This document discusses eye tracking techniques and applications. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, which include the physiology of the eye, mechanisms of eye movements, eye tracking technology, and eye tracking applications. It then provides more details on the current state and applications of eye gaze tracking (EGT) technology, the theory and classification of EGT technology, and the framework of EGT systems. Some key points discussed include the use of infrared light and eye cameras for image-based EGT, common EGT techniques like the Purkinje image method and electrooculography, and applications of EGT in areas like human-computer interaction, diagnostics, and research.
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
The document discusses eye movement tracking techniques for human-computer interaction. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, how eye movements are tracked using different techniques like skin electrodes, contact lenses, head-mounted and remote systems. Challenges in eye tracking like the midas touch problem and jitter are also covered. Applications of eye tracking like accessibility, system enhancement and virtual displays are discussed. Case studies on using eye tracking for visual search tasks in cognitive science and on the Tobii T120 eye tracker are provided. The conclusion states that while eye tracking is not perfect, it has potential to provide new effective interaction methods.
Eye gaze tracking is a technique to track a person's eye movements and point of gaze. It has applications in human-computer interaction, medical research, and surveillance. The document describes the process of eye gaze tracking including image enhancement using Laplacian operators, k-means clustering for image segmentation, binarization, and morphological opening to detect iris position. The work so far has detected iris position in three directions (left, right, center) using a still image and future work aims to detect iris position in all directions and implement the technique for video input to develop an eye gaze-based human-computer interface.
An Eye of technology For the people who suffer with PALS (People with ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a debilitating, neurodegenerative disease. Its various symptoms include dysphagia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, pain, and psychological disorders. It is characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons, conspiratorial tracts and the spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are readily diagnosed and the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10%.
1.2 VISION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN COMMUNICATION
How do you communicate when your brain is active but your body isn't? The Project Oculus, designed to communicate for those who is suffering from ALS, uses low-cost eye-tracking glasses and open-source software to allow people suffering from any kind of neuromuscular syndrome to write and draw by tracking their eye movement and translating it to lines on a screen.
This paper proposes a method for eye gaze tracking using a low-cost webcam in a desktop environment, without specialized hardware. It extracts eye regions from video to detect the iris center and eye corners. A head pose model estimates head movement. Gaze tracking integrates eye vectors and head pose information. Experiments show average accuracy of 1.28° without head movement and 2.27° with minor movement, improving on existing methods that require infrared cameras, specific devices, or limited head motion.
Classification of Eye Movements Using Electrooculography and Neural NetworksWaqas Tariq
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the cornea-retinal potential produced by eye movements. This paper proposes algorithms for classifying eleven eye movements acquired through electrooculography using dynamic neural networks. Signal processing techniques and time delay neural network are used to process the raw signals to identify the eye movements. Simple feature extraction algorithms are proposed using the Parseval and Plancherel theorems. The performances of the classifiers are compared with a feed forward network, which is encouraging with an average classification accuracy of 91.40% and 90.89% for time delay neural network using the Parseval and Plancherel features.
Eye Tracking Based Human - Computer InteractionSharath Raj
This Presentation aims at explaining how eye tracking works and the usage of Houghman Circle Detection Algorithm in order to detect the iris.
https://www.picostica.com
Eye Movement based Human Computer Interaction TechniqueJobin George
Eye movement-based interaction is one of several areas of current research in human computer interaction in which a new interface style seems to be emerging. In the non-command style, the computer passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. In describing eye movement-based human-computer interaction we can see two distinctions, one is in the nature of the user’s eye movements and the other, in the nature of the responses. In the world created by an eye movement based interface, users could move their eyes to scan the scene, just as they would a real world scene, unaffected by the presence of eye tracking equipment movement, on the eye movement axis. The alternative is to instruct users of the eye movement based interface to move their eyes in particular ways. On the response axis, objects could respond to a user’s eye movements in a natural way that is, the object responds to the user’s looking in the same way real objects do. The alternative is unnatural response, where objects respond in ways not experienced in the real world.
Now a days Eye tracking technology is applied in many fields like automotive defense and medical industries. The fields of advertising, entertainment, packaging and web design have all benefited significantly from studying the visual behavior of the consumer. Every day, as eye tracking is used in creative new ways, the list of applications grows.
The document discusses eye movement tracking techniques for human-computer interaction. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, how eye movements are tracked using different techniques like skin electrodes, contact lenses, head-mounted and remote systems. Challenges in eye tracking like the midas touch problem and jitter are also covered. Applications of eye tracking like accessibility, system enhancement and virtual displays are discussed. Case studies on using eye tracking for visual search tasks in cognitive science and on the Tobii T120 eye tracker are provided. The conclusion states that while eye tracking is not perfect, it has potential to provide new effective interaction methods.
Eye gaze tracking is a technique to track a person's eye movements and point of gaze. It has applications in human-computer interaction, medical research, and surveillance. The document describes the process of eye gaze tracking including image enhancement using Laplacian operators, k-means clustering for image segmentation, binarization, and morphological opening to detect iris position. The work so far has detected iris position in three directions (left, right, center) using a still image and future work aims to detect iris position in all directions and implement the technique for video input to develop an eye gaze-based human-computer interface.
An Eye of technology For the people who suffer with PALS (People with ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a debilitating, neurodegenerative disease. Its various symptoms include dysphagia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, pain, and psychological disorders. It is characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons, conspiratorial tracts and the spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are readily diagnosed and the error rate of diagnosis in large ALS clinics is less than 10%.
1.2 VISION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN COMMUNICATION
How do you communicate when your brain is active but your body isn't? The Project Oculus, designed to communicate for those who is suffering from ALS, uses low-cost eye-tracking glasses and open-source software to allow people suffering from any kind of neuromuscular syndrome to write and draw by tracking their eye movement and translating it to lines on a screen.
This paper proposes a method for eye gaze tracking using a low-cost webcam in a desktop environment, without specialized hardware. It extracts eye regions from video to detect the iris center and eye corners. A head pose model estimates head movement. Gaze tracking integrates eye vectors and head pose information. Experiments show average accuracy of 1.28° without head movement and 2.27° with minor movement, improving on existing methods that require infrared cameras, specific devices, or limited head motion.
Classification of Eye Movements Using Electrooculography and Neural NetworksWaqas Tariq
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the cornea-retinal potential produced by eye movements. This paper proposes algorithms for classifying eleven eye movements acquired through electrooculography using dynamic neural networks. Signal processing techniques and time delay neural network are used to process the raw signals to identify the eye movements. Simple feature extraction algorithms are proposed using the Parseval and Plancherel theorems. The performances of the classifiers are compared with a feed forward network, which is encouraging with an average classification accuracy of 91.40% and 90.89% for time delay neural network using the Parseval and Plancherel features.
EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The Eye gaze System is a communication system for people with complex physical disabilities.
This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen.
The document discusses using deep learning models to classify different types of eye movements from raw eye tracking data. Specifically, it explores using an attention convolutional neural network (ACNN) to classify samples as fixations, saccades, smooth pursuit, or noise. The ACNN outperforms current state-of-the-art models on labeled eye tracking datasets. Additionally, the document investigates using unsupervised pre-training of an autoencoder on a different eye tracking dataset to improve the generalization of deep learning models to new datasets.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
An eye gaze system uses eye tracking technology to measure where a person looks using sensors and cameras. It analyzes eye movements and point of gaze using image processing algorithms. Eye gaze systems have various uses in entertainment, aviation, and safety applications. They can be used to interact with video games, detect pilot fatigue, and diagnose medical conditions with high accuracy rates. However, eye gaze systems also have disadvantages like high costs, issues with some users' eyes, and potential for unintended eye movements.
This document discusses using eye movements detected by electrooculography (EOG) signals to control a human-machine interface (HMI). EOG measures small electrical potentials produced by eye movements. The document outlines how EOG signals can be used by those with disabilities to control devices. It describes electrode placements to detect vertical and horizontal eye movements as well as blinking. Advantages of EOG over other eye tracking methods include its range, linearity, insensitivity to head movements and obstructions. Limitations include baseline drift over time due to lighting changes. The goal of the project is to design an EOG-based HMI using eye movements to control a cursor on a display.
This document provides an overview of an eye gaze communication system. It discusses who can benefit from such a system, including those lacking hands or a voice. It describes how the system works by using a camera and software to track a user's eye movements and select items on screen. It also outlines the various programs and menus available in the system, such as typing, phone, lighting control, and games. Finally, it notes the environment needs to be controlled to limit infrared light for accurate eye tracking.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2021/02/eye-tracking-for-the-future-a-presentation-from-parallel-rules/
Peter Milford, President of Parallel Rules, presents the “Eye Tracking for the Future” tutorial at the September 2020 Embedded Vision Summit.
Eye tracking is an increasingly important technology for applications ranging from augmented and virtual reality head-mounted displays to automotive driver monitoring. In this talk, Milford introduces eye tracking techniques and technical challenges. He also explores camera and computational requirements for eye tracking, and highlights selected use cases and applications.
Eye-Gesture Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair using Electro-OculographyAvinash Sista
The document describes an eye-gesture controlled electric wheelchair that uses electro-oculography (EOG) to detect eye movements and control the wheelchair. EOG signals are processed to detect four directions of eye movement: up, down, left, and right. Ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle detection, and the system incorporates an intelligence algorithm for obstacle avoidance and path rerouting. The goal is to create an affordable assistive mobility device that provides independence to individuals with paralysis.
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. Primary applications are in the ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements
This document discusses electrooculography (EOG), which is a technique for measuring eye movements through electrodes placed around the eyes. EOG signals can be used to detect different types of eye movements and estimate gaze direction. The document describes applications of EOG such as controlling wheelchairs and robotic arms through eye movements to help people with disabilities. Advantages are that EOG is easy to use and can detect eye movements with closed eyes, while disadvantages include interference from other muscles and signal drift over time.
normal person can use computer efficiently but a disabled(deficiency of upper limbs) person cannot.
with this technology a disabled can access the computer mouse simply by his eye movements.
A project on wheelchair motion control using eye gaze and blinkspooja mote
This document describes a proposed method for controlling a wheelchair using eye gaze and blinks detected through electro-oculography (EOG). It outlines the main objective of assisting disabled individuals, reviews existing eye tracking methods before focusing on EOG, and provides block diagrams of the overall system and proposed circuit. Key components discussed include signal acquisition through skin preparation and biopotential electrodes, placement of electrodes for EOG recording, signal preprocessing, a processing algorithm, and a controller block diagram.
The document discusses the Eye Gaze system, which allows people with physical disabilities to control devices with their eyes. It describes how the system works by tracking a user's eye movements to select on-screen options. The document outlines who can benefit from the system, its various components and menus, applications, and future advancements like improved portability and tracking for limited eye control. It concludes that eye tracking interfaces can aid application control if used sensibly given the voluntary and involuntary nature of eye movements.
Electrooculography (EOG) measures the corneo-retinal potential between the front and back of the eye to detect eye movements. The eye functions as an electrical dipole with a positive pole at the cornea and negative pole at the retina, producing a 0.4-1.0 mV potential. EOG uses electrodes placed around the eye to detect this potential and measure horizontal and vertical eye movements. Applications include using eye movements to control wheelchairs and human-computer interfaces, allowing communication for people who are paralyzed but can move their eyes.
Corneal topography provides a graphic representation of the geometrical properties of the corneal surface. It uses techniques such as Placido disk, photokeratoscopy, videokeratoscopy, and slit imaging to map over 8000 points across the corneal surface. This provides detailed information about the shape and irregularities of the cornea which can then be used to diagnose conditions that degrade vision and guide treatment.
The document discusses considerations for selecting premium intraocular lenses (IOLs). It emphasizes listening to patients' desires and managing expectations. Various IOL options are suitable for different patients depending on their visual needs, personality, and ocular health factors. Careful preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and postoperative management can help optimize outcomes and patient satisfaction.
This document presents a novel technique for an eye-controlled electric wheelchair system. The system uses a camera mounted on a helmet to capture the user's face and track eyeball movements in real-time. Eye movements are used to control the wheelchair's direction and movement without needing physical assistance. The system was implemented using a Raspberry Pi board to control all functions. An ultrasonic sensor was also mounted on the wheelchair for obstacle detection. The results showed the system could successfully execute commands based on eye movements within 4 seconds of real-time video processing.
The document discusses aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and how they can improve vision quality compared to conventional spherical IOLs. It provides evidence that aspheric IOLs reduce spherical aberration and increase contrast sensitivity and functional vision compared to standard IOLs. The document also notes that factors like biometry measurements, IOL calculation formulas, and surgical technique are important for achieving optimal visual outcomes with aspheric IOLs.
Eye monitored wheel chair control for people suffering from quadriplegiaAkshay Sharma
The document describes an eye monitoring system to control a wheelchair for people with quadriplegia. It aims to give users independence through detecting eye and head movements to direct wheelchair movement. A camera feeds images to MATLAB software which analyzes eye and head positions to determine intended direction. The software then uses serial communication to signal a microcontroller and motors to move the wheelchair accordingly. The system allows for movement through natural eye and head motions without physical attachments, improving comfort and confidence for quadriplegic users.
User Centric is now a part of GfK! Read about our eye tracking services by visiting http://www.gfk.com/solutions/ux/eye-tracking/Pages/Eye-tracking.aspx
It’s a well-known fact that eye tracking can provide some interesting insight into how people process information. But how can user experience professionals determine if eye tracking is indeed a useful addition to their studies? Our complimentary webinar, “No, But Really, Do I Need Eye Tracking?,” addressed this subject by discussing the benefits of eye tracking and the proper application of the method.
During the webinar, Aga Bojko, VP, User Experience, spoke candidly about when to use and, perhaps more importantly, when not to use eye tracking. Bojko described both qualitative and quantitative types of findings that can be obtained with eye tracking research, and explained how to decide whether or not stakeholders benefit from this method. This presentation outlines example situations in which eye tracking is most effectively utilized, from determining the ease of new drug label differentiation from existing labels to evaluating which package design will be most effective on a shelf.
The document summarizes an eye tracking study presented at the Association for Business Communication's 78th Annual International Convention in New Orleans, 2013. The study consisted of three parts: (1) an introduction to foundational eye tracking concepts and approaches to website navigation, (2) a discussion of the Webby Awards and an eye tracking study of various website genres, and (3) limitations and strengths of eye tracking technology. Key findings included that task-based eye movements still follow patterns like the Golden Triangle and F-Pattern but are influenced by current web conventions, and stimulated retrospective think aloud is a valid method for gathering qualitative user data during eye tracking studies.
EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The Eye gaze System is a communication system for people with complex physical disabilities.
This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen.
The document discusses using deep learning models to classify different types of eye movements from raw eye tracking data. Specifically, it explores using an attention convolutional neural network (ACNN) to classify samples as fixations, saccades, smooth pursuit, or noise. The ACNN outperforms current state-of-the-art models on labeled eye tracking datasets. Additionally, the document investigates using unsupervised pre-training of an autoencoder on a different eye tracking dataset to improve the generalization of deep learning models to new datasets.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
An eye gaze system uses eye tracking technology to measure where a person looks using sensors and cameras. It analyzes eye movements and point of gaze using image processing algorithms. Eye gaze systems have various uses in entertainment, aviation, and safety applications. They can be used to interact with video games, detect pilot fatigue, and diagnose medical conditions with high accuracy rates. However, eye gaze systems also have disadvantages like high costs, issues with some users' eyes, and potential for unintended eye movements.
This document discusses using eye movements detected by electrooculography (EOG) signals to control a human-machine interface (HMI). EOG measures small electrical potentials produced by eye movements. The document outlines how EOG signals can be used by those with disabilities to control devices. It describes electrode placements to detect vertical and horizontal eye movements as well as blinking. Advantages of EOG over other eye tracking methods include its range, linearity, insensitivity to head movements and obstructions. Limitations include baseline drift over time due to lighting changes. The goal of the project is to design an EOG-based HMI using eye movements to control a cursor on a display.
This document provides an overview of an eye gaze communication system. It discusses who can benefit from such a system, including those lacking hands or a voice. It describes how the system works by using a camera and software to track a user's eye movements and select items on screen. It also outlines the various programs and menus available in the system, such as typing, phone, lighting control, and games. Finally, it notes the environment needs to be controlled to limit infrared light for accurate eye tracking.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2021/02/eye-tracking-for-the-future-a-presentation-from-parallel-rules/
Peter Milford, President of Parallel Rules, presents the “Eye Tracking for the Future” tutorial at the September 2020 Embedded Vision Summit.
Eye tracking is an increasingly important technology for applications ranging from augmented and virtual reality head-mounted displays to automotive driver monitoring. In this talk, Milford introduces eye tracking techniques and technical challenges. He also explores camera and computational requirements for eye tracking, and highlights selected use cases and applications.
Eye-Gesture Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair using Electro-OculographyAvinash Sista
The document describes an eye-gesture controlled electric wheelchair that uses electro-oculography (EOG) to detect eye movements and control the wheelchair. EOG signals are processed to detect four directions of eye movement: up, down, left, and right. Ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle detection, and the system incorporates an intelligence algorithm for obstacle avoidance and path rerouting. The goal is to create an affordable assistive mobility device that provides independence to individuals with paralysis.
Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. Primary applications are in the ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements
This document discusses electrooculography (EOG), which is a technique for measuring eye movements through electrodes placed around the eyes. EOG signals can be used to detect different types of eye movements and estimate gaze direction. The document describes applications of EOG such as controlling wheelchairs and robotic arms through eye movements to help people with disabilities. Advantages are that EOG is easy to use and can detect eye movements with closed eyes, while disadvantages include interference from other muscles and signal drift over time.
normal person can use computer efficiently but a disabled(deficiency of upper limbs) person cannot.
with this technology a disabled can access the computer mouse simply by his eye movements.
A project on wheelchair motion control using eye gaze and blinkspooja mote
This document describes a proposed method for controlling a wheelchair using eye gaze and blinks detected through electro-oculography (EOG). It outlines the main objective of assisting disabled individuals, reviews existing eye tracking methods before focusing on EOG, and provides block diagrams of the overall system and proposed circuit. Key components discussed include signal acquisition through skin preparation and biopotential electrodes, placement of electrodes for EOG recording, signal preprocessing, a processing algorithm, and a controller block diagram.
The document discusses the Eye Gaze system, which allows people with physical disabilities to control devices with their eyes. It describes how the system works by tracking a user's eye movements to select on-screen options. The document outlines who can benefit from the system, its various components and menus, applications, and future advancements like improved portability and tracking for limited eye control. It concludes that eye tracking interfaces can aid application control if used sensibly given the voluntary and involuntary nature of eye movements.
Electrooculography (EOG) measures the corneo-retinal potential between the front and back of the eye to detect eye movements. The eye functions as an electrical dipole with a positive pole at the cornea and negative pole at the retina, producing a 0.4-1.0 mV potential. EOG uses electrodes placed around the eye to detect this potential and measure horizontal and vertical eye movements. Applications include using eye movements to control wheelchairs and human-computer interfaces, allowing communication for people who are paralyzed but can move their eyes.
Corneal topography provides a graphic representation of the geometrical properties of the corneal surface. It uses techniques such as Placido disk, photokeratoscopy, videokeratoscopy, and slit imaging to map over 8000 points across the corneal surface. This provides detailed information about the shape and irregularities of the cornea which can then be used to diagnose conditions that degrade vision and guide treatment.
The document discusses considerations for selecting premium intraocular lenses (IOLs). It emphasizes listening to patients' desires and managing expectations. Various IOL options are suitable for different patients depending on their visual needs, personality, and ocular health factors. Careful preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and postoperative management can help optimize outcomes and patient satisfaction.
This document presents a novel technique for an eye-controlled electric wheelchair system. The system uses a camera mounted on a helmet to capture the user's face and track eyeball movements in real-time. Eye movements are used to control the wheelchair's direction and movement without needing physical assistance. The system was implemented using a Raspberry Pi board to control all functions. An ultrasonic sensor was also mounted on the wheelchair for obstacle detection. The results showed the system could successfully execute commands based on eye movements within 4 seconds of real-time video processing.
The document discusses aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and how they can improve vision quality compared to conventional spherical IOLs. It provides evidence that aspheric IOLs reduce spherical aberration and increase contrast sensitivity and functional vision compared to standard IOLs. The document also notes that factors like biometry measurements, IOL calculation formulas, and surgical technique are important for achieving optimal visual outcomes with aspheric IOLs.
Eye monitored wheel chair control for people suffering from quadriplegiaAkshay Sharma
The document describes an eye monitoring system to control a wheelchair for people with quadriplegia. It aims to give users independence through detecting eye and head movements to direct wheelchair movement. A camera feeds images to MATLAB software which analyzes eye and head positions to determine intended direction. The software then uses serial communication to signal a microcontroller and motors to move the wheelchair accordingly. The system allows for movement through natural eye and head motions without physical attachments, improving comfort and confidence for quadriplegic users.
User Centric is now a part of GfK! Read about our eye tracking services by visiting http://www.gfk.com/solutions/ux/eye-tracking/Pages/Eye-tracking.aspx
It’s a well-known fact that eye tracking can provide some interesting insight into how people process information. But how can user experience professionals determine if eye tracking is indeed a useful addition to their studies? Our complimentary webinar, “No, But Really, Do I Need Eye Tracking?,” addressed this subject by discussing the benefits of eye tracking and the proper application of the method.
During the webinar, Aga Bojko, VP, User Experience, spoke candidly about when to use and, perhaps more importantly, when not to use eye tracking. Bojko described both qualitative and quantitative types of findings that can be obtained with eye tracking research, and explained how to decide whether or not stakeholders benefit from this method. This presentation outlines example situations in which eye tracking is most effectively utilized, from determining the ease of new drug label differentiation from existing labels to evaluating which package design will be most effective on a shelf.
The document summarizes an eye tracking study presented at the Association for Business Communication's 78th Annual International Convention in New Orleans, 2013. The study consisted of three parts: (1) an introduction to foundational eye tracking concepts and approaches to website navigation, (2) a discussion of the Webby Awards and an eye tracking study of various website genres, and (3) limitations and strengths of eye tracking technology. Key findings included that task-based eye movements still follow patterns like the Golden Triangle and F-Pattern but are influenced by current web conventions, and stimulated retrospective think aloud is a valid method for gathering qualitative user data during eye tracking studies.
A lightning talk I did for UPA 2011 covering why I think eye-tracking is not worth my money. Hint: if you're good enough to use it, you don't need to use it.
Eye-tracking Glasses Help Define Shop Layout and Record Visitor Experiences -...User Vision
In this presentation we talk about novel techniques we employed in using eye tracking glasses in our field research. Our client wanted to better understand the needs of visitors and how effective the layout of Tourist Information Centre is in answering those needs. Eye tracking was employed to help understand how visitors to Information Centre engage with it, which sections of the literature and merchandise shelving were looked at the most and whether the signage in the centre was noticed. We asked visitors to wear eye-tracking glasses and to use the centre to accomplish the goals of their visit. Findings allowed the client to both take remedial action in areas where the experience was not as effective as it could be, and to take advantage of the insight to maximise the revenue potential of various areas of the centre.
Website Usability & Eye-tracking by Marco Pretorious (Certified Usability Ana...DrupalCape
Things to consider when designing a website to make your site visitor's life easier!!
Note: There were some videos which were show to illustrate a point, however the presentation provides sufficient information and suggestion so you will not miss them.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/xilinx/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/implementing-eye-tracking-medical-auto
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Dan Isaacs, Director of Smarter Connected Systems at Xilinx, and Robert Chappell, Founder of EyeTech Digital Systems, co-present the "Implementing Eye Tracking for Medical, Automotive and Headset Applications" tutorial at the May 2015 Embedded Vision Summit.
When humans communicate with each other, we get important cues from watching each other’s eyes. Similarly, machines can gain valuable information and new capabilities by detecting and tracking users’ gazes. Robust eye tracking was once limited to cumbersome laboratory set-ups, but today—thanks to improvements in sensors, processors and algorithms—eye tracking can be embedded into a wide range of products such as medical devices, industrial equipment, digital signage and cars. In these applications, eye tracking enables seamless augmented reality, natural user interfaces, and analysis of which objects and information are most interesting to users.
In this presentation, Dan and Robert present the design of a portable/wearable eye-tracking system. They introduce the fundamental techniques used for eye tracking. Then, they explore the challenges of implementing robust eye-tracking in a cost- and power-constrained system, and show an innovative design implemented on a programmable SoC that overcomes these challenges. They conclude with a live demo of the eye-tracking system.
Designing a Successful Eye-Tracking Study UPA 2008Andrew Schall
The document discusses how to design a successful eye tracking usability study. It covers topics such as planning study objectives and tasks, designing the test, recruiting participants, conducting the study session with techniques like think-aloud, and analyzing the large amount of raw eye tracking data collected. The key aspects emphasized are having clear study goals, piloting the test procedures, focusing analysis, and obtaining enough participants for statistically significant and reliable results.
Disleksia dari aspek emosi dan tingkah lakucikgusuepkhas
Disleksia dapat menyebabkan masalah sosial dan emosi karena prestasi yang tidak konsisten, masalah sosial, dan komentar negatif dari orang lain. Gejala seperti kecewa, rendah diri, dan murung dapat muncul. Penting untuk memberikan dukungan emosional dan membantu anak menghadapi tantangan akademik.
Beyond Eye Tracking: Using User Temperature, Rating Dials, and Facial Analysi...Jennifer Romano Bergstrom
Dan Berlin, Jon Strohl, David Hawkins and I presented this at UXPA 2013. Eye tracking is well known and accepted in the UX community. Here we present preliminary evidence for the usefulness of adding electrodermal activity (EDA), continuous dial ratings, etc. to user experience research.
Integrating Eye Tracking Data with Physiological MeasurementsInsideScientific
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by BIOPAC Systems and SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI), experts present user case studies to demonstrate new research capabilities made possible by the plug & play integration of eye tracking technology with physiological recording systems.
Dr. Meike Mischo provides an overview of eye tracking application types and important considerations pertaining to the integration with physiological measurements such as GSR, HR and ECG. Following, Frazer Findlay presents key considerations in recording and analyzing physiological data, showing a live demonstration of a screen-based study. In closing, Dr. Arnd Rose presents a user case study for mobile eye tracking applications using examples from the study of human factors.
In February 2012 Annika Naschitzki presented to both Wellington and Auckland audiences about Optimal Usability's new eye tracker, and what it can do. Here is the presentation, however if you would like Anni to come into your organisation to do the presentation please get in touch: anni@optimalusability.com
Survey Paper on Eye Gaze Tracking Methods and TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses different eye tracking methods and techniques. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose of eye tracking for human-computer interaction applications and some key techniques. The main body of the document then provides details on 4 main eye tracking methods: electro-oculography (EOG), scleral search coils, infrared oculography, and video-based oculography. For each method, it describes the technical approach, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses feature-based and appearance-based gaze estimation techniques for determining gaze location from eye tracking data. The conclusion reiterates that video-based oculography techniques have various applications in research involving visual development, cognitive science,
Eye Tracking Software model of left right allAtharvaTanawade
Eye tracking technology measures eye movements and gaze using cameras and light sources. It has various applications in research and product design. Eye trackers generally have a light source and camera that track eye movement by detecting reflections off the eye. This data provides information on where a person looks, their visual attention, and other eye metrics. Eye tracking gives insights into human visual behavior and decision making.
Eye tracking technology measures eye movements and gaze using cameras and light sources. It has various applications in research and product design. Eye trackers generally use infrared light and cameras to track the reflection of light sources off the eye to determine where a person is looking. Researchers can use eye tracking data to observe what stimuli capture people's attention and where their visual focus lies. The technology provides an unobtrusive way to understand how people interact with and process their environments.
Eye Gaze Tracking With a Web Camera in a Desktop Environment1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
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Visual testing (VT) is one of the simplest and most common nondestructive testing methods. It uses light in the visible spectrum and the human eye to inspect components for surface flaws or other anomalies. VT has low equipment needs but relies on the eyesight and skills of the inspector. Common aids used include magnifiers, borescopes, and cameras to enhance visual capabilities. While inexpensive and easy to apply, VT has limitations in sensitivity and inability to detect subsurface defects. Proper lighting levels are required for effective visual inspections.
IRJET-Unconstraint Eye Tracking on Mobile SmartphoneIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on developing an unconstrained eye tracking system using only the front camera of a mobile smartphone. It aims to create a low-cost eye tracking solution. The researchers designed techniques to detect faces, eyes and irises from camera images using Haar cascade classification and circular Hough transform. They tested the system under various conditions like lighting changes, wearing glasses, in dark environments, and while driving. The techniques were able to accurately detect eyes in different scenarios. The system has applications in areas like driving assistance systems and could be integrated into vehicles.
Electro oculography, EOG -a detailed medical information| all about EOG martinshaji
To study the different eye movements the technique used here is Electro-oculography.
It acquires the electric potentials generated by eyeball movements and provides information related to the eye movement.
This method can also be used to study the physiological condition of a person
please comment
thank you
This document proposes a vision-based eye gaze tracking system for human-computer interfaces using computer vision techniques. It tracks eye movement through two algorithms: Longest Line Scanning and Occluded Circular Edge Matching. These algorithms aim to precisely detect the iris center, which is used to estimate the gaze point after acquiring eye movement data. The system allows for slight head movement through the use of a small reference mark. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a screen pointing application to test the system.
This document discusses biometry techniques used to measure eye dimensions needed for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations during cataract surgery. It describes keratometry to measure corneal curvature, A-scan ultrasound to measure axial length, and various IOL formulas used to calculate the needed IOL power based on the measured parameters. Key biometry techniques discussed include keratometry, A-scan ultrasound, optical biometers like the IOL Master and Lens Star, and common IOL formulas like SRK/T.
In the simplest terms, eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Where do we look? When do we blink? How does the pupil react to different stimuli? The concept is basic, but the process and interpretation can be quite complex. There are many different methods of exploring eye data.The most common is to analyze the visual path of one or more participants across an interface such as a computer screen. Each eye data observation is translated into a set of pixel coordinates.
Development of novel BMIP algorithms for human eyes affected with glaucoma an...Premier Publishers
Glaucoma is one of the second driving eye maladies on the planet, if not treated legitimately may prompt lasting visual impairment. There are no particular side effects when the glaucoma disease is considered, especially for this type of eye disease, the effect of which is the vision loss in the human eyes. Because of measuring, the container zone increments, which will result in the vision impairment in the human eyes. Normally exceptionally prepared opthalmogists physically review eye pictures as tedious way. In this unique circumstance, we are attempting to build up some novel calculations for programmed recognition of eyes influenced with glaucoma utilizing picture preparing separating and change strategies and actualize the same on equipment utilizing micro-controller framework. The product that will be created by us could be implanted on the equipment to test the sound and undesirable fundus pictures for the recognition of glaucoma. The calculations that could be created can be actualized wrt the eye pictures in HDL language utilizing Xilinx ISE, MATLAB and MODELSIM, TI based unit or NI based pack (any one) is the equipment apparatus that is considered for execution purposes.
Evaluating Human Visual Search Performance by Monte Carlo methods and Heurist...Giacomo Veneri
Visual search is an everyday activity that enables
humans to explore the real world. Given the visual input,
during a visual search, it’s required to select some aspects of the input in order to move to the next location. Exploration is guided by two factors: saliency of image (bottom-up) and endogenous mechanism (top-down). These two mechanisms interact to perform an efficient visual search. We developed a stochastic model, the ”break away from fixations” (BAF), to emulate the visual search on a high cognitively demanding task such as a trail making test (TMT). The paper reports a case study providing evidence that human exploration performs an efficient visual search based also on an internal model of regions already explored.
The document proposes an eye gaze-based electric wheelchair control system (EBEWC) that is controlled solely by human eyes. It aims to allow disabled individuals to safely and easily control a wheelchair independently. The system uses a laptop camera to track eye movements and detect the pupil location in order to select numbers, functions, and commands on a GUI to control the wheelchair. It aims to be robust against factors like different users, illumination changes, movement, and vibration. The design flow involves using OpenCV for image analysis tasks like face detection and eye pupil position computation to determine eye gaze direction and select commands to control the wheelchair via a microcontroller.
The rich texture of the iris can be used as a biometric cue for person recognition.
This variability in Iris texture is due to the accumulation of multiple anatomical entities composing its structure.
Even the left iris and the right iris of an individual exhibit significant differences in their texture, although some global similarities may be observed.
Due to the presence of distinctive information at multiple scales a wavelet-based signal processing approach is commonly used to extract features
from the iris
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
The document proposes a new method for real-time blinking detection based on Gabor filters. It begins by reviewing existing methods and their limitations in dealing with noise, variations in eye shape, and blinking speed. The proposed method uses a Gabor filter to extract the top and bottom arcs of the eye from an image. It then measures the distance between these arcs and compares it to a threshold: a distance below the threshold indicates a closed eye, while a distance above indicates an open eye. The document claims this Gabor filter-based approach is robust to noise, variations in eye shape and blinking speed. It presents experimental results showing the method can accurately detect blinking across different users.
Losing the normal vision is the common problem
facing by human beings in this present world. These problems
occur when the image is not properly focused on retina. These
problems are usually corrected by using spectacles or contact
lens. To test the eye sight of the patient in the present system, we
have manual testing and computerized or Tablet based eye
testing. By using any of these techniques eye sight of the patient is
determined. In these type of traditional methods users are just
choosing the spectacles that is of stylish and suits them, even if
wearing of such spectacles is of no use to them. So once as it is
found that whether the patient is having the eye sight or not, even
if there is no eye sight and patient is interested to wear the
spectacles to protect his eyes while reading or watching the
screen then there should be an approach using which we can
suggest the person with customized progressive lens by
monitoring their observations whether a person is moving his
head or just eye to see object or screen.
This project is done by Digital Image processing and Computer
Vision based techniques and algorithms in a practical approach.
The main objective of this project is to design algorithm for eye
and head movement tracking device. Firstly that device is made
learnt about what does eye looks like and where it is located on
face by using some eye and head movement tracking algorithms.
Then patient is made to sit comfortably in the chair in front of
that device, such that the patient’s eyes are visible from the
camera and sensors view and he is made to wear some trial frame
which emits radiation from LED’s and then patient is allowed to
observe the LED light that are mounted on the screen and they
are designed to glow in some specific pattern. The motion of the
patient’s eye and head while observing the LED pattern is
continuously monitored by camera and sensors that are present
on the device and information is stored and processed. Based on
this information Eye Movements Region map is generated. Once
the eye and head movements region map is generated they are
combined to form a generalized region map. This map is then
used to suggest the patient with the customized progressive lens.
Retinal recognition uses the unique pattern of blood vessels in the retina to identify individuals. It is considered the most reliable biometric since the retina develops randomly and is difficult to alter. However, retinal scanners are invasive, expensive, and not widely accepted. They work by capturing an image of the retina using infrared light and extracting over 400 data points to create a template for identification. Factors like eye movement, distance from the lens, or a dirty lens can cause errors in scanning.
This include a brief explanation of the clinical refraction methods in the eye examination procedure. In order to get the full video download the ppt. it includes a lot of important things
1. Eye Tracking Techniques and
applications
eie426-EyeTracking-200903.ppt
03/06/13 EIE426-AICV 1
2. Outline
Part I :Physiology of the EYE
Part II : Mechanism of Eye Movements
Part III :Eye Tracking Technology
Part IV :Eye Tracking Applications
03/06/13 EIE426-AICV 2
6. Part II : Mechanism of Eye Movements
CAN YOU BELIEVE YOUR EYE
03/06/13 EIE426-AICV 6
7. Part III :Eye Tracking Technology
HOW EYE TRACKER WORKS
03/06/13 EIE426-AICV 7
8. Outline
1. Current State and Application of Eye Gaze Tracking
(EGT) Technology
2. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
3. The Framework of EGT system
9. Ⅰ. Current State and Application of Eye
Gaze Tracking (EGT) Technology
10. Ⅰ. Current State and Application of Eye Gaze Tracking (EGT) Technology
What is EGT
eye gaze——The line from the fovea through the center of
the pupil is the line of sight (LoS). Usually, we
take the optical axis as line of gaze (LoG). LoG
can be approximate to LoS. In fact, LoS
determines a person’s visual attention.
eye gaze Tracking——By image Processing,if the LoG or LoS
can be estimated, the point of regard (POR) is
computed as the intersection of the LoG (or LoS)
with the object of the scene or space.
History and Development of EGT
Interests of Visual attention can be traced back to 1897. At that time, it was a kind of
diagnostic research, i.e. the recording of eye movement. Those technologies include
ophthalmometer, Mechanical Method, Electro-Oculography (EOG), Optical-based
Method , electromagnetic Oculography
eye movement initially applied in medical research, such as brain and physiology
analysis. with the development of Electronics, Computer and Image processing
technology, further research focuses on Eye Gaze Tracking Technology .
13. Ⅰ. Current State and Application of Eye Gaze Tracking (EGT)
Technology
eye tracking techniques :
1. Direct Observation : ophthalmometer, peep-hole method
2. Mechanic Method : use level to record eye movement
3. Optical-based Method : Reflection Method ( mirror or prism )、 Pupil-
Corneal reflection 、 Purkinje Image
4. Electro-Oculography (EOG): recorded the difference in the skin potential
5. Electromagnetic Oculography : The users gaze is estimated from
measuring the voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field
Except Optical-based Method, the above methods are more or less low accuracy or
high intrusiveness . As a result, Modern Eye Gaze Tracking Techniques are mostly
based on Optical-based Method.
15. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
Image-Based EGT Technology
1. Infrared Light : out of visible light; Paired with filter to eliminate the
light of other wavelength ;
2. Eye camera :tracking eye movement and recording eye image
sequence
3. Image Processing: detecting the visual elements
4. Further Estimation: 。 Having pre-processed, the data of eye gaze
can be get from eye-movement model
16. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
System Framework
Input
Image Image Feature
acquisition Estimation
Processing
Output
Data Eye
Estimation Tracking Calibration
17. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
Function of Each Module
Image acquisition:
1 get bright pupil or dark pupil
Image Processing :
2 Filtering ,Noise reducing ,difference ,thresholding
Feature Estimation:
3 Estimating the center of Pupil and corneal reflection
Eye Tracking:
4 Estimation of eye gaze
Data Estimation:
5 Algorithm validation ,eye movement data analysis
18. Theory of EGT Technology
2D to detect the Optical Axis (basic)
2D to detect the Line of Sight (Advanced)
¹â Öá O A 2 D ·½ ·¨
ÊÓ Ïß Öá L O S 3 D ·½ ·¨
20. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Humanity
Usually By goggle , helmet …
Head
features : high accuracy
Mounted
Eye Tracker defects : intrusiveness
Usually on table
Remote features : non-intrusive
Eye Tracker defects : eye and head
relative motion
21. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
The Limbus is the boundary between the white sclera and the dark
Limbus-Scalar iris of the eye. By placing IR light emitting diodes and photo-
transistors, respectively, above and below the eye. the resulting
IR Tracking voltage difference is proportional to the angular deviation of the eye.
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to decide
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
22. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
ThePurkinje images are reflectionsreflections
The Purkinje images are created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
created at different layers of the eye
from these relative positions of these reflections
structure. Eye gaze can be
将两对氯化银皮肤表面电极分别置于眼睛左右、上下
EOG calculated from thesein the skin is possible
By placing electrodes around the eye, it
两侧 , 就能引起眼球变化方向上的微弱电信号 , 经放
to measure small differences
relativepotential
positions ofto eye movement.
corresponding these reflections
大后得到眼球运动的位置信息
The Limbus is the boundary between the white sclera and the dark
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus is the boundary between the white
iris of the eye. By placing IR light emitting diodes and photo-
transistors, the dark iris of the eye. This eye. the resulting
sclera andrespectively, above and below theboundary can
IR Tracking voltage be opticallyproportional to the angular deviation of the eye.
easily difference is detected and tracked
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to decide
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
23. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus is the boundary between the white
sclera and the dark iris of the eye. This boundary can
IR Tracking easily be optically detected and tracked
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to decide
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
24. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus isis the boundary betweenwhitewhite
The Limbus the boundary between the the
sclera and the dark iris of thethe eye. By placing IR
sclera and the dark iris of eye. This boundary can
IR Tracking light emitting diodes andand tracked
easily be optically detected photo-transistors,
respectively, above and below the eye. the
将两对氯化银皮肤表面电极分别置于眼睛左右、上下两
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN resulting voltage difference is proportional to
at a, specific
侧 就能引起眼球变化方向上的微弱电信号 , 经放大后
the angular Calibration of the eye. ANN to decide
得到眼球运动的位置信息 deviation markers. Use
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
25. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus is the boundary between the white
sclera and the dark iris of the eye. This boundary can
IR Tracking easily be optically detected and tracked
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to decide
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
26. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus is the boundary between the white
sclera and the dark iris of the eye. This boundary can
IR Tracking easily be optically detected and tracked
Use a small coil taken when the usera contact
Training images are embedded into is looking
ANN lens that is tightly fit over the sclera decide
at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to . The
user’s gaze is estimated from measuring
the eye gaze
theavoltageembedded into a contact lens that coil byfit
induced in the search is tightly
将两对氯化银皮肤表面电极分别置于眼睛左右、上下
Contact Lens Use small coil
an the sclera . electro-magnetic field. , 经放
两侧 , 就能引起眼球变化方向上的微弱电信号
over externalThe user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
大后得到眼球运动的位置信息
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
27. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
From View of Theory
The Purkinje images are reflections created at different
Purkinje Image layers of the eye structure. Eye gaze can be calculated
from these relative positions of these reflections
By placing electrodes around the eye, it is possible
EOG to measure small differences in the skin potential
corresponding to eye movement.
Limbus-Scalar The Limbus is the boundary between the white
sclera and the dark iris of the eye. This boundary can
IR Tracking easily be optically detected and tracked
Training images are taken when the user is looking
ANN at a specific Calibration markers. Use ANN to decide
the eye gaze
Contact Lens Use a small coil embedded into a contact lens that is tightly fit
over the sclera . The user’s gaze is estimated from measuring the
voltage induced in the search coil by an external electro-magnetic
field.
Pupil-Corneal The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and
divide pupil from iris, the difference between can
reflection represent the eye gaze movement
28. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
EGC Technology Accuracy Features
High accuracy, but the light is
Purkinje Image 0.017 0 hard to control and can only be
used in Lab
low robustness, low accuracy,
EOG 1.50-2° high intrusiveness
V 1 0 -7 0 Horizontal accuracy is better
Limbus Tracking than Vertical, but both are low
H 0.5 0 -7 0
No need of calibration,low
ANN 1.3-1.8° accuracy,
high accuracy, high
Contact Lens 0.08 0 intrusiveness
Pupil Corneal Reflection 1° The best one till now
30. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
Development
Early stage : Direct Observation ,Mechanical Method
Initial Methods, not used any more for high intrusiveness and poor accuracy
Development : EOG 、 Electromagnetic Oculography
Although have improved a lot and widely used , these method are disappearing because of the
intrusiveness
Advanced : Optical Method :
Because of its’ high accuracy and low intrusiveness, Optical Method have made rapid progress
in recent years.
1. The Purkinje images are reflections created at different layers of the eye structure. and the
eye gaze can be calculated from these relative positions of these reflections
2. Photo-Oculography : it measures the eye movement during it's translation/rotation. with the
IR light source, shape of the pupil ,Limbus or corneal reflection is detected
3. Limbus-Scalar IR Method: They place IR light emitting diodes and IR light sensitive photo-
transistors, respectively, above and below the eye. Several such IR pairs can be mounted
on goggles or helmets, a photo-transistor transforms the reflected IR light into a voltage.
the resulting voltage difference is proportional to the angular deviation of the eye.
4. Pupil-Corneal Reflection: The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and divide pupil
from iris, the camera can extract the pupil which represent the eye gaze, on the other hand
the corneal reflection represent the head motion, as a result, the difference between them
represents the real eye gaze movement. 。
31. Ⅱ. Theory and the Classification of EGT Technology
Feature of Remote Eye Gaze Tracker
B o d y - M o u n t e d £º g o g g l e ¡¢ h e l m e t ¡¢ b a c k p a c k , e t c
n o t e : a l t h o u g h l a b e l e d w i t h i n r u s i v e ,b u t m o r e a n d m o r e b o d y - M o u n t e d s y s t e m s
are b e c o m in g n o n -in tru s ive
View of
appearance
Robustness R e m o t e s y s t e m £º R e m o t e E Y E G a ze T r a c k e r (R E G T )
Light Source
Eyelash, Eyelids and Camera Position
System Error
Eye station (dry or wet)
head motion
Lower accuracy than
Head Mounted Eye Tracker
33. Ⅲ A Practical Eye Gaze Tracking System
Framework of EGT System
Hardware : a Pair of Cameras
eye camera
scene camera
eye camera is for acquisition of pupil corneal reflection image,
scene camera is for: 1 mapping from the eye image coordinate to scene image coordinate ;2
Showing the combining result of POR and scene in same image :
M o r n ite r O u tp u t o f S c e n e
V id e o S tr e a m
V is u a l S t im u lu s
E ye C a m era
IR S o u rc e
S cene C a m era
T r a c k in g o f
P u p il A u to
-C o rn e a l M a p p in g
R e fle c t io n
O u tp u t o f E y e IR S o u rc e
O p tic a l S y s te m
V id e o S tr e a m
P C
34. Ⅲ A Practical Eye Gaze Tracking System
appearance of EGT System
35. Ⅲ Practical Eye Gaze Tracking System
Theory of a Head Mounted Eye Tracker
Capture Estimate Coordinate Eye
Eye Camera Pupil-Corne Pupil-Corneal Mapping Tracking
al image reflection Result
22222222222
Calibration
222222222D
Mapping between Eye
xianglian
Coordinate to Scene Tracking
Coordinate
Scene Camera
36. Ⅲ Practical Eye Gaze Tracking System
Bright Pupil and Dark Pupil
Bright Pupil
Dark Pupil
Difference
Image
When IR source is placed near the optical axis of the camera
bright pupil as can be seen ;while IR is placed off the optical
axis, a dark pupil can be seen. By Thresholding, a robust
pupil contour can be extracted .
37. Ⅲ Practical Eye Gaze Tracking System
Bright Pupil and Dark Pupil
Bright Dark Pupil
Pupil
Corneal Reflection
The IR source can generate a glint on corneal and divide
pupil from iris, the camera can extract the pupil which
represent the eye gaze, on the other hand the corneal
reflection represent the head motion, as a result, the
difference between them represents the real eye gaze
movement.
42. Applications
Human Computer Interaction (HCI)—— efficiency, humanity
Intelligent Control —— EGT and Weapon Control
Human Movement Study ——Typing, physical training
Psychology —— Antinational Neuroscience,
Visual attention & Driving ——Aviation, navigation, driving,
traffic accidents inspection
Scene and Image Perception—— Web, AD, Designing, Scene
03/06/13 EIE426-AICV 42