This document describes a proposed collision avoidance system for automobiles using embedded systems. It involves using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects in front of a vehicle and signal a microcontroller to automatically apply the brakes if an object gets too close. The system aims to actively avoid accidents by maintaining a safe distance from other vehicles and objects. It discusses the conceptual design of the collision avoidance system, which would use sensors to detect obstacles, a control module to process the sensor data, and actuators to enable automatic braking if needed based on the control logic in the microcontroller. The goal is to develop an active safety system to help reduce traffic accidents and injuries.
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed advanced control system for two-wheeled vehicles that incorporates both an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). It aims to improve safety by preventing wheel lock and maintaining stability during braking and maneuvers. The system would use sensors to monitor wheel speed, steering angle, acceleration and vehicle orientation. An onboard computer would integrate this data and differentially control braking pressure at each wheel to prevent skidding and loss of control. It would also use GPS and GSM to automatically report the location of any crash to emergency services. The document provides background on ABS and ESC, describes the proposed hardware and software components, and outlines the anticipated functional operation and safety benefits of the
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the earlier days, vehicles such as Motorbikes hardly had Mechanical support in all concerns, in the recent past the development in Electronic devices in Motorbikes are evolving, with components such as E-breaks, Digital speedometers, etc. and most interesting from an engineering point of view, dealing with motorcycle dynamics is more complex than it is for four wheeled vehicles. In four-wheeled vehicles, electronic stability control (ESC) was introduced in the recent past to improve passengers’ safety in critical driving conditions and it is now part of most commercial cars. For two-wheeled vehicles, the design of such a control system is an open problem, and it constitutes quite a challenging task due to the complexity of two-wheeled vehicles dynamics and to the strong interaction between the vehicle and the driver, so to encourage this scheme I am Designing an advanced electronic active stability control system with ABS assistance for e-bikes providing the much needed vehicle roll stability control in situations such as high speed cornering etc. Designing a system that, in any case of emergency situation such as crashing, will send the bicycle accident location to nearby hospitals/emergency services with the assistance of GSM Keywords- Antilock Breaking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Degree of freedom (DoF), Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)
Drive-by-wire technology replaces traditional mechanical systems with electronic systems controlled by electronic control units (ECUs). ECUs consist of microcontrollers, sensors, power switches, drivers, and voltage regulators. They connect sensors and actuators to a central ECU. Modern cars contain up to 100 ECUs communicating over automotive bus protocols like CAN, LIN, and FlexRay. This allows for advanced driver assistance systems like anti-lock braking systems and electronic stability control.
1. The document discusses embedded systems used in automobiles, including components like airbags, ABS, traction control, adaptive cruise control, and drive-by-wire systems.
2. It describes how various automotive safety and driver assistance systems work, such as how airbags restrain passengers on impact based on Newton's laws, and how ABS sensors and control units prevent wheel lockups.
3. Embedded systems in cars provide sophisticated functionality to run algorithms and interfaces while meeting deadlines, at low power and cost to implement technologies like dynamic stability control and adaptive cruise control with collision warning.
This document outlines a thesis proposal for an intelligent embedded control warning system for reversing cars. The system would use ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles behind a vehicle and warn the driver through LED lights and sounds. The document discusses the problem of accidents during reversing, reviews relevant literature on microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors, and outlines the objectives, methodology, and scope of the proposed project to design such a system.
Embedded system in_automobiles_seminar_report_1234Ganesh Bv
Embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control external environments. They are used in many applications including automobiles, medical devices, wearables, and driverless vehicles. Embedded systems are small, have minimal user interfaces, and are designed to perform specific tasks in real-time. They are found in technologies like anti-lock braking systems, pacemakers, adaptive cruise control, and smart home appliances. As embedded systems become more advanced, they will enable remote health monitoring and driverless transportation capabilities.
CAS is a collision avoidance system designed to prevent rear-end collisions. It uses sensors like millimeter-wave radar and an electronic control unit to detect the distance and closing speed to vehicles ahead. When a collision is detected as imminent, it provides warnings through visual and audio alerts and applies braking to help avoid or mitigate the impact of a crash. CAS has become increasingly common in vehicles from manufacturers worldwide since the early 2000s and could expand to other transportation modes in the future.
DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF SAFETY CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILESIJCSEA Journal
In light of the recent humongous growth of the human population worldwide, there has also been a voluminous and uncontrolled growth of vehicles, which has consequently increased the number of road accidents to a large extent. In lieu of a solution to the above mentioned issue, our system is an attempt to mitigate the same using synchronous programming language. The aim is to develop a safety crash warning system that will address the rear end crashes and also take over the controlling of the vehicle when the threat is at a very high level. Adapting according to the environmental conditions is also a prominent feature of the system. Safety System provides warnings to drivers to assist in avoiding rear-end crashes with other vehicles. Initially the system provides a low level alarm and as the severity of the threat increases the level of warnings or alerts also rises. At the highest level of threat, the system enters in a Cruise Control Mode, wherein the system controls the speed of the vehicle by controlling the engine throttle and if permitted, the brake system of the vehicle. We focus on this crash area as it has a very high percentage of the crash-related fatalities. To prove the feasibility, robustness and reliability of the system, we have also proved some of the properties of the system using temporal logic along with a reference implementation in ESTEREL. To bolster the same, we have formally verified various properties of the system along with their proofs.
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed advanced control system for two-wheeled vehicles that incorporates both an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC). It aims to improve safety by preventing wheel lock and maintaining stability during braking and maneuvers. The system would use sensors to monitor wheel speed, steering angle, acceleration and vehicle orientation. An onboard computer would integrate this data and differentially control braking pressure at each wheel to prevent skidding and loss of control. It would also use GPS and GSM to automatically report the location of any crash to emergency services. The document provides background on ABS and ESC, describes the proposed hardware and software components, and outlines the anticipated functional operation and safety benefits of the
Advanced control systems in two wheeler and finding the collision site of the...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the earlier days, vehicles such as Motorbikes hardly had Mechanical support in all concerns, in the recent past the development in Electronic devices in Motorbikes are evolving, with components such as E-breaks, Digital speedometers, etc. and most interesting from an engineering point of view, dealing with motorcycle dynamics is more complex than it is for four wheeled vehicles. In four-wheeled vehicles, electronic stability control (ESC) was introduced in the recent past to improve passengers’ safety in critical driving conditions and it is now part of most commercial cars. For two-wheeled vehicles, the design of such a control system is an open problem, and it constitutes quite a challenging task due to the complexity of two-wheeled vehicles dynamics and to the strong interaction between the vehicle and the driver, so to encourage this scheme I am Designing an advanced electronic active stability control system with ABS assistance for e-bikes providing the much needed vehicle roll stability control in situations such as high speed cornering etc. Designing a system that, in any case of emergency situation such as crashing, will send the bicycle accident location to nearby hospitals/emergency services with the assistance of GSM Keywords- Antilock Breaking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Degree of freedom (DoF), Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)
Drive-by-wire technology replaces traditional mechanical systems with electronic systems controlled by electronic control units (ECUs). ECUs consist of microcontrollers, sensors, power switches, drivers, and voltage regulators. They connect sensors and actuators to a central ECU. Modern cars contain up to 100 ECUs communicating over automotive bus protocols like CAN, LIN, and FlexRay. This allows for advanced driver assistance systems like anti-lock braking systems and electronic stability control.
1. The document discusses embedded systems used in automobiles, including components like airbags, ABS, traction control, adaptive cruise control, and drive-by-wire systems.
2. It describes how various automotive safety and driver assistance systems work, such as how airbags restrain passengers on impact based on Newton's laws, and how ABS sensors and control units prevent wheel lockups.
3. Embedded systems in cars provide sophisticated functionality to run algorithms and interfaces while meeting deadlines, at low power and cost to implement technologies like dynamic stability control and adaptive cruise control with collision warning.
This document outlines a thesis proposal for an intelligent embedded control warning system for reversing cars. The system would use ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles behind a vehicle and warn the driver through LED lights and sounds. The document discusses the problem of accidents during reversing, reviews relevant literature on microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors, and outlines the objectives, methodology, and scope of the proposed project to design such a system.
Embedded system in_automobiles_seminar_report_1234Ganesh Bv
Embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control external environments. They are used in many applications including automobiles, medical devices, wearables, and driverless vehicles. Embedded systems are small, have minimal user interfaces, and are designed to perform specific tasks in real-time. They are found in technologies like anti-lock braking systems, pacemakers, adaptive cruise control, and smart home appliances. As embedded systems become more advanced, they will enable remote health monitoring and driverless transportation capabilities.
CAS is a collision avoidance system designed to prevent rear-end collisions. It uses sensors like millimeter-wave radar and an electronic control unit to detect the distance and closing speed to vehicles ahead. When a collision is detected as imminent, it provides warnings through visual and audio alerts and applies braking to help avoid or mitigate the impact of a crash. CAS has become increasingly common in vehicles from manufacturers worldwide since the early 2000s and could expand to other transportation modes in the future.
DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF SAFETY CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILESIJCSEA Journal
In light of the recent humongous growth of the human population worldwide, there has also been a voluminous and uncontrolled growth of vehicles, which has consequently increased the number of road accidents to a large extent. In lieu of a solution to the above mentioned issue, our system is an attempt to mitigate the same using synchronous programming language. The aim is to develop a safety crash warning system that will address the rear end crashes and also take over the controlling of the vehicle when the threat is at a very high level. Adapting according to the environmental conditions is also a prominent feature of the system. Safety System provides warnings to drivers to assist in avoiding rear-end crashes with other vehicles. Initially the system provides a low level alarm and as the severity of the threat increases the level of warnings or alerts also rises. At the highest level of threat, the system enters in a Cruise Control Mode, wherein the system controls the speed of the vehicle by controlling the engine throttle and if permitted, the brake system of the vehicle. We focus on this crash area as it has a very high percentage of the crash-related fatalities. To prove the feasibility, robustness and reliability of the system, we have also proved some of the properties of the system using temporal logic along with a reference implementation in ESTEREL. To bolster the same, we have formally verified various properties of the system along with their proofs.
Information about some devices , instrument and system which include
1. ABS
2. EBD
3. Brake Assist
4. Automatic Transmission Speed Sensor
5. Airbag
6. Tachometer
7. Crash Sensor
8. Engine Immobilizer
9. Automatic Climate Control
10. Cruise Control
11. Traction Control
12. Electronic Stability Control
13. AWD
14. 4WD
This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes a proposed design for stability control on a motorbike that includes antilock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC). The system uses sensors to measure acceleration, steering angle, wheel speed and other factors to differentially apply braking pressure to the wheels to prevent skidding and loss of control. It also includes a digital MEMS sensor to detect vehicle location and crashes. The system has three electronic control units to manage the front wheel, rear wheel and main dashboard. It uses a CAN network and FreeRTOS real-time operating system. The design aims to improve safety for motorbike riders compared to existing mechanical systems. Future work could focus on further testing and refining the integrated active safety system
IRJET- Intelligent Vehicle Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an intelligent vehicle control system using haptic shared control of the steering mechanism and braking system. It begins with an introduction to the increasing road accidents in India and need for driver assistance systems. It then discusses existing driver assistance systems like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, emergency braking assist. The proposed system uses haptic control through torque feedback on the steering wheel to guide the human driver. It calculates time to collision using vehicle position and trajectory to determine when brakes need to be applied. The system aims to reduce accidents by smooth collaboration between human and vehicle controls through mutual communication in the form of touch.
ESTEREL IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION OF CRUISE CONTROLLERcscpconf
Recently there has been mammoth growth in the world population which has also contributed to
the voluminous growth of vehicles. As a consequence of this, the numbers of accidents on roads
have also increased to a large extent. Our system is an attempt to mitigate the same using
synchronous programming language. The aim is to develop a safety crash warning system that
will address the rear end crashes and also take over the controlling of the vehicle when the
threat is at a very high level. Adapting according to the environmental conditions is also a
prominent feature of the system. Safety System provides warnings to drivers to assist in avoiding
rear-end crashes with other vehicles. Initially the system provides a low level alarm and as the
severity of the threat increases the level of warnings or alerts also rises. At the highest level of
threat, the system enters in a Cruise Control Mode, wherein the system controls the speed of the
vehicle by controlling the engine throttle and if permitted, the brake system of the vehicle. We
focus on this crash area as it has a very high percentage of the crash-related fatalities. A
reference implementation of the safety algorithm in ESTEREL is proposed, which is also
formally verified along with the proofs of various properties that the system obeys
The document discusses embedded systems in automobiles. It defines embedded systems and describes their characteristics. It then discusses several key automotive systems that use embedded technology like airbags, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and event data recorders (EDRs). Airbags use sensors to detect crashes and actuators to deploy the airbags at varying levels depending on crash severity. ABS uses wheel speed sensors to detect lockup and controls braking pressure to prevent skidding. EDRs permanently record crash data to help with accident reconstruction. Embedded systems are critical components in modern automotive safety and electronic features.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses anti-collision devices for trains and cars. It describes an anti-collision device called "Raksha Kavach" developed by Konkan Railways for trains that uses radio communication, GPS, and microprocessors to automatically assess trains' courses and prevent collisions. It also discusses the concept of "crashless cars" that use sensors, cameras, radars and vehicle-to-vehicle networking to monitor traffic and issue collision warnings to drivers or automatically apply brakes to avoid accidents by recognizing objects over 100 feet away and detecting unintentional lane departures. The document notes that while such technologies could prevent most train and vehicle collisions, high costs remain a major obstacle to their widespread adoption.
IRJET- Intelligent Braking System for AutomobilesIRJET Journal
The document describes an intelligent braking system for automobiles that uses GPS to govern vehicle speed in accident-prone zones. The system includes an electronic brake control module, Bluetooth module, Arduino microcontroller, and GPS/smartphone module. It works by using the GPS to determine the vehicle's location and sending that data to the microcontroller via Bluetooth. The microcontroller processes the data and controls the brakes to limit speed in zones with assigned speed limits, like near schools or hospitals, in order to help reduce accidents. The goal of the system is to help enforce speed limits and reduce accidents by governing vehicle speed through electronic braking control.
IRJET- Smart Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor and ActuatorIRJET Journal
The document proposes a smart braking system for two-wheeler vehicles that uses an ultrasonic sensor mounted on the front of the vehicle to detect obstacles and signal a microcontroller to automatically activate the brakes. It aims to reduce accidents caused by factors like driver negligence, drunken driving, or poor road conditions by applying the brakes automatically through an electronic system rather than relying on manual braking. The system is designed to increase safety by reducing reaction time delays and preventing accidents through automatic braking activated by ultrasonic sensors.
The document describes a collision warning system with automatic braking for vehicles. It works by using sensors like radar and cameras to detect objects in front of the vehicle. If an object is detected and the speed differential suggests a collision is likely, the system automatically activates the brakes. The document outlines how different manufacturers implement such systems and provides examples of specific systems like Collision Mitigation Brake System (CMBS). It also describes how such a system could work on a motorcycle and includes diagrams of example circuits and components used to build an automatic braking system.
Today, a typical automobile on the road has computer controlled electronic systems, and the most commonly used embedded systems in a vehicle include Airbags, anti-lock braking system, black box, adaptive cruise control, drive by wire, satellite radio, telematics, emission control, traction control, automatic parking, in-vehicle entertainment systems, night vision, heads up display, back up collision sensors, navigational systems, tyre pressure monitor, climate control, etc
Embedded systems, especially in-vehicle embedded systems, are ubiquitously related to our everyday life. The development of embedded systems greatly facilitates the comfort of people’s life, changes our view of things, and has a significant impact on society
This document discusses an autonomous emergency braking system that uses laser sensors to detect vehicles ahead and automatically apply the brakes to avoid collisions if needed. It begins by introducing the system and its goal of preventing accidents through intelligent electronic control of the braking system. It then describes the key technologies used, including laser sensors to detect vehicles and electronic control units to process the sensor data and apply the brakes. Finally, it summarizes that the autonomous emergency braking system is designed to increase safety on the road by reducing the braking distance of vehicles and the number of accidents through automatic application of the brakes when collisions are imminent.
The document discusses the development and working of an engine speed automation system with auto cruise and anti-lock braking modules, including an overview of how the engine control unit regulates fuel injection and ignition timing based on sensor inputs to control engine speed, and descriptions of how auto cruise control and anti-lock braking systems function to automatically maintain vehicle speed and prevent wheel locking during braking respectively.
Vehicle technology has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly in relation
to braking system and sensing system. In parallel to the development of braking
technologies, sensors have been developed that are capable of detecting physical obstacles,
other vehicles or pedestrians around the vehicle. This development prevents accidents of
vehicles using Stereo Multi-Purpose cameras, Automated Emergency Braking Systems and
Ultrasonic Sensors. The stereo multi-purpose camera provides spatial intelligence of up to
50 metres in front of the vehicle and there is an environment recognition of 500 metres.
Cars can automatically brake due to obstacles or any hindrance when the sensor senses the
obstacles. The braking circuit function is to brake the car automatically after receiving
signal from the sensors. All cars are competent in applying brakes automatically to a
maximum extent of deceleration of 0.4g. Integrated safety systems are based on three
principles. They are: collision avoidance, collision mitigation braking systems and forward
collision warning.
An Intelligent Approach To Braking System Using Artificial Neural NetworkRavina Dadhich
My presentation is all about increasing vehicle's class by adopting an intelligent approach to braking system using Artificial Neural Network.This approach will give high customer satisfaction and even reduces the chances of accidents. Ultimate driving experience can be felt out if your automobile is fitted with this braking technology.
This document describes a proposed intelligent vehicle system that uses sensors and CAN-bus signals to monitor the driver and vehicle for safety purposes. The system would use a camera to detect driver drowsiness through eye blink detection, ultrasonic sensors to monitor vehicle distance, GPS for location tracking, and sensors to collect vehicle speed, steering angle, and brake pressure data. If the driver's eyes are closed for longer than a set period, an alarm would sound to warn of drowsiness. The goal is to enhance safety by continuously communicating with the driver and alerting them to potential fatigue or risks.
DEPLOYING HEALTH MONITORING ECU TOWARDS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-VEHIC...cscpconf
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where
more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
Information about some devices , instrument and system which include
1. ABS
2. EBD
3. Brake Assist
4. Automatic Transmission Speed Sensor
5. Airbag
6. Tachometer
7. Crash Sensor
8. Engine Immobilizer
9. Automatic Climate Control
10. Cruise Control
11. Traction Control
12. Electronic Stability Control
13. AWD
14. 4WD
This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document describes a proposed design for stability control on a motorbike that includes antilock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC). The system uses sensors to measure acceleration, steering angle, wheel speed and other factors to differentially apply braking pressure to the wheels to prevent skidding and loss of control. It also includes a digital MEMS sensor to detect vehicle location and crashes. The system has three electronic control units to manage the front wheel, rear wheel and main dashboard. It uses a CAN network and FreeRTOS real-time operating system. The design aims to improve safety for motorbike riders compared to existing mechanical systems. Future work could focus on further testing and refining the integrated active safety system
IRJET- Intelligent Vehicle Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an intelligent vehicle control system using haptic shared control of the steering mechanism and braking system. It begins with an introduction to the increasing road accidents in India and need for driver assistance systems. It then discusses existing driver assistance systems like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, emergency braking assist. The proposed system uses haptic control through torque feedback on the steering wheel to guide the human driver. It calculates time to collision using vehicle position and trajectory to determine when brakes need to be applied. The system aims to reduce accidents by smooth collaboration between human and vehicle controls through mutual communication in the form of touch.
ESTEREL IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION OF CRUISE CONTROLLERcscpconf
Recently there has been mammoth growth in the world population which has also contributed to
the voluminous growth of vehicles. As a consequence of this, the numbers of accidents on roads
have also increased to a large extent. Our system is an attempt to mitigate the same using
synchronous programming language. The aim is to develop a safety crash warning system that
will address the rear end crashes and also take over the controlling of the vehicle when the
threat is at a very high level. Adapting according to the environmental conditions is also a
prominent feature of the system. Safety System provides warnings to drivers to assist in avoiding
rear-end crashes with other vehicles. Initially the system provides a low level alarm and as the
severity of the threat increases the level of warnings or alerts also rises. At the highest level of
threat, the system enters in a Cruise Control Mode, wherein the system controls the speed of the
vehicle by controlling the engine throttle and if permitted, the brake system of the vehicle. We
focus on this crash area as it has a very high percentage of the crash-related fatalities. A
reference implementation of the safety algorithm in ESTEREL is proposed, which is also
formally verified along with the proofs of various properties that the system obeys
The document discusses embedded systems in automobiles. It defines embedded systems and describes their characteristics. It then discusses several key automotive systems that use embedded technology like airbags, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and event data recorders (EDRs). Airbags use sensors to detect crashes and actuators to deploy the airbags at varying levels depending on crash severity. ABS uses wheel speed sensors to detect lockup and controls braking pressure to prevent skidding. EDRs permanently record crash data to help with accident reconstruction. Embedded systems are critical components in modern automotive safety and electronic features.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses anti-collision devices for trains and cars. It describes an anti-collision device called "Raksha Kavach" developed by Konkan Railways for trains that uses radio communication, GPS, and microprocessors to automatically assess trains' courses and prevent collisions. It also discusses the concept of "crashless cars" that use sensors, cameras, radars and vehicle-to-vehicle networking to monitor traffic and issue collision warnings to drivers or automatically apply brakes to avoid accidents by recognizing objects over 100 feet away and detecting unintentional lane departures. The document notes that while such technologies could prevent most train and vehicle collisions, high costs remain a major obstacle to their widespread adoption.
IRJET- Intelligent Braking System for AutomobilesIRJET Journal
The document describes an intelligent braking system for automobiles that uses GPS to govern vehicle speed in accident-prone zones. The system includes an electronic brake control module, Bluetooth module, Arduino microcontroller, and GPS/smartphone module. It works by using the GPS to determine the vehicle's location and sending that data to the microcontroller via Bluetooth. The microcontroller processes the data and controls the brakes to limit speed in zones with assigned speed limits, like near schools or hospitals, in order to help reduce accidents. The goal of the system is to help enforce speed limits and reduce accidents by governing vehicle speed through electronic braking control.
IRJET- Smart Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor and ActuatorIRJET Journal
The document proposes a smart braking system for two-wheeler vehicles that uses an ultrasonic sensor mounted on the front of the vehicle to detect obstacles and signal a microcontroller to automatically activate the brakes. It aims to reduce accidents caused by factors like driver negligence, drunken driving, or poor road conditions by applying the brakes automatically through an electronic system rather than relying on manual braking. The system is designed to increase safety by reducing reaction time delays and preventing accidents through automatic braking activated by ultrasonic sensors.
The document describes a collision warning system with automatic braking for vehicles. It works by using sensors like radar and cameras to detect objects in front of the vehicle. If an object is detected and the speed differential suggests a collision is likely, the system automatically activates the brakes. The document outlines how different manufacturers implement such systems and provides examples of specific systems like Collision Mitigation Brake System (CMBS). It also describes how such a system could work on a motorcycle and includes diagrams of example circuits and components used to build an automatic braking system.
Today, a typical automobile on the road has computer controlled electronic systems, and the most commonly used embedded systems in a vehicle include Airbags, anti-lock braking system, black box, adaptive cruise control, drive by wire, satellite radio, telematics, emission control, traction control, automatic parking, in-vehicle entertainment systems, night vision, heads up display, back up collision sensors, navigational systems, tyre pressure monitor, climate control, etc
Embedded systems, especially in-vehicle embedded systems, are ubiquitously related to our everyday life. The development of embedded systems greatly facilitates the comfort of people’s life, changes our view of things, and has a significant impact on society
This document discusses an autonomous emergency braking system that uses laser sensors to detect vehicles ahead and automatically apply the brakes to avoid collisions if needed. It begins by introducing the system and its goal of preventing accidents through intelligent electronic control of the braking system. It then describes the key technologies used, including laser sensors to detect vehicles and electronic control units to process the sensor data and apply the brakes. Finally, it summarizes that the autonomous emergency braking system is designed to increase safety on the road by reducing the braking distance of vehicles and the number of accidents through automatic application of the brakes when collisions are imminent.
The document discusses the development and working of an engine speed automation system with auto cruise and anti-lock braking modules, including an overview of how the engine control unit regulates fuel injection and ignition timing based on sensor inputs to control engine speed, and descriptions of how auto cruise control and anti-lock braking systems function to automatically maintain vehicle speed and prevent wheel locking during braking respectively.
Vehicle technology has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly in relation
to braking system and sensing system. In parallel to the development of braking
technologies, sensors have been developed that are capable of detecting physical obstacles,
other vehicles or pedestrians around the vehicle. This development prevents accidents of
vehicles using Stereo Multi-Purpose cameras, Automated Emergency Braking Systems and
Ultrasonic Sensors. The stereo multi-purpose camera provides spatial intelligence of up to
50 metres in front of the vehicle and there is an environment recognition of 500 metres.
Cars can automatically brake due to obstacles or any hindrance when the sensor senses the
obstacles. The braking circuit function is to brake the car automatically after receiving
signal from the sensors. All cars are competent in applying brakes automatically to a
maximum extent of deceleration of 0.4g. Integrated safety systems are based on three
principles. They are: collision avoidance, collision mitigation braking systems and forward
collision warning.
An Intelligent Approach To Braking System Using Artificial Neural NetworkRavina Dadhich
My presentation is all about increasing vehicle's class by adopting an intelligent approach to braking system using Artificial Neural Network.This approach will give high customer satisfaction and even reduces the chances of accidents. Ultimate driving experience can be felt out if your automobile is fitted with this braking technology.
This document describes a proposed intelligent vehicle system that uses sensors and CAN-bus signals to monitor the driver and vehicle for safety purposes. The system would use a camera to detect driver drowsiness through eye blink detection, ultrasonic sensors to monitor vehicle distance, GPS for location tracking, and sensors to collect vehicle speed, steering angle, and brake pressure data. If the driver's eyes are closed for longer than a set period, an alarm would sound to warn of drowsiness. The goal is to enhance safety by continuously communicating with the driver and alerting them to potential fatigue or risks.
DEPLOYING HEALTH MONITORING ECU TOWARDS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-VEHIC...cscpconf
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where
more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
This document describes the design and implementation of a collision avoidance system for automobiles using an embedded system. It discusses the need for such a system to actively avoid accidents by using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects in front of the vehicle. When an object is detected, the microcontroller sends a signal to automatically apply the brakes based on a braking logic. It provides an overview of the embedded system components and describes the hardware initialization process. It also includes block diagrams of the ultrasonic sensor and discusses factors that affect stopping distances. The conclusion discusses the benefits of collision avoidance systems and potential future work.
An autonomous vehicle is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Imbibing intelligence to these devices is through a system called embedded systems. Embedded Systems are combinations of hardware and software that are mounted on compact electronic circuit boards integrated into devices. Autonomous vehicles sense their surroundings with such techniques as radar, GPS, and computer vision. These systems are more intelligent and autonomous.
The challenge faced by this system is that; there are many possible ways for hacking the GPS. This system also contains alternate way for moving the car even if still the GPS is blocked. But the alternative ways are still focused on connection with the satellite. Now there needs to be a total security for preventing hackers from hacking the satellite. This is going to be done by encrypting the signal sent from car to the satellite. There are many ways of encrypting, among which we are going to use the concept of Secret key Encryption method. We use One-Time-Pad concept where the data is converted to cipher text and then it is going to be decrypted by the satellite. By this way, we could create a high level security where only that particular car and the satellite will have a common code and each time the car moves to a location, there is going to be a random key generated.
The current topic which we had chosen is one of a major problem in autonomous cars, which needs to be focused on. Our objective is to bring a complete security for the car and its owner.
This document discusses research on smart cars and intelligent transportation systems. It describes how current vehicles use sensors and computer systems to detect surroundings and operate safely. The researchers expect that within several years, advanced automation and smart driving assistance will become standard in vehicles. The document also reviews literature on implementing safety and technology systems in smart vehicles and infrastructure to communicate and make decisions to increase safety and efficiency.
VEHICLE THEFT DETECTION WITH ALCOHOL DETECTION,SMOKE DETECTION AND FINGERPRIN...IRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses various sensors integrated with a microcontroller and communication modules. The system uses an alcohol sensor to detect alcohol, a smoke sensor to detect smoke, and an emergency button. It sends alerts to a Blynk app and via SMS messages using an ESP8266 WiFi module and GPS and GSM modules. The microcontroller analyzes sensor data and controls alerts and ignition. The system was designed and tested to provide vehicle tracking, pollution monitoring, and safety features. Future extensions could include automatic emergency braking and drowsiness detection.
The proposed framework faculties even the scarcest vehicle movement subsequent
to being furnished (bolted) and gives an upgraded hands-free remote keyless section
framework dependent on ZigBee remote correspondence. The venture is based upon a
continuous in-vehicle arrange that includes two incredible car conventions CAN and
LIN. The caution sign may normally be a glimmering of the lights or potentially the
sounding of the vehicle horn or an alarm. Moreover, the vehicle start power might be
specifically crippled dependent on an alert condition. The remote transmitter might be
utilized to arm and incapacitate the vehicle security framework or give other remote
control highlights from a foreordained range far from the vehicle. The ZigBee keyless
section framework allows the client to remotely open the vehicle entryways utilizing a
little handheld transmitter. Dynamic Car Finder Locate your vehicle in jam-packed
leaving lots.CAN system incorporates a movement detecting subsystem, throttle control
subsystem and Zigbee remote correspondence subsystem and a body control unit that is
helped by LIN sub organize. The LIN (Local Interconnect Network) arrange includes
vehicle subsystems, for example, headlight control and horn control.
IRJET- Automatic Pneumatic Bumper Shock Absorber and Breaking SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an automatic pneumatic bumper shock absorber and breaking system designed to improve vehicle safety.
2. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles within 1.5 meters of the vehicle. If an obstacle is detected, the sensor sends a signal to activate the pneumatic bumper and automatically apply the brakes to slow the vehicle.
3. The pneumatic bumper is designed to retract and extend via a pneumatic cylinder to absorb impact forces and reduce damage in the event of a collision. The system is intended to improve response time during braking and control vehicle speed to reduce accident risks.
Automatic Park and retrieve assissted systems for automobiles using smartphonetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Automatic Park and retrieve assissted systems for automobiles using smartphonetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- To Develop a Distance Algorithm using Sensor Networks for Adaptive Cru...IRJET Journal
This document describes developing a distance algorithm for adaptive cruise control systems using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensor networks. It involves three modes: 1) cruise control, 2) adaptive cruise control where the rear vehicle automatically adjusts its speed based on the distance to the preceding vehicle, and 3) cooperative adaptive cruise control where the rear vehicle adjusts its speed and communicates with the preceding vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors measure the distance between vehicles and different distance limits are set for the modes. The system is intended to increase road safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to automatically control speed based on surrounding traffic conditions.
FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORIRJET Journal
This document describes the fabrication of an automatic braking system using ultrasonic sensors. It discusses how an ultrasonic sensor attached to the front of a vehicle can detect obstacles and transmit that information to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the speed of the vehicle and applies the brakes based on the distance detected by the ultrasonic sensor, to prevent accidents. It outlines the components used, including the ultrasonic sensor, motor, battery, and Arduino, and describes how they work together in the system to automatically brake the vehicle when an obstacle is detected within a certain distance.
Modern vehicles are increasingly being interconnected with computer systems, which collect information both from vehicular sources and Internet services. Unfortunately, this creates a no negligible attack surface, which extends when vehicles are partly operated via smart phones. In this letter, a hierarchically distributed control system architecture which integrates a Smartphone with classical embedded systems is presented, and an ad-hoc, end-to-end security layer is designed to demonstrate how a Smartphone can interact securely with a modern vehicle without requiring modifications to the existing in-vehicle network. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
The document discusses adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems, which use sensors and controllers to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead. It describes how ACC has evolved from conventional cruise control and now uses sensors like radar and LIDAR. ACC systems process sensor data to control braking and throttling. Cooperative ACC (CACC) allows vehicle-to-vehicle communication to coordinate speeds and braking more safely. While CACC promises increased safety and efficiency, its benefits require widespread adoption and it may encourage driver complacency. Researchers continue working to develop more advanced safety systems using sensors and vehicle communication.
Obstacle Detection and Collision Avoidance SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an obstacle detection and collision avoidance system. It begins by introducing the topic of obstacle detection and how accidents can often be avoided. It then describes the design of an obstacle detector that can detect discontinuities in terrain and alert users of potential hazards. Key components discussed include using MATLAB, a camera, a PIC controller, and image processing techniques. The document reviews related literature on vision-based vehicle detection and classification methods. It also discusses adaptive cruise control systems using ultrasonic sensors and nonlinear coordinated control strategies for autonomous vehicles. Motion planning and trajectory planning frameworks are described for generating collision-free paths.
The document describes a student project to develop an IoT-based traffic signal monitoring and control system. A team of 5 students - A.Deepthi Reddy, A.Guru Sravya, B.Sreya, G.K.Vaishnavi, and K.Shirisha from Vardhaman College of Engineering are working on the project. The system will use sensors to monitor traffic densities at signals and transmit the data online to controllers. It will provide a GUI for controllers to remotely monitor traffic and override signals if needed. The goal is to automate traffic signaling while allowing for manual overrides over the internet.
This project represents a way of developing an
interface to detect driver drowsiness based on continuously
monitoring eyes and DIP algorithms. Micro sleeps that are short
period of sleeps lasting 2 to 3 seconds are good indicator of
fatigue state. Thus by continuously monitoring the eyes of the
driver by using camera one can detect the sleepy state of driver
and timely warning is issued.
Aim of the project is to develop the hardware which is very
advanced product related to driver safety on the roads using
controller and image processing. This product detects driver
drowsiness and gives warning in form of alarm and as well as
decreases the speed of vehicle.Along with the drowsiness
detection process there is continuous monitoring of the distance
done by the Ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor detects the
obstacle and accordingly warns the driver as well as decreases
speed of vehicle.
Accident Alert System using Advance Microcontrollerijtsrd
In India most of the accidents are happening due to vehicles over speeding. Sometimes if obstacle is close to the vehicle then they won't be able to judge the distance to apply instant brakes and accident is occurred. To avoid accident due to over speeding, obstacle detection using ultrasonic sensors is used. In this project ultrasonic sensor is used for 360degree detection of obstacle. If obstacle is in front of the vehicle less than safety distance, automatically brakes will be applied or if vehicle comes from backside of the vehicle and is at less than safety distance then the warning light is shown to vehicle. Sometimes if vehicle is coming very close to our vehicle just before hit the vehicle the airbags are open. Rahul Bhatade | Pratiksha Gawai | Prof. Sandip Zade ""Accident Alert System using Advance Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30105.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30105/accident-alert-system-using-advance-microcontroller/rahul-bhatade
1) The document discusses a technical presentation on embedded systems for automating cars. It describes how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks with minimal human intervention.
2) Autonomous vehicles are discussed as an example of an embedded system. Sensors, GPS, and advanced computer control allow vehicles to drive themselves without human input.
3) The presentation outlines the various components that would need to work together, such as sensors, computer processing, and network communication, to allow vehicles to navigate roads automatically while avoiding collisions.
1. A Design & Implementation of Collision
Avoidance System (CAS) for Automobiles
using
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Abstract— The industry strategy for
automotive safety systems has been
evolving over the last 20 years. Initially,
individual passive devices and features
such as seatbelts, airbags, knee bolsters,
crush zones, etc. was developed for saving
lives and minimizing injuries when an
accident occurs. Later, preventive
measures such as improving visibility,
headlights, windshield wipers, tire traction,
etc. were deployed to reduce the probability
of getting into an accident. Now we are at
the stage of actively avoiding accidents as
well as providing maximum protection to
the vehicle occupants and even
pedestrians. Systems that are on the
threshold of being deployed or under
intense development include collision
avoidance systems.
In this dissertation, advanced ideas such as
pre-crash sensing, ultrasonic sensor is
used to sense the object in front of the
vehicle and gives the signal to the micro
controller unit. Based on the signal
received from the ultrasonic sensor, the
micro controller unit sends a signal to the
braking unit for applying the brake
automatically as per braking and throttle
control logic fed in to the micro controller
unit. To avoid the collision between the
vehicles during the period of running
conditions and automatically applying the
brake by means of actuators, Distance
measuring sensors & Electronic control
module.
INTRODUCTION
Despite all the advances made, the
overriding vision of zero-accident motoring
still remains a vision of unachieved. We
need to reduce further the number of
accident victims, and the use of new driver
assistance systems will enable us to make
significant progress in this field. Such
systems represent the second revolution in
active safety after Electronic Stability
Program (ESP).
Our new electronic assistance will be
systems that can “see” and therefore provide
active operating support for drivers. The
3. systems will also be able to see farther and
take in a wider spectrum than any human
ever could. The goal we have defined is to
make vehicles of tomorrow capable of
communicating with one another, and hence
able to issue warnings to drivers concerning
any imminent dangers. As a consequence for
the medium term, driver assistance and
communication systems will both be
featured as integrated vehicle modules to
reduce traffic accidents significantly. The
top model in our range, the phaeton, is
already available with the option of
Automatic Distance Control (ADC), which
is geared to maintain automatically a
minimum distance from the vehicle ahead
through system-initiated braking and
acceleration.
It is well known that driver errors are the
main cause for to increased severity, of most
accidents. An increasing amount of
automotive systems, such as brakes, steering
system and suspension, is controllable by
means of electronics and software. The
expanded use of electronics, micro
controllers, sensors, actuators, etc. in the
automotive industry will have a major
impact on the architecture of future safety
systems.
DESIGNING OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
A typical embedded system has several
input, output, memory subsystem. The
memory subsystem stored the instruction
that controls the operation of the system.
These instruction comprise to program that
the system execute.
The instruction to be carried out is
written in any assembly language or C, C++
languages. Here designing includes
requirement analysis this involves a detailed
examination of the user needs, the problem
to be solved. Hardware may be custom
designed to follow any of the accepted
industrial standards.
Microprocessor & Microcontroller:
The terms processor refers to any three
types of devices known as microprocessors,
microcontrollers and digital signal
processors. The name microprocessor is
usually reserved for a chip that contains a
powerful CPU that has not been designed
with any particular computation in mind.
These chips are usually the foundation of
personal computers and high-end
workstations. The most common
microprocessors are members of Motorola’s
68k-found in older Macintosh computer –
and the ubiquitous 80 x 86 families.
A microcontroller is very much like a
microprocessor, except that it has been
4. designed specifically for use in embedded
systems. Microcontroller typically include a
CPU, memory and other peripherals in the
integrated circuit. Common examples are the
8051, Intel’s 80196 and Motorola’s 68HCxx
series. PIC 16F876, PIC 18C84.
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE INITIALISATION
The first stage of the initialization process
is the reset code. This is a small piece of
assembly that the processor executes
immediately after it is powered on or reset.
The sole purpose of this code is to transfer
control to the hardware initialization routine.
The first instruction of the reset code must
be placed in memory, usually called the
reset address that is specified in the
processor data book. The reset address for
the 80188EB is FFFF0h.
Most of the actual hardware initialization
takes place in the second stage. At this point,
we need to inform the processor about its
environment. This is also a good place to
initialize the interrupt controller and other
critical peripherals.
The hardware and software initialization process
The third initialization stage contains the
startup code. This is the assembly language
code. Of importance here is only that the
startup code calls main. From, that point
forward, all of your other software can be
written in C or C++.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
In this fast moving world, most of the
vehicles are equipped with manual braking
system, which is most important to stop the
vehicle. Also, now a day’s modern car are
equipped with Anti Lock Braking system,
powered with the electronic module. How
ever they are effective only when the driver
is alert with the road conditions and the
other vehicle, which moves along the same
road. Unless otherwise, the host vehicle may
face the collision or other difficulties, while
moving along the road. So, the system,
which can assist driver while braking, will
provide better active safety
5. PROJECT OVERVIEW
This project aims in developing and
demonstrating a collision avoidance system
that improves safety. The implementation of
collision avoidance system (CAS) in vehicle
improves highway traffic safety
significantly. These electronic systems scan
the direct environment of the vehicle,
predicting the danger. A wide range of
possible CAS was researched and
developed, varying from systems which
support the driver on one specific driving
task (e.g., proper distance keeping, blind
spot obstacle warning and lane keeping) up
to more advanced systems where the
driver’s throttling, and braking tasks are
totally controlled in case of predetermined
collision. The technological feasibility of
most CASs was demonstrated within several
experiments and pilots as well as their
potential in improving road traffic safety.
Consequently, the focus in this field is now
gradually moving from technology
development towards implementing these
systems in real time transportation. The
implementation is based on the results of
various studies about the impact of CASs on
traffic performance. It was found that large-
scale implementation of collision avoidance
systems, supporting the driver in case of
crash danger with oncoming vehicles or
obstacles will reduce road fatalities. The
implementation of ultrasonic Braking
System prevents collision by keeping the
distance between vehicles or applies the
brake in case.
The development of this system is
strongly technology driven. The prototype is
experimented under strictly controlled
conditions. So far, traffic safety performance
improvements depend strongly on the
systems’ specific operating characteristics
and on the actual traffic conditions such as
flow density, speed, the mix between
manual and instrumented vehicles. Vehicles
equipped with this system become safer and
have more comfortable car usage. These
effects will counteract with traffic
conditions. Therefore, a lot of questions
remain unanswered with the implementation
of CASs in traffic conditions.
This unanswered condition is studied in
this project, by identifying and assessing the
6. current knowledge on collision avoidance
systems (CAS) with respect to different
conditions as presented in the project. The
study spreads over three safety levels the
functional safety level, the driver safety
level and the traffic safety level. Information
of the safety impacts on all three levels is
necessary in order to evaluate the safety of
collision avoidance systems in a real world
situation.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram
Ultrasonic technology to detect objects as
they come within range of sensor. Also the
other vehicle operating parameters like
speed of the vehicle, throttle position and the
brake pedal position.
According to the inputs, the control
algorithm that fed into the
microcontroller processes the inputs and
actuates the actuators. The actuators used
here for our prototype is going to be
stepper motor with which we can imply
step rotation in both direction. The
control algorithm that fed into the micro
controller has been given below. This
control algorithm has been fed to the
controller as programming.
Figure 1: Block Schematic diagram of
Ultrasonic Sensor
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF COLLISION
AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALLY, CAS IS STRIVING TO PROVIDE
ACTIVE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SAFETY FOR THE
HOST VEHICLE. THE SYSTEM BASICALLY CONSIST AN
OBSTACLE SENSING DEVICE, CONTROL MODULE AS
WELL AS THE ACTUATOR FOR ENABLING desired
output. As far as CAS is concerned, it
follows the following procedure for
developing an active safety system.
CAS deals with two basic object detection
modes. First one is deceleration range and
another one is braking range. The system,
which is provided with obstacle sensing
device, gets the obstacle warning ahead of
the host vehicle, and also the distance that
object has been detected. After the data
received by the control module from sensing
device, it decides whether the object is in
deceleration range or in braking range
7. according to the data fed already in to the
control module as per control algorithm.
Simply, as the object found with in the
deceleration range controller actuates only
the throttle actuator for deceleration.
Otherwise if the object found closer than
deceleration range i.e., braking range
controller actuates both throttle and brake
for deceleration as well as applying brake
respectively. If the obstacle found in the
range of deceleration there will be no need
to apply the brake. That is the vehicle has
enough distance to decelerate and to have a
control over steering. Hence the driver can
ultimately steer the vehicle from obstacle. If
the object is found within the braking range
CAS will not have enough distance to
decelerate and take steer. So that ultimately
it goes for brake for avoiding smash.
Also, the systems deceleration range and
braking ranges were decided according to
the vehicle’s individual dynamics as well as
its deceleration ability and Braking
performance. i.e., stopping distance.
The below shown figure 2 is the proposed
model for Collision Avoidance Systems for
vehicles. As per the circuit the signal goes to
the input conditioning that may be Analogue
to digital converter from various input
sensors as shown in circuit diagram. The
micro controller processes the input
according to the algorithm, which was fed
in to the micro controller. The output of the
micro controller is modified to the output
conditioning i.e., Digital to Analog
converter. The appropriate pulses control
the actuator unit, which is gaining operation
signals from micro controller output.
As per the design an ultrasonic distance
measurement sensor has been proposed as
obstacle detecting sensor. The inductive
sensor, which gives the pulses to the micro-
controller, is the source for vehicle speed
measurement. And the Rotary
potentiometers are used here as the pedal
position sensor for both Accelerator as well
as Brake. The micro controller used here is
89C51. And the actuator proposed here is
stepper motor for both throttle and brake
control. Stepper motor can be rotate as steps
so that we can achieve similar to the normal
operation of the throttle and brake pedals.
REACTION TIMES AND STOPPING
DISTANCES
In our studies we investigated the effects
of luminance, contrast and spatial frequency
on reaction time. Of particular interest were
the combinations of parameters, which
8. simulate urban night driving conditions that
are low luminance, low contrast and low
spatial frequencies. As expected, we found
that visual reaction time increases with
reducing target visibility. Reaction time
varied from 200 msec in optimal conditions,
usually encountered during daytime driving
(i.e. high contrast, photonic luminance), to
about 600 msec in non-optimal conditions
experienced during night driving (i.e. low
luminance, low contrast)
It is of interest to note how the RT data
might translate into critical (safe) stopping
distances. The Highway Code
recommendation s for “the shortest
stopping distances” for various vehicles
speed break these down to "thinking" and
"braking" distances. The "thinking distance"
is a component, which includes the visual
reaction time, the pedal response and the
mechanical action of the brakes. The
"braking distance" is the time taken to
decelerate to zero Kmph. For example, the
overall stopping distance for 50 kmph speed
is composed of a 9 m thinking distance and
a 14 m braking distance. Given a visual
reaction time of 200 msec for the calculation
of the "thinking distances" under optimal
daytime conditions (as suggested by the
Highway Code), it is possible to estimate the
corresponding "thinking distances" for the
non-optimal nighttime conditions.
Table illustrates the increase in thinking
and overall stopping distances for different
speeds, which would occur if the target were
of low contrast and luminance. Effectively,
we have calculated an increase in RT from
200 to 600 msec. This modest increase in
thinking time results in significant increases
in stopping distances despite the
conservative characteristics of our model.
For example, for a speed of 80 kmph the
increase in stopping distance is about 8.9
metres.
Table 1 Illustrating Thinking and Stopping
Table 1: "Thinking" and "stopping"
distances (in metres) under optimal photopic
conditions and non-optimal night-time
conditions for different vehicle speeds. The
additional distance is the calculated increase
in overall stopping distance under night-time
conditions. Note that 4 m is the length of an
average vehicle.
Factors, which affect the stopping distance
of the vehicle are, the mass of the car will
affect the stopping distance of the car due to
the effects offriction that will increase as the
mass of the car increases. Therefore the
stopping distance of the car will shorten as
the mass increases.
9. • Speed of the car affects the
stopping distance because it has
more energy to carry it further and
to overcome frictional force
therefore greater speed should
mean greater stopping distance.
• Aerodynamics will effect the
stopping distance because the more
aerodynamic the object in this case,
the car has less drag or air
resistance will be produced
therefore a greater stopping
distance will be achieved.
• The surface on which the car is to
stop on will affect the stopping
distance. Because, for example if
the road surface is textured, it will
require more energy from the car to
overcome friction from the rough
surface therefore this car will not
travel as far as on a non-textured or
smooth surface.
• Also all other frictional forces will
affect the car like the surface area
of the tyres on the car, the friction
between the axle and the chassis.
Also the amount of friction will
increases with temperature of the
surface and the tyres.
• Gravity, although I will be unable
to vary this in my experiment, it
would affect the friction between
the car and the road therefore
would increase the stopping
distance of the car if you could
decrease the gravitational pull on
the car.
VIII.Conclusion
Collision avoidance systems are especially
useful in bad weather conditions.
The sensors in the car would be capable of
detecting the poor conditions and would
inform the driver on how to drive in them.
For example, because fog affects visibility,
the sensors would recognize this and alert
the driver of any dangers that lie ahead, like
a windy turn or another car, giving the
driver enough time to slow down, allowing
him to escape from what could have been a
bad accident.
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