The document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems, outlining their key characteristics, modern applications, and fundamental components like sensors and actuators. It describes various IoT applications across sectors such as smart homes, healthcare, and industrial automation, and discusses the architecture and networking aspects of IoT systems. Furthermore, it details the connectivity terminologies and network configuration necessary for effective IoT implementations.

1. Subject- Internet of Things (CO312)
Unit No: -1 Introduction
Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Department of Computer Engineering
(NBA Accredited)

2. Introduction
Contents:
Embedded System,
Definition,
Characteristics,
Modern IoT Applications,
Sensors and Actuators.
IoT Architecture and block diagram Networking for IoT: Connectivity Terminologies.
IoT Network Configuration

3. Introduction
Embedded System
Embedded systems are integrated system made up of computer hardware and software that performs a
specific job. These embedded systems can operate independently or as part of a larger system and may
require minimal or no human intervention to function. The use of embedded systems has become increasingly
common in a wide range of industries due to their reliability, efficiency, and ability to perform tasks that may
be too complex or time-consuming for humans to complete.
Definition of Embedded System: -
Embedded systems are characterized by their purpose-built functionality, real-time operation, limited
resources, reliability, low power consumption, and integration with physical systems.

4. Introduction
Characteristics of Embedded Systems: -

5. Introduction
• Performs specific tasks: Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks or functions. They are
optimized for the particular task they are intended to perform, which makes them more efficient and
reliable.
• Low Cost: Embedded systems are typically designed to be cost-effective. This is because they are often
used in large volumes, and the cost per unit must be low to make the product economically viable.
• Time Specific: Embedded systems must operate within a specific time frame. This is important in
applications such as industrial control systems, where timing is critical for safety and efficiency.
• Low Power: Embedded systems are designed to operate with minimal power consumption. This is
important for applications where the system needs to operate for extended periods on battery power or
where power consumption needs to be minimized to reduce operating costs.
• High Efficiency: Embedded systems are designed to be highly efficient in terms of processing power,
memory usage, and energy consumption. This ensures that they can perform their specific task with
maximum efficiency and reliability.

6. Introduction
• Minimal User Interface: Many embedded systems do not require a complex user interface. They are
often designed to operate autonomously or with minimal user intervention.
• Highly Stable: Embedded systems are typically designed to be stable and reliable. They are often
used in applications where failure is not an option, such as in medical devices or aviation.
• High Reliability: Embedded systems are designed to operate reliably and consistently over long
periods. This is important in applications where downtime can be costly or dangerous.

7. Introduction
Modern IoT Applications: -
Modern IoT (Internet of Things) applications encompass a broad range of domains, leveraging
interconnected devices and sensors to collect, exchange, and analyse data for various purposes. Here are
some examples of modern IoT applications:
1. Smart Home Automation: IoT devices such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and
smart appliances enable homeowners to remotely monitor and control their home environment, enhance
security, and optimize energy usage.
2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT): In industrial settings, IoT applications involve the use of sensors,
actuators, and connected devices to optimize manufacturing processes, monitor equipment health, predict
maintenance needs, and improve overall efficiency and productivity.
3. Smart Cities: IoT technologies are deployed in urban environments to enhance infrastructure management,
traffic control, waste management, public safety, and environmental monitoring. Examples include smart
streetlights, traffic management systems, and air quality sensors.

8. Introduction
4. Healthcare Monitoring and Wearables: IoT devices such as wearable fitness trackers, smartwatches, and
medical sensors enable continuous monitoring of vital signs, medication adherence, and overall health
status. These devices can provide valuable insights to healthcare professionals and improve patient
outcomes.
5. Precision Agriculture: IoT solutions are employed in agriculture to monitor soil moisture levels, crop
health, weather conditions, and equipment performance. This data helps farmers optimize irrigation,
fertilization, and pest control, leading to increased yields and resource efficiency.
6. Supply Chain Management: IoT-enabled tracking and monitoring systems are used in logistics and supply
chain management to improve inventory visibility, streamline operations, ensure product quality, and
enhance shipment tracking and tracing.
7. Smart Retail: Retailers leverage IoT technologies for inventory management, personalized marketing,
customer engagement, and in-store analytics. IoT devices such as RFID tags, beacons, and smart shelves
enable retailers to optimize the shopping experience and increase operational efficiency.

9. Introduction
8. Connected Vehicles: IoT-enabled sensors and telematics systems in vehicles collect data on vehicle
performance, driver behaviour, and traffic conditions. This data is used for predictive maintenance, fleet
management, navigation, and enhancing safety features.
9. Energy Management: IoT applications in energy management involve smart grid technologies, smart
meters, and demand response systems to optimize energy distribution, reduce energy consumption, and
integrate renewable energy sources more effectively.
10. Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors deployed in environmental monitoring systems measure
parameters such as air quality, water quality, temperature, and humidity. This data helps in pollution control,
natural resource management, and disaster preparedness.

10. Introduction
Sensors and Actuators: -
Sensors and actuators are fundamental components of many embedded systems and IoT applications,
enabling them to interact with the physical world.
Sensors and actuators are two vital components of embedded and electronic system actuator form a
link with the output parts while sensor connect to the input ports of a given system this components are
used to facilitate efficient output in many real life applications such as process control system in a home
automation and security system both activator and sensor play a significant role in condition based
maintenance they serve as a mediator between the electronic system where they are embedded and
physical environment

11. Introduction
Sensors:
Definition: A sensor is a device that detects or measures physical properties (such as temperature,
pressure, light, motion, proximity, etc.) and converts them into electrical signals or digital data that can be
processed by a computer or microcontroller.
Types of Sensors:
• Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature variations.
• Pressure Sensors: Measure pressure changes in gases or liquids.
• Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence or absence of nearby objects.
• Motion Sensors: Detect motion or movement.
• Light Sensors: Measure light intensity or ambient light levels.
• Accelerometers: Measure acceleration forces.
• Gyroscopes: Measure angular velocity or orientation.
• Humidity Sensors: Measure humidity levels in the air.
• Biometric Sensors: Measure biological parameters such as heart rate, fingerprints, etc.

12. Introduction
Working Principle: Sensors typically work based on various principles such as resistance change,
capacitance change, piezoelectric effect, Hall effect, etc., depending on the type of sensor and the physical
property being measured.
Applications: Sensors are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive (e.g., tire pressure
monitoring), healthcare (e.g., heart rate monitors), industrial automation (e.g., temperature control),
consumer electronics (e.g., touchscreens), environmental monitoring, and more.

13. Introduction
Actuators:
Definition: An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals or digital commands into physical action
or movement. Actuators are used to control or manipulate systems, devices, or processes.
Types of Actuators:
• Electric Motors: Convert electrical energy into mechanical motion (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors,
servo motors).
• Solenoids: Electromagnetic devices that produce linear or rotational motion when energized.
• Pneumatic Actuators: Use compressed air to generate mechanical motion (e.g., pneumatic cylinders).
• Hydraulic Actuators: Use hydraulic fluid to produce linear or rotary motion (e.g., hydraulic cylinders).

14. Introduction
Working Principle: Actuators operate based on principles such as electromagnetic forces, fluid pressure,
or mechanical linkages, depending on the type of actuator.
Applications: Actuators are used in a wide range of applications, including robotics, industrial automation
(e.g., valve control), automotive systems (e.g., power windows), aerospace (e.g., flight control surfaces),
HVAC systems, medical devices, and more.

15. Introduction
IoT Architecture and block diagram Networking for IoT: Connectivity Terminologies
Architecture of IoT
There are different phases in the architecture of IoT but they can vary according to the situations but
generally, there are these four phases in the architecture of IoT −
Networked Devices
These are the physical devices which include sensors, actuators, and transducers. These are the actual
devices that collect and send the data for processing. They are capable of receiving real-time data and they
can convert the physical quantities into electrical signals which can be sent through a network.
Data Aggregation
It is a very important stage as it includes converting the raw data collected by sensors into meaningful data
which can be used to take actions. It also includes Data Acquisition Systems and Internet Gateways. It
converts the Analog signals provided by sensors into digital signals.

16. Introduction
Final Analysis
This is a stage that includes edge IT analytics and the processing of data to make it more efficient and fully
capable of execution. It also includes managing and locating all the devices correctly
Cloud Analysis
The final data is received here and analysed closely and precisely in data centres. They process and clean the
data to make it free from any kind of errors and missing values. After this stage, data is ready to be sent back
and executed to perform operations.

17. Introduction
Now let us see the basic fundamental architecture of IoT which consists of four stages as shown in the
diagram given below –

18. Introduction
• Sensing Layer − The first stage of IoT includes sensors, devices, actuators etc. which collect data from the
physical environment, processes it and then sends it over the network.
• Network Layer − The second stage of the IoT consists of Network Gateways and Data Acquisition Systems.
DAS converts the analogue data (collected from Sensors) into Digital Data. It also performs malware
detection and data management.
• Data Processing Layer − The third stage of IoT is the most important stage. Here, data is pre-processed on
its variety and separated accordingly. After this, it is sent to Data Centres. Here Edge IT comes into use.
• Application Layer − The fourth stage of IoT consists of Cloud/Data Centres where data is managed and
used by applications like agriculture, defence, health care etc.

19. Introduction
Terminologies in IoT Networking:
• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A lightweight messaging protocol for small sensors and
mobile devices, optimized for high-latency or unreliable networks.
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): A lightweight protocol designed for resource-constrained
devices and networks, commonly used in IoT applications.
• 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks): A protocol adaptation layer that
allows IPv6 packets to be transmitted over low power wireless networks such as IEEE 802.15.4.
• Edge Computing: Processing data near the source (device or sensor) rather than sending it to a centralized
data centre or cloud, reducing latency and bandwidth usage.

20. Introduction
• Fog Computing: Extending cloud computing to the edge of the network, enabling data processing and
analysis closer to the data source.
• Digital Twins: Virtual representations of physical objects or systems, used for simulation, monitoring, and
analysis.

21. Introduction
IoT Network Configuration:
• Topology: Determine the network topology based on the deployment environment and requirements.
Common topologies include star, mesh, and hybrid topologies.
• IP Addressing: Assign IP addresses to IoT devices based on the network topology and addressing
scheme.
• Security: Implement security measures such as encryption, authentication, access control, and intrusion
detection to protect IoT devices and data.
• Quality of Service (QoS): Configure QoS parameters to ensure reliable and timely delivery of data,
especially for real-time applications.

22. Introduction
• Scalability: Design the network to accommodate future growth in the number of IoT devices and the
volume of data.
• Monitoring and Management: Implement tools and processes for monitoring the network performance,
managing IoT devices, and troubleshooting issues as they arise

23. Introduction
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