China has developed a large and successful bamboo sector worth over $20 billion annually, employing 7.75 million people. This growth was achieved through long-term planning by the State Forestry Administration, granting smallholders tenure rights in the 1980s, training and demonstration projects, infrastructure development, and private sector involvement. However, overreliance on the Moso bamboo species threatens biodiversity, and subsidies have led to overcompetition in some markets. Lessons for other countries include the need for strategic long-term planning, multi-stakeholder engagement, investment in processing and markets, and safeguards to prevent environmental harm from monocultures.
The document summarizes China's forestry green economy development and bamboo industry policy. It outlines China's forestry administration structure and distribution of forests. It then details China's focus on developing five major green industries: 1) bamboo, 2) special cash forests, 3) flowers, 4) under-tree economy, and 5) forestry tourism. Billions of dollars and millions of jobs are generated by these industries. It concludes by outlining China's 2013-2020 bamboo development plan goals to increase bamboo industry output value and number of jobs, as well as key programs to support bamboo resources, products, culture, science/technology, markets, and standards.
The document discusses opportunities for Finnish companies in the fast-growing markets of Africa and India. It notes that six of the ten fastest growing economies in the world are in Africa. India's GDP is estimated to reach $5.6 trillion by 2020. The document outlines opportunities in sectors such as construction, machinery, forestry, energy, and healthcare in these regions.
Overview about Amazonas - economic and environmental facts - 2009Bernhard J Smid
The document provides information about the Brazilian state of Amazonas. It discusses the state's basic facts, economic aspects, and environment. Some key points include: Amazonas has 3.7 million people and is the largest Brazilian state, covering 1.5 million square kilometers; the state economy relies heavily on its Manaus Industrial Pole which provides tax incentives for over 500 companies; while development is important, the state also aims to preserve the environment through laws and programs to balance protection and improving living standards.
By Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize, Derek Byerlee, Alex McCalla, Michael Morris and John Staatz. Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana, December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
China has developed a large and successful bamboo sector worth over $20 billion annually, employing 7.75 million people. This growth was achieved through long-term planning by the State Forestry Administration, granting smallholders tenure rights in the 1980s, training and demonstration projects, infrastructure development, and private sector involvement. However, overreliance on the Moso bamboo species threatens biodiversity, and subsidies have led to overcompetition in some markets. Lessons for other countries include the need for strategic long-term planning, multi-stakeholder engagement, investment in processing and markets, and safeguards to prevent environmental harm from monocultures.
The document summarizes China's forestry green economy development and bamboo industry policy. It outlines China's forestry administration structure and distribution of forests. It then details China's focus on developing five major green industries: 1) bamboo, 2) special cash forests, 3) flowers, 4) under-tree economy, and 5) forestry tourism. Billions of dollars and millions of jobs are generated by these industries. It concludes by outlining China's 2013-2020 bamboo development plan goals to increase bamboo industry output value and number of jobs, as well as key programs to support bamboo resources, products, culture, science/technology, markets, and standards.
The document discusses opportunities for Finnish companies in the fast-growing markets of Africa and India. It notes that six of the ten fastest growing economies in the world are in Africa. India's GDP is estimated to reach $5.6 trillion by 2020. The document outlines opportunities in sectors such as construction, machinery, forestry, energy, and healthcare in these regions.
Overview about Amazonas - economic and environmental facts - 2009Bernhard J Smid
The document provides information about the Brazilian state of Amazonas. It discusses the state's basic facts, economic aspects, and environment. Some key points include: Amazonas has 3.7 million people and is the largest Brazilian state, covering 1.5 million square kilometers; the state economy relies heavily on its Manaus Industrial Pole which provides tax incentives for over 500 companies; while development is important, the state also aims to preserve the environment through laws and programs to balance protection and improving living standards.
By Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize, Derek Byerlee, Alex McCalla, Michael Morris and John Staatz. Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana, December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
Implementation of Advancing African Agriculture: An IFAD Perspective Euforic Services
This document outlines IFAD's perspective on advancing African agriculture through increasing development effectiveness. It discusses IFAD's work in Africa, including its strategic framework and objectives to improve smallholder access to resources and markets. It also summarizes how IFAD supports policy engagement, institutions, knowledge management, and innovation to translate its strategic framework into field operations and promote rural development in partnership with other organizations.
Strategic challenges in the agriculture sectorifadseahub
This document summarizes strategic challenges in Cambodia's agriculture sector. It notes that while poverty has declined significantly since 2004 due to agricultural growth and higher rice prices, agricultural growth is now slowing down. It finds that most agricultural growth has come from expanding land area rather than increasing yields. The document recommends maintaining an open trade policy, improving environmental sustainability, increasing public spending on quality agricultural programs, and developing agroprocessing industries to support continued poverty reduction and agricultural development.
Presented by Peter Akong Minang, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins/World Agroforestry Centre
at the PAN AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE, 25-27 JUNE 2009, YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON
The global livestock sector is growing rapidly and major opportunities exist for Africa's livestock sector to grow. While Africa recognizes agriculture's importance, livestock are often underrepresented. Research is needed to transform Africa's livestock sector and take solutions to scale through new investments and reforms. Acting now through cooperation, Africa's livestock sector can become competitive and sustainable.
China's agricultural and rural development: implications for AfricaShenggen Fan
This document discusses China's agricultural development and implications for Africa. It finds that China achieved high growth through major reforms like improving smallholder incentives, liberalizing markets, and targeted poverty programs. Africa pursued donor-led reforms inconsistently. Lessons from China include accelerating agricultural growth, rural investment, evidence-based policies, and social protection. China-Africa cooperation can achieve win-wins by ensuring fair competition, stronger domestic linkages, local workforce engagement, environmental standards, and donor coordination for aid.
China - Agricultural Practices and ServicesExternalEvents
MOA provides input and assistance to China's agricultural census conducted every 10 years by NBS. The census collects important information on agricultural practices and services. It measures indicators like fertilizer and pesticide use, machinery ownership, and financial sources. MOA uses additional annual surveys to monitor practices in more detail. The upcoming census will reflect changes in crops and structures encouraged by MOA's 5-year plan. MOA is also working to improve information services for farmers through new village information agencies and a hotline. Lessons from the experience suggest paying more attention to indicators on land and environmental protection, as well as agricultural technical services.
A comparative analysis of eu an us gsp policies in egypt volkan emre [compati...Volkan Emre
This document provides an overview of the EU and US GSP programs as they relate to Egypt. It discusses Egypt's economy and trade relationships with the EU and US. The EU GSP program provides duty-free access to many Egyptian exports but Egypt only utilizes it for 2% of EU exports. The US GSP similarly provides small benefits, with Egypt using it for only 2-3% of US exports due to factors such as export composition and lack of awareness/improvement. Both GSP programs face competition from other trade policies that may reduce their impact on Egypt's trade.
A presentation by Nemane Momed from UT-REDD, at a workshop held in Paris from Thursday, 3 December to Friday, 4 December during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21).
The event organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development aimed to share the findings of its research to inform a wider debate on how REDD+ is contributing to addressing the drivers of land use and land use change.
The presentation focused on the national REDD+ strategy of Mozmambique.
More details: http://www.iied.org/redd-paris-what-could-be-it-for-people-forests
This document summarizes key policy options for smallholder rice farmers in Southeast Asian countries. It notes that rice farming provides livelihoods for millions but that smallholders face challenges from land and resource pressures. Women play a major role in rice farming but often lack support. Proper investment in smallholder agriculture is needed to ensure food security. Policy options discussed include improving education and training for farmers; developing new farming methods; enhancing market access; providing infrastructure, credit, and information; promoting gender equality; and fostering public-private partnerships. The document stresses coordinating agriculture policy across departments and implementing integrated, bottom-up approaches to support smallholder farmers in the region.
Launch of Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa BookUNU-WIDER
On 22 April 2016 UNU-WIDER visits the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency to launch the new open access book Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resulting from UNU-WIDER’s project on ’Reconciling Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends: growth and poverty’— the book provides a comprehensive re-examination of Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends. While the economic growth renaissance in sub-Saharan Africa is widely recognized, much less is known about progress in living conditions. This book comprehensively evaluates trends in living conditions in 16 major sub-Saharan African countries, corresponding to nearly 75% of the total population.
Finn Tarp: A High Five to the AfDB: WIDER commentsUNU-WIDER
Finn Tarp's comments at the seminar discussion 'Unlocking Africa's development potential - how to translate economic growth into development goals’ in Helsinki on 9 June 2016.
Brazil has made agriculture a significant part of its international engagement in Africa. It has established the agricultural research institution Embrapa in countries like Ghana to promote technologies and innovations. However, Brazil's agricultural projects in Africa like ProSavana in Mozambique have been controversial, with criticisms that they primarily support large-scale agribusiness over small family farms. Brazil has also tried to balance business and solidarity objectives in its agricultural cooperation with Africa.
Introduction to Draft Paper (MCRB / Oxfam) on responsible investment in large...Ethical Sector
On 22nd May 2018, MCRB held a consultation in Yangon to obtain comments on the draft ‘Land Rights and Business in Myanmar’ briefing paper, an update of MCRB’s 2015 Land briefing paper. The presentations are available here. Reference was also made to the separate forthcoming paper on responsible investment and laws relating to agriculture plantations and land, which MCRB is coauthoring with Oxfam.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/consultation-to-update-land-paper.html
Presentation by Kojo Amanor (University of Ghana) at the China & Brazil in African Agriculture event in London, June 2015.
See http://www.future-agricultures.org/research/cbaa/8037-china-and-brazil-in-african-agriculture-co-operation-or-culture-clash
Improving Land Governance for Inclusive and Sustainable Agriculture Transform...futureagricultures
Eugene Rurangwa, UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Presentation to the 11th CAADP Partnership Platform Meeting
Side event on Improving Land Governance for Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Transformation
Convened by the AU/AfDB/UNECA Land Policy Initiative
Johannesburg
24 March 2015
Key note speech for the International Conference on the future of Central African Forests and its Peoples 31 May 2017 Den Haag, The Netherlands, presenting the importance of the forests, trends, developments and ways forward
The world needs private African forestry companiesMads Asprem
The document discusses the need to significantly expand global plantation forests, including in Africa, to meet growing demand for wood and address deforestation. It notes that private companies have established nearly all plantation forests in Africa since 2000, totaling around 100,000 hectares, but that this is only a fraction of what is needed. For large-scale planting to occur, development banks will need to provide long-term financing to private forestry companies. The document advocates for a landscape approach to reforestation in Africa that involves private plantation development alongside efforts to support local communities and smallholders.
Implementation of Advancing African Agriculture: An IFAD Perspective Euforic Services
This document outlines IFAD's perspective on advancing African agriculture through increasing development effectiveness. It discusses IFAD's work in Africa, including its strategic framework and objectives to improve smallholder access to resources and markets. It also summarizes how IFAD supports policy engagement, institutions, knowledge management, and innovation to translate its strategic framework into field operations and promote rural development in partnership with other organizations.
Strategic challenges in the agriculture sectorifadseahub
This document summarizes strategic challenges in Cambodia's agriculture sector. It notes that while poverty has declined significantly since 2004 due to agricultural growth and higher rice prices, agricultural growth is now slowing down. It finds that most agricultural growth has come from expanding land area rather than increasing yields. The document recommends maintaining an open trade policy, improving environmental sustainability, increasing public spending on quality agricultural programs, and developing agroprocessing industries to support continued poverty reduction and agricultural development.
Presented by Peter Akong Minang, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins/World Agroforestry Centre
at the PAN AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE, 25-27 JUNE 2009, YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON
The global livestock sector is growing rapidly and major opportunities exist for Africa's livestock sector to grow. While Africa recognizes agriculture's importance, livestock are often underrepresented. Research is needed to transform Africa's livestock sector and take solutions to scale through new investments and reforms. Acting now through cooperation, Africa's livestock sector can become competitive and sustainable.
China's agricultural and rural development: implications for AfricaShenggen Fan
This document discusses China's agricultural development and implications for Africa. It finds that China achieved high growth through major reforms like improving smallholder incentives, liberalizing markets, and targeted poverty programs. Africa pursued donor-led reforms inconsistently. Lessons from China include accelerating agricultural growth, rural investment, evidence-based policies, and social protection. China-Africa cooperation can achieve win-wins by ensuring fair competition, stronger domestic linkages, local workforce engagement, environmental standards, and donor coordination for aid.
China - Agricultural Practices and ServicesExternalEvents
MOA provides input and assistance to China's agricultural census conducted every 10 years by NBS. The census collects important information on agricultural practices and services. It measures indicators like fertilizer and pesticide use, machinery ownership, and financial sources. MOA uses additional annual surveys to monitor practices in more detail. The upcoming census will reflect changes in crops and structures encouraged by MOA's 5-year plan. MOA is also working to improve information services for farmers through new village information agencies and a hotline. Lessons from the experience suggest paying more attention to indicators on land and environmental protection, as well as agricultural technical services.
A comparative analysis of eu an us gsp policies in egypt volkan emre [compati...Volkan Emre
This document provides an overview of the EU and US GSP programs as they relate to Egypt. It discusses Egypt's economy and trade relationships with the EU and US. The EU GSP program provides duty-free access to many Egyptian exports but Egypt only utilizes it for 2% of EU exports. The US GSP similarly provides small benefits, with Egypt using it for only 2-3% of US exports due to factors such as export composition and lack of awareness/improvement. Both GSP programs face competition from other trade policies that may reduce their impact on Egypt's trade.
A presentation by Nemane Momed from UT-REDD, at a workshop held in Paris from Thursday, 3 December to Friday, 4 December during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21).
The event organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development aimed to share the findings of its research to inform a wider debate on how REDD+ is contributing to addressing the drivers of land use and land use change.
The presentation focused on the national REDD+ strategy of Mozmambique.
More details: http://www.iied.org/redd-paris-what-could-be-it-for-people-forests
This document summarizes key policy options for smallholder rice farmers in Southeast Asian countries. It notes that rice farming provides livelihoods for millions but that smallholders face challenges from land and resource pressures. Women play a major role in rice farming but often lack support. Proper investment in smallholder agriculture is needed to ensure food security. Policy options discussed include improving education and training for farmers; developing new farming methods; enhancing market access; providing infrastructure, credit, and information; promoting gender equality; and fostering public-private partnerships. The document stresses coordinating agriculture policy across departments and implementing integrated, bottom-up approaches to support smallholder farmers in the region.
Launch of Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa BookUNU-WIDER
On 22 April 2016 UNU-WIDER visits the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency to launch the new open access book Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resulting from UNU-WIDER’s project on ’Reconciling Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends: growth and poverty’— the book provides a comprehensive re-examination of Africa’s growth, poverty and inequality trends. While the economic growth renaissance in sub-Saharan Africa is widely recognized, much less is known about progress in living conditions. This book comprehensively evaluates trends in living conditions in 16 major sub-Saharan African countries, corresponding to nearly 75% of the total population.
Finn Tarp: A High Five to the AfDB: WIDER commentsUNU-WIDER
Finn Tarp's comments at the seminar discussion 'Unlocking Africa's development potential - how to translate economic growth into development goals’ in Helsinki on 9 June 2016.
Brazil has made agriculture a significant part of its international engagement in Africa. It has established the agricultural research institution Embrapa in countries like Ghana to promote technologies and innovations. However, Brazil's agricultural projects in Africa like ProSavana in Mozambique have been controversial, with criticisms that they primarily support large-scale agribusiness over small family farms. Brazil has also tried to balance business and solidarity objectives in its agricultural cooperation with Africa.
Introduction to Draft Paper (MCRB / Oxfam) on responsible investment in large...Ethical Sector
On 22nd May 2018, MCRB held a consultation in Yangon to obtain comments on the draft ‘Land Rights and Business in Myanmar’ briefing paper, an update of MCRB’s 2015 Land briefing paper. The presentations are available here. Reference was also made to the separate forthcoming paper on responsible investment and laws relating to agriculture plantations and land, which MCRB is coauthoring with Oxfam.
Read more: http://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/consultation-to-update-land-paper.html
Presentation by Kojo Amanor (University of Ghana) at the China & Brazil in African Agriculture event in London, June 2015.
See http://www.future-agricultures.org/research/cbaa/8037-china-and-brazil-in-african-agriculture-co-operation-or-culture-clash
Improving Land Governance for Inclusive and Sustainable Agriculture Transform...futureagricultures
Eugene Rurangwa, UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Presentation to the 11th CAADP Partnership Platform Meeting
Side event on Improving Land Governance for Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Transformation
Convened by the AU/AfDB/UNECA Land Policy Initiative
Johannesburg
24 March 2015
Key note speech for the International Conference on the future of Central African Forests and its Peoples 31 May 2017 Den Haag, The Netherlands, presenting the importance of the forests, trends, developments and ways forward
The world needs private African forestry companiesMads Asprem
The document discusses the need to significantly expand global plantation forests, including in Africa, to meet growing demand for wood and address deforestation. It notes that private companies have established nearly all plantation forests in Africa since 2000, totaling around 100,000 hectares, but that this is only a fraction of what is needed. For large-scale planting to occur, development banks will need to provide long-term financing to private forestry companies. The document advocates for a landscape approach to reforestation in Africa that involves private plantation development alongside efforts to support local communities and smallholders.
This is one of the presentations at the 2nd day of "Technical Exchange on Jurisdictional REDD". See more at: http://www.idesam.org.br/technical-exchange-on-jurisdictional-redd-presentations/
This document summarizes the EU's policy on forest law enforcement and governance through its FLEGT Action Plan. The plan aims to curb illegal logging by using trade agreements as incentives for partner countries to strengthen governance and adopt legally binding voluntary partnership agreements. It provides technical and financial support to improve partner countries' forest management and monitoring of timber imports to the EU. Some impacts seen so far include billions of dollars saved from illegal logging and tax losses, as well as significant reductions in carbon emissions by protecting forests in key countries like Indonesia. The EU Timber Regulation further requires EU operators to conduct due diligence on timber sources and enable traceability to ensure only legal wood products enter the market.
Ingram & Fon Environmental impact asessment Community forests and Sustainable Forest Management Experiences from Cameroon Verina Ingram, SNV Netherlands Development Organisation &
FGF, Co-Chair IAIA Biodiversity Group
Fon Nsoh, COMINSUD & WHINCONET
The document discusses strategies to reduce economic disparities, including trade, market access, debt relief, aid, and remittances. It evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies through case studies on banana production in the Windward Islands, structural adjustment programs in Uganda, and housing solutions for slums in Kibera, Kenya. The document also covers topics like the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, trade agreements like GATS, and the impact of foreign investment.
1. Ethiopia has identified several strategic priority areas for foreign direct investment and export promotion, including agro-processing, textiles, leather products, tourism, ICT, energy, mining, and pharmaceuticals.
2. The country is developing world-class industrial parks fitted with sustainable infrastructure like renewable energy and an electric railway, to catalyze industrialization.
3. Ethiopia offers conducive incentives for investors like tax exemptions, customs benefits, and relaxed land policies, as well as infrastructure investments, as it works to become Africa's leading manufacturing hub.
This document discusses opportunities for sustainable development cooperation between Africa and China through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). It proposes strengthening corporate social and environmental responsibility of Chinese companies in Africa, collaborating to halt illegal natural resource extraction, and fostering sustainable commodities trade. It also recommends implementing green lending standards, contributing to conservation funds, promoting sustainable tourism, and increasing investment in Africa's renewable energy potential. The overall aim is to ensure environmental considerations underpin China-Africa development partnerships.
The document summarizes global trends in trade of tropical timber and non-timber forest products like bamboo and rattan. It finds that trade structures have shifted from raw materials to processed products. While tropical forests account for 13% of global area, 85% are in ITTO member countries. Major factors influencing demand are economic trends, construction indicators, and market access policies. Trade of tropical wood products like industrial roundwood and sawnwood is now highly dependent on Chinese demand. Asia remains a key supplier, though producer countries have changed over time. ITTO works to promote sustainable management and trade of these forest resources.
The document summarizes opportunities for agricultural investment and business development in Georgia. It outlines that Georgia has excellent climate and soil conditions for agriculture but small plot sizes, lack of training, outdated equipment, and poor infrastructure currently limit productivity. There are opportunities to introduce modern farming techniques and technology, improve seed quality, introduce irrigation, upgrade storage facilities, and improve animal husbandry to substantially increase yields. Successful agricultural investment and development could capitalize on Georgia's trade agreements and local/regional demand while solving problems currently faced by farmers.
The document summarizes facts that contradict claims made by the Chamber of Mines about the benefits of large-scale mining in the Philippines. It notes that investments in mining primarily benefit foreign investors and consultants rather than the Philippine economy. It also notes that mining provides very few jobs, contributes only a small percentage to government revenues due to tax holidays, does not improve living standards or reduce poverty in host communities, and can have detrimental environmental impacts through water contamination and biodiversity loss. The document calls for supporting a draft executive order that would implement reforms to increase the economic and social benefits of mining for the Philippines.
1) Ethiopia has successfully restored over 12 million hectares of degraded land between 2010-2015 through large-scale restoration programs and community participation.
2) Key factors contributing to Ethiopia's success include supportive policies and strategies, awareness creation and training at the local level, effective public mobilization and organization, and formulating and scaling up of best practices.
3) Impacts of restoration efforts include increased farming land and incomes, job creation, improved biodiversity, water access, and reduced flood risks. Ongoing initiatives aim to restore an additional 15 million hectares by 2030.
Presented by Assistant Secretary Ceferino S. Rodolfo of the Department of Trade and Industry during the 2015 AFNR Symposium held last September 30, 2015 at the AIM Makati City
Presented by Yemi Akinbamijo, Executive Director, FARA, at the ILRI@40 Side event at the All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya, 28 October 2014
A National Management Plan for a protected non-timber CITES listed tree speci...Verina Ingram
A National Management Plan for a protected non-timber CITEs listed tree species: Prunus africana. Ingram et al. pygeum mgt plan presentation nat forum march 10
Management of Congo Basin forest resources: the quest for sustainabilityRobert Nasi
The document summarizes the management of forest resources in the Congo Basin over time. It discusses the evolution of international agendas around sustainability from segregation to ecosystem services. It outlines policies and practices around timber, domestic wood, wood energy, non-wood products and environmental services. It provides statistics on production and exports of wood products from the region. It recommends that forest management be defined by societal demands, designed across sectors, and monitored based on agreed objectives.
This document summarizes a presentation on the role of Europe in fighting deforestation. It discusses trends in deforestation rates and reasons for optimism and caution regarding efforts to reduce deforestation. Examples from Central Africa on VPAs and Indonesia on REDD+ demonstrate opportunities but also risks from vested interests, poor data, vulnerable livelihoods, and corruption. Maintaining focus on procedural integrity, capacity building, research, and balancing risks are important for effective action while mitigating unintended consequences.
Oil palm development and the challenges for sustainable and equitable growth ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes the challenges of sustainable and equitable growth in the global oil palm sector. It outlines increasing global and Indonesian demand for vegetable oils, and the large scale of investments and expansion in oil palm plantations. However, this has resulted in significant deforestation, carbon emissions, and mixed socioeconomic impacts. Improving governance is needed to promote expansion on degraded lands, increase smallholder yields, implement strong environmental and social standards, and ensure transparency and access to credible information. Targeted policy options could help maximize benefits and minimize costs of further sector development.
PEFC Forest Certification Week 2013: Stakeholder DialoguePEFC International
PEFC's Stakeholder Dialogue (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14/15 November 2013) brought together 300 diverse stakeholders and key actors across forest sector landscape to engage in solutions-oriented discussions. The Dialogue was part of the PEFC Forest Certification Week, which also featured the 18th PEFC General Assembly and associated workshops.
Similar to Emerging economies and the impacts of globalized trade and investment on forests and forest-dependent communities (20)
Mejorando la estimación de emisiones GEI conversión bosque degradado a planta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h (Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Inclusión y transparencia como clave del éxito para el mecanismo de transfere...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Lauren Cooper and Rowenn Kalman (Michigan State University) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Avances de Perú con relación al marco de transparencia del Acuerdo de ParísCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Berioska Quispe Estrada (Directora General de Cambio Climático y Desertificación) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Land tenure and forest landscape restoration in Cameroon and MadagascarCIFOR-ICRAF
FLR is an adaptive process that brings people (including women, men, youth, local and indigenous communities) together to identify, negotiate and implement practices that restore and enhance ecological and social functionality of forest landscapes that have been deforested or degraded.
ReSI-NoC - Strategie de mise en oeuvre.pdfCIFOR-ICRAF
Re nforcer les S ystèmes d’ I nnovations
agrosylvopastorales économiquement
rentables, écologiquement durables et
socialement équitables dans la région du
No rd C ameroun
ReSI-NoC: Introduction au contexte du projetCIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les systèmes d’innovation agricole en vue de
promouvoir des systèmes de production agricole et
d’élevage économiquement rentables, écologiquement
durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord au Cameroun (ReSI-NoC)
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement renta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement rentables, écologiquement durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord Cameroun
Introducing Blue Carbon Deck seeking for actionable partnershipsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso (Principal Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with MangrovesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral (CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Presented by Citra Gilang (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Peat land Restoration Project in HLG LonderangCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Hyoung Gyun Kim (Korea–Indonesia Forest Cooperation Center) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Sungsang Mangrove Restoration and Ecotourism (SMART): A participatory action ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Beni Okarda (Senior Research Officer, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Phidju Marrin Sagala (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Milkah Royna (Student Intern, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Cooperative Mangrove Project: Introduction, Scope, and PerspectivesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bora Lee (Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, NIFoS Jeju, Republic of Korea) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Emerging economies and the impacts of globalized trade and investment on forests and forest-dependent communities
1. Emerging economies and the impacts of globalized
trade and investment on forests and forest-
dependent communities
D. Andrew Wardell, CIFOR
CIFOR Side Event, UNIKIS, Kisangani – 7 June 2014
2. Emerging economies and the impacts of globalized
trade and investment - Overview
History matters
3
4
1
2 China in Africa – dispelling some myths
Case studies - Gabon and Ghana
Opportunities through Aid-for-Trade
5. What to expect
9.6 billion people in 2050
Changing consumption patterns
Continued economic growth
Growing expectations of justice and equity
Migrations to seek new opportunities
Increased climate variability
Growing demand for food, fibre, fodder and fuel
(notably BRICS)
Continued deforestation but at a lower rate
6. EU impact on deforestation
Only 2% of global deforestation
attributed to logging
0.7 Mha/year of deforestation
caused by EU27 imports
cf. Tropical Forest Alliance
aiming for “Zero deforestation”
through commodity chains
9. Major shifts in dominant producing
regions, 1900-2000
Cocoa
Bananas
Rubber
Oil palm
Source: Byerlee and Rueda, 2013
Map indicates colonial boundaries in 1900
10. Rubber
1900
Wild harvest—Congo,
Amazon
Major human rights issues!
1900-1914
Plantation rubber Malaysia
> 1920
Southeast Asia
Smallholders share 85%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1900 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
% share of production
Americas
Africa
Malaysia
Indonesia
Other SE Asia
Source: Byerlee and Rueda, 2013
11. Oil palm
1900
Wild palm West Africa by
smallholders
> 1911
Unilever rejected Nigeria
Congo--First large plantations
> 1920
Sumatra plantations
> 1965
Malaysia plantations
> 1990
Indonesia (40% smallholders)
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
Percent export shares of the world palm oil
market
Congo
Indonesia
Malaysia
Nigeria
Source: Byerlee and Rueda, 2013
12. Agricultural certification – slow progress
Status
Bananas Chiquita 100% RFA certified
Oil palm 14% RSPO certified in 2012
Rubber < 5% certified
Opportunity for premium eco-certification
in agroforestry systems
Cocoa < 5% certified (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Opportunity for premium eco-certification
in agroforestry systems
13. Lessons learned
• Perceived low value of forests, and hence dominant ethos:
deforestation = development
• Long history of concerns about land use for tropical exports
Land and forest rights
- Slow and lacked international agreements and institutions
- Championed by civil society + sometimes colonial governments and private
companies
Ecosystem services of forests
- Late comer (at global level) but rapid progress in agreements
- Initially championed by science
• Progressive shift to smallholder production systems
• Prevailing ‘standards’ have often had major impact on how and
where produced
Need for international minimum standards to avoid a ‘race to the bottom’
• Weak institutions, lack of resources, and vested interests are
recurring themes in implementation
15. Global
Source: Adapted from Lua Xinjian, 2010
• 1,950 million ha of forest
area
• Total stock of forest is
13.7 billion cubic meter
16. Key challenges for China
Forest Area 3-4% of the world
Land Area 7% of the world
Population 22% of the world
Production and living demand
Ecological conservation
Source: Lua Xinjian, 2010
Poverty reduction and economic development
18. Evolution of China’s OFDI Policy
• Phase 1: 1979-1990: Tentative development
• China formally recognized the legal status of overseas
investments and several tentative but favourable
policies were developed to facilitate OFDI activities
• Phase 2: 1991-2001: Sporadic development
• Restrictive policies were developed to control
predominantly large-scale investments
• Phase 3: 2002 to 2011: Fast and stable development
• “Going out” strategy was implemented and the whole
policy system was reformed to promote ODFI.
Regulatory activities were also strengthened
• Phase 4: April 2011-present: First White Paper on Foreign
Aid (State Council)
Source: Adapted from CIFOR, 2011
19. Preliminary findings
• China’s imports from Africa in 2008 (petroleum - ca.
US$40b; mining - ca. US$7b; and forestry - ca. US$1b)
• Almost half of all African timber exports from Gabon
• China’s OFDI in Africa grew from ca. US$1b in 2000 to
over US$56b in 2009
• 30% of investments in the mining sector (2009)
• 16% of investments in agriculture, forestry, fisheries
and animal husbandry (2009)
• Chinese firms (and SMEs) also investing in banks,
manufacturing, telecommunications and retailing
• “Chinese infrastructure projects are knitting the
African continent together from wireless networks to
roads and bridges” (Brautigam, 9/2/2012)
20. Dispelling some myths
• The West is worried (again) about Chinese investment
in Africa (cf. veiled references to the danger of
Africa’s “new colonialists”)
• But little evidence to support alleged large-scale
Chinese land grabbing,
• to suggest that Chinese firms (or companies from
other BRICS countries) operate with any different
standards than their European or North American
counterparts,
• to indicate that Chinese companies are investing
more or less than Western firms in countries ruled by
unsavoury regimes and
• to affirm that Chinese companies bring in all their own
workers (but depends on type of investment)
21. Understanding Chinese investments
• Chinese investments are not simply motivated by short-
term commercial and strategic interests but by broader
and longer-term interests
• But methodological challenges remain in terms of being
able to identify and distinguish between different types
of Chinese investment and investors in e.g. Ethiopia
which include Huajian (shoe factory), Sino-Ethiopian
Associates (pharmaceutical joint venture) and David
Huang’s (7 ha farm producing vegetables for the
growing Chinese population) and the extent to which
each has benefited (or not) from state-financing
• Need for greater recognition of China’s own efforts to
comply with international standards cf. the new
Forest Certification Scheme
24. Gabon – supplying logs to China
• Investment Charter, 1998 and Private Investment
Promotion Agency (APIP), 2000
• New Forest Law, 016, 2001
• Gabon – largest African supplier of logs to China until
logging ban introduced in 2010
• Chinese companies currently own 121 concession
permits (out of total of 500 active permits) to manage
and log 2.67 million ha of forestland esp. in the Province
of Ogooue Ivindo (half of which belong to 5 companies)
• Annual timber exports ca. 1 million m3 (70% of total)
• Timber investments by private companies and
individuals (not known if backed by Chinese
development banks or not)
25. Timber Exports to China - Gabon, Cameroon and DRC,
1998-2009 (million US$)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
YEAR
USD(millions)
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009
YEAR
USD(millions)
Gabon
Cameroon
DRC
Gabon
Cameroon
DRC
Normal scale Log scale
Source: CIFOR WP #
27. Gabon – shifting investments in forestry
• Investors must enter into a ‘provisional convention of
management, exploitation and transformation’ (CPAET -
Forest Law, Art. 23)
• 3 types of logging permit viz., CFAD (SFM concession);
PFA (Gabonese forestry associates permit), and PGG
(over-the-counter permit)
• By 2010 Gabon had 7m ha (CPAETs), 3.4m (CFADs with
approved management plans) and 5 concessions owned
by 2 companies under FSC certification (1.3m ha)
• Special Economic Zone jointly managed by Gabonese
government and Olam
• Olam owns 400,000 ha of timber concessions in Gabon
• Now targeting companies for investments in processing
in wake of 2010 logging ban
28. Special Economic Zone - Gabon
Gabon SEZ strategically located at Nkok offers optimum logistic advantage by way multiple
connectivity port Owendo 30 Km from the site, nearest rail connectivity from Ntoum and Owendo,
nearest national highway RN 1 connecting just 500m away from northern boundary of the site.
Fiscal incentives
Income Tax holiday for 10 yrs & then concessional tax of 10% for next 5 yrs
Complete waiver on import of material & export of manufactured product
Duty exemptions on import of Plant &Machinery and spares
Exemption of VAT (Value Added Tax)
Relaxations & waivers
50% concession on power tariff
100% repatriation of funds
Relaxed labour laws
Up to 5% DTA sales permitted without any tax implication
Common infrastructure
Water treatment plant
Sewage & effluent treatment plant
Common Log Park
Common Dry kiln facility
A 15 MW capacity Eco-friendly Co-gen power plant to generate power from the wood waste
generated in the zone.
Forest Concessions offered to the units
The forest concession under sustainable management which can cover a surface area between
50,000 ha and 200,000 ha.
A single logging company can be granted many CFADs, however the cumulative area granted to one
company cannot exceed 600,000 ha.
Regulatory and statutory clearances
Gabon SEZ would facilitate to obtain all such necessary regulatory and statutory clearances
required for setting up an industry in Gabon SEZ from various government departments of Gabon
by way of single window clearance approach, simplifying the process in granting speedy approvals
to the units.
29. Forest concessions - Gabon
Source: Projet d’accompagnement des petits permis forestier gabonais (PAPPFG, 2010)
30. Gabon – acquiring logging rights
• Chinese companies use diverse ways to obtain logging
rights sometimes in the ‘margins of the law’ including:
• Acquisition of multiple PFAs
• Purchase of larger established companies e.g. Leroy
Gabon – Plyrosol (by Honest Timber) and Gabon Export
Bois (by Shengyang group: Euro 68m for a 1.47m ha
concession)
• Renting rights from French companies in anticipation of
a planned acquisition
• Other alleged violations include i.a. failure to pay area
taxes, illegal logging of national parks bordering
concessions, logging of trees below the legal minimum
diameter, improper documentation of timber and incorrect
listing of volumes on waybills
32. What is Aid-for-Trade?
Aid-for-Trade (AfT) launched in 2005
5 AfT categories:
• Trade-related infrastructure
• Support to trade policy and regulations
• Addressing trade-related adjustment costs
• Building productive capacity
• Trade development
Increased from US$20.6b in 2006 to US$32.1b in 2010
OECD and emerging companies contribute to AfT
Sub-Saharan Africa largest regional recipient
AfT help LICs and LDCs to reduce reliance on aid and...
...ensure trade delivers growth, jobs and structural
economic reforms
Source: Basnett and Engel, 2013
33. Aid for trade – lessons learned
3rd review (2011) based on 270 cases identified need to
target:
• reducing costs of trading
• improving administrative procedures (such as border
clearing times, and times to register a new business or
obtain certificates of origin)
• binding constraints to growth (inc. infrastructure, skills,
transport and energy costs)
• blending financial instruments to address trade-related
constraints at transnational and regional levels
• More effective coordination between (and within) donors
and recipient country institutions at design,
implementation and monitoring of AfT initiatives
Source: Basnett et al, 2012
34. Conclusions
• China successfully promoted domestic growth by combining state
intervention and private investment
• China has, more recently, successfully applied a similar model
during the evolution of the country’s OFDI in Africa
• History does matter particularly in terms of securing access to land
and resource extraction rights
• China’s trade in tropical timber is relatively small in the bigger
picture
• Much of what “everyone knows” about Chinese investment in Africa
is simply wrong (Brautigam, 2012)
• But need for caution given some evidence of continued illegality in
the forest sector
• Aid for Trade can help ensure trade delivers growth, jobs and
structural economic change, and more effectively leverage private
investments
37. New research initiatives
Emerging countries (Brazil, China, Malaysia and
Indonesia) in transition to a green economy: Will it make a
difference for forests and people in the Mekong, Sub-
Saharan Africa and Western Amazon regions?
Building enabling legal frameworks for low carbon
investment in sustainable land-use (IDLO-CIFOR, initially
focusing on Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia)
Corporate governance in the oil palm and domestic timber
sectors
Evidence-based forestry
38. Initiated by CIFOR, CATIE, ICRAF, CIRAD, IUFRO
and University of Oxford
Broad collaboration anticipated
1. Determining priority policy-relevant questions
2. Systematic reviews to analyse evidence
Evidence-based forestry initiative
Initial tranche of systematic reviews as of 14 June 2013
1. Does production of oil palm, soybean and jatropha lead to the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
functions in tropics due to deforestation and fragmentation?
2. Environmental impacts of different property regimes.
3. Forests sustaining agriculture: the contribution of forest-based ecosystem services to agricultural
production
4. Gender, Forests and Food security
5. Alternative livelihoods and biodiversity conservation for evidence-based policy
6. What are appropriate criteria and indicators for defining and measuring research quality in the realm
of applied natural resources management?
7. What is the potential role of land use change dynamics in miombo woodlands in relation to REDD+?
39. Linking forestry and bigger-picture policies
Political
relevance
Positive
contributions
Not only
problems
Sustainable Development
“Big 5”
41. References 1
Slide Reference
3 WTO 2011. International Trade Statistics 2011. www.wto.org
4 Official World Bank and FAO statistics.
Committee on Food Security. 2011. Price volatility and food security, a report by the high-level panel of
experts.
6 European Commission, 2013. The impact of EU consumption on deforestation:Comprehensive analysis of
the impact of EU consumption on deforestation. Study funded by the European Commission,
DG ENV, and undertaken by VITO, IIASA, HIVA and IUCN NL
8 Painting - Eero Järnefelt. 1893. Burning the Brushwood. Finnish National Gallery, Helsinki
9-13 Wardell, Byerlee and Hughes (eds) Deja vu? Comparing and contrasting foreign land acquisitions in the
colonial and contemporary eras. Special issue (in preparation)
See also Webb, J.L.A., 2002. Tropical Pioneers: Human Agency and Ecological Change in the Highlands of
Sri Lanka, 1800-1900.
15-17
+ 22
Lua Xinjian, 2010. Measures on timber traceability in China. Chinese Academy of Forestry presentation 4th
May 20120, Phnom Penh.
18-21 CIFOR, 2011. Chinese Trade and Investment and the Forests of the Congo Basin: A scoping study for
Cameroon, DRC and Gabon. CIFOR Working Paper #
Brautigam, D., 2009. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa.OUP Inc, New York.
Spence, J. D., 1998. The Chan’s Great Continent: China in Western Minds. W.W. Norton & Co., New York.
42. References 2
Slide Reference
23-30 CIFOR Working Papers (2011)
• Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa’s mining, agricultural and forestry sectors
• Analysis of China’s overseas investment policies
• Chinese trade and investment and the forests of the Congo Basin
• Chinese trade and investment and its impacts A scoping study in the miombo woodlands
• Wenbin Huang, Andreas Wilkes, Ziafang Sen and Ann Terheggen, 2012 Who is importing forest products
from Africa? Environment, Development and Sustainability DOI 10.1007/s10668-012-9413
31-35 Wardell, D.A. and Schoneveld, G., 2013. “Still trying to kill two birds with one stone?” 250 years of land
acquisitions in Ghana. Paper presented at the 14th IASC, 4th June 2013, Fujiyoshida, Japan.
Schoneveld, G., L. German and E. Nukator. 2011. Land-based investments for rural development? A
grounded analysis of the local impacts of biofuel feedstock plantations in Ghana. Ecology and Society
36-37 Cali, M. and te Velde, D.W., 2011. Does Aid-for-Trade really improve trade performance? World
Development 39 (5): 725-740
Basnett, Y. and Engel, J., 2013. Focusing on what matters in Aid-for-Trade: Increasing effectiveness and
delivering results. ODI Briefing Paper # 79; and Basnett, Y. et al, 2012. Increasing the effectiveness of Aid
for Trade: the circumstances under which it works best. ODI Working Paper # 353.
38 Patey, L.A. and Large, D., 2012. Cooperating with China in Africa. DIS Policy Brief, Copenhagen.
39 Cerruti, P., 2013 (unpublished)
40 OFAC, State of the Forests 2010
42 CIFOR, 2013. Evidence-based forestry. www.cifro.org/ebf
Editor's Notes
Aid vs Trade? Symposium
Aim to question this simple dichotomy – already a large number of publications that have questioned western “aid”, and or aid delivery per se.
See, for example:
Graham Hancock’s ‘The Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige and Corruption of the International Aid Business’ (1989)
Willi A. Wappenhans et al ‘Report of the Portfolio Management and Task Force’ (World Bank IEG, 1992)
Deborah Brautigam’s ’Aid Dependency and Governance’ (2000)
Bill Easterley’s ‘The White Man’s Burden. Why the West’s efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good’ (2006)
Dambisa Moyo’s ‘Dead Aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa’ (2009)
Research credits – CRP 6 FTA Theme 5 (Pablo Pacheco et al); China-in-Africa (Louis Putzel et al and Deborah Brautigam); Historical (Andrew Wardell, Derek Byerlee and Lotte Hughes – Special Issue Environment and History 2014 based on IASC panel, Fujiyoshida, June 2013; Aid for Trade - ODI, 2013 a and 2013b;
In many cases, the results presented represent work in progress.
Selected publications in last slide
FAO Forest Products Yearbook, 2011
What if (global) food production requires certification more broadly?
Source: Holmgren, 2013.
Painting shows a landscape in the Nordic countries in late 1800’s. The painter is Erro Järnefelt, painted in 1893, southern Finland
Clearly, the practises
- did not provide well for livelihoods
- did not produce very high levels of food and other roducts
- did not well maintain ecosystem services
and caused considerable GHG emissions
The second picture, faded in, is from today and illustrates that the situation is common to this day (picture from South America, 2008)
Plantations - high transactions costs of labor and land grants
Smallholders—reduced risks after pioneering phase, customary tenure adaptable, leveling of playing field
“The social cost of land is given by its productivity in the best alternative use, and the existence of large areas of virgin jungle in Malaysia implies a zero opportunity cost” (Little & Tipping, 1972)
Malaysia largest single investor in Sub-Saharan Africa
In 2009, China exported secondary forest products worth an estimated US$ 16.4 billion (24% of world total)
China imported 54% of the world’s tropical logs, 28% of sawnwood (ITTO, 2010)
Brautigam, D., 2010. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. OUP Inc., New York.
Huang Wenbin and Andreas Wilkes, 2011. Chinese Trade and Investment in Africa: Chinese Policy Environment and Major Trends. CIFOR Working Paper #
Jonathan D. Spence, 1998. The Chan’s Great Continent: China in Western Minds. W.W. Norton & Company, New York (over 7 centuries)
Similarly, no evidence to indicate that Chinese companies are investing more or less than Western firms in countries ruled by unsavoury regimes.
Patey, L.A. and Large, D., 2012. Cooperating with China in Africa. DIIS Policy brief, Copenhagen
Successful Chinese family businesses provide loyalty, flexibility, speedy decisions and low overhead costs whilst ensuring a critical (business)
element: trust.
The involvement of Chinese timber companies in Gabon dates back to the late 1980s, when Gabon’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jean Ping (now Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union), who is of Chinese and Gabonese descent, invited a relative from China to come to Gabon and develop the lumber industry. Michel, S. and M. Beuret. 2009. China Safari. New York, Perseus Books Group. pp. 51-52.
Belligoli, 2010: 7
NB. cf. Chinese OFDI of US$400m in 2009 in DRC
WEF Africa 2012 Africa’s Special Economic Zones
But this/(these violations) is (are) not a characteristic exclusively shared by Chinese companies.
Use graph from Paolo
No doubt, demand for wood will grow
Particularly paper, particulalry Asia-Pacific
But also no doubt, most and more and more will come from planted forests
Which means that land acquisition / rights will be more important than wood harvesting as such
Ref to planted forests conference report
Will there be any significant timber export from natural forests?
Probably not, especially with increasing transaction costs and requirem ents on enterprises (certification, EUTR, Lacey)
Smaller players will be cut out
So the market is perhaps slowly killed.. Mission accomplished?
MUCH BETTER TO DEFINE ROLE OF FORESTRY THIS WAY THAN TO DEFINE A PARALLEL PARADIGM (SFM) THAT WOULD NOT EVEN BE AMONG THE BIGGEST 25!!