note that the 4B/5B encoding results in 80% efficiency.