This document describes the design and implementation of a collision avoidance system for automobiles using an embedded system. It discusses the need for such a system to actively avoid accidents by using ultrasonic sensors to detect objects in front of the vehicle. When an object is detected, the microcontroller sends a signal to automatically apply the brakes based on a braking logic. It provides an overview of the embedded system components and describes the hardware initialization process. It also includes block diagrams of the ultrasonic sensor and discusses factors that affect stopping distances. The conclusion discusses the benefits of collision avoidance systems and potential future work.

1. A Design & Implementation of
Collision Avoidance System
for Automobiles using Embedded System
A Design & Implementation of
Collision Avoidance System
for Automobiles using Embedded System

2. Need for this System
The industry strategy for automotive safety systems has been evolving over the last
20 years.
Initially, individual passive devices & features such as seatbelts, airbags, knee
bolsters, crush zones, etc. was developed for saving lives & minimizing injuries
when an accident occurs.
Later, preventive measures such as improving visibility, headlights, windshield
wipers, tire traction, etc were included to reduce the probability of getting into an
accident.
Now we are at the stage of actively avoiding accidents as well as providing max
protection to the vehicle occupants and even pedestrians.

3. Overview of CASOverview of CAS
In this dissertation, advanced ideas such as pre-crash sensing, ultrasonic sensor is used
to sense the object in front of the vehicle & gives the s/g to the micro controller unit.
Based on the signal received from the ultrasonic sensor, the micro controller unit
sends a s/g to the braking unit for applying the brake automatically as per braking &
throttle control logic fed in to the micro controller unit.

4. Overview of Embedded SystemOverview of Embedded System
A typical embedded system has several input, output, memory subsystem.
The memory subsystem stores the instruction that controls the operation of the
system.
These instruction comprise to program that the system execute.
The instruction to be carried out is written in any assembly language (or)
Embedded C, C++ languages.
Here designing includes requirement analysis this involves a detailed examination
of the user needs, the problem to be solved.
Hardware may be custom designed to follow any of the accepted industrial
standards.

5. Microprocessor & MicrocontrollersMicroprocessor & Microcontrollers
The terms processor refers to any 3 types of devices known as microprocessors,
microcontrollers & Digital Signal Processors.
The name microprocessor is usually reserved for a chip that contains a powerful CPU that
has not been designed with any particular computation in mind.
These chips are usually the foundation of PC & high-end workstations. The most common
microprocessors are members of Motorola’s 68k-found in older Macintosh computer & the
ubiquitous 80X86 families.
A microcontroller is similar to a microprocessor, except that it has been designed
specifically for embedded systems.
Microcontroller typically include a CPU, memory & other peripherals in the integrated circuit.
Common eg are the 8051, Intel’s 80196 & Motorola’s 68HCxx series.

6. Hardware & Software InitializationHardware & Software Initialization

7. Working of CAS

8. Block Schematic diagram of Ultrasonic SensorBlock Schematic diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor

9. System Details
As per the design an ultrasonic distance measurement sensor has been proposed as
obstacle detecting sensor
The inductive sensor, which gives the pulses to the Micro-Controller is the source for
vehicle speed measurement
The Rotary potentiometers are used here as the pedal position sensor for both Accelerator
as well as Brake
The actuator proposed here is stepper motor for both throttle and brake control
Stepper motor can be rotate as steps so that we can achieve similar to the normal
operation of the throttle and brake pedals

10. Reaction Time & Stopping Distances
In our studies we investigated the effects of luminance, contrast & spatial frequency on
reaction time.
As expected, we found that visual reaction time increases with reducing target visibility.
Reaction time varied from 200 ms in optimal conditions, usually encountered during
daytime driving (i.e. high contrast, photonic luminance), to about 600 ms in non-optimal
conditions experienced during night driving (i.e. low luminance, low contrast)
The "thinking distance" is a component, which includes the visual reaction time, the pedal
response & the mechanical action of the brakes.
The "braking distance" is the time taken to decelerate to zero Kmph.

12. Factors affecting Stopping DistancesFactors affecting Stopping Distances
Stopping distance of the car will shorten as the mass increases due to friction effect.
Greater speed should mean greater stopping distance.
Aerodynamics will affect the stopping dist because the more aerodynamic the object in this case,
the car has less air resistance.
The surface on which the car is to stop on will affect the stopping distance.
for example if the road surface is textured, it will require more energy from the car to overcome friction
Gravity would affect the friction between the car & the road therefore it increases the stopping distance

13. CONCLUSION
Collision avoidance systems are especially useful in bad weather conditions.
The sensors in the car would be capable of detecting the poor conditions & would inform
the driver on how to drive in them.
For example, because fog affects visibility, the sensors would recognize this & alert the
driver of any dangers that lie ahead, like a windy turn or another car, giving the driver
enough time to slow down, allowing him to escape from what could have been a
bad accident.
Implementing this concept as a project in a more economical way
Implementing another concept of Reverse Breaking System(RBS) along with
this project
FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK

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