The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in various domains, including residential automation, smart cities, and forest fire detection. It highlights the benefits of integrating smart technologies for efficient energy management, security, and enhanced data collection, while also outlining challenges such as connectivity issues and the need for data governance. Additionally, it covers advancements in supply chain management through IoT and NFC technologies to improve operational efficiencies and customer experiences.

1. Modern world approach
towards built environment
Internet of things and smart concept

2. Internet of things and smart concept
The Internet of Things (IoT)
describes the network of physical
objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the internet.
Smart concept means automation

3. Internet of things and smart concept

4. Domestic and Home automation
A building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart
house. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home
attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and
appliances.
It may also include home security such as access control and alarm
systems. When connected with the Internet, home devices are an
important constituent of the Internet of Things ("IoT").

5. A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a
central smart home hub (sometimes called a "gateway").
The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted
terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a
Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.

6. Application and Technologies
• Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC): it is possible to have remote control of
all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user
interface.
• Lighting control system: a "smart" network that incorporates communication between
various lighting system inputs and outputs, using one or more central computing devices.
• Occupancy-aware control system: it is possible to sense the occupancy of the home using
smart meters and environmental sensors like CO2 sensors which can be integrated into
the building automation system to trigger automatic responses for energy efficiency and
building comfort applications.
• Appliance control and integration with the smart grid and a smart meter, taking
advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to run washing
machines.

7. • Home robots and security: a household security system integrated
with a home automation system can provide additional services such
as remote surveillance of security cameras over the Internet, or
access control and central locking of all perimeter doors and
windows.
• Leak detection, smoke and CO detectors.
• Laundry-folding machine, self-making bed.

9. Smart Cities
Component of smart cities:
Smart Parking
Structural health
Smart lighting system
Smart roads

10. Smart parking
• Objective of smart parking means is to reduces the risk of finding the
parking slot near to required location.
• It eliminate the unnecessary traveling of vehicles.
• Smart parking system is an integrated system to organize cars in
public area.

11. Smart parking system

12. Need of smart parking
With increase in population
,number of vehicles increase and
due to unmanaged parking it
leads to many problems.
To find the parking space from
any location known as smart
parking system.

13. Block diagram

14. Smart Lighting system
Smart lighting system is a technology mainly designed to conserve the
energy.
It basically involves use of high efficiency controls and machines
based on conditions like presence of people in particular area at that
time availability of daylight

15. Component of smart lighting system
LDR inputs( Light dependent resistor)
IR sensor
LED
ESP8266 (wifi enabaled system on chip)

16. Smart Environment
• smart environment as "a small world where different kinds of smart
device are continuously working to make inhabitants' lives more
comfortable." Smart environments aim to satisfy the experience of
individuals from every environment, by replacing the hazardous work,
physical labor, and repetitive tasks with automated agents.

17. Types of smart environments
• Virtual computing environments enable smart devices to access pertinent services
anywhere and anytime.
• Physical environments may be embedded with a variety of smart devices of
different types including tags, sensors and controllers and have different form
factors ranging from nano- to micro- to macro-sized.
• Human environments: humans, either individually or collectively, inherently form
a smart environment for devices. However, humans may themselves be
accompanied by smart devices such as mobile phones, use surface-mounted
devices (wearable computing) and contain embedded devices (e.g., pacemakers to
maintain a healthy heart operation or contact lenses).

18. Forest fire detection

19. • Forest fires (wildfires) are common hazards in forests, particularly in
remote or unmanaged areas. It is possible to detect forest fires,
elevated CO2, and temperature levels using Internet of Things (IoT)
sensors.
• we can deploy IoT, satellite and solar sensors in remote areas without
the need for internet, cellular/mobile or mains power.

20. Impact of forest fires (wildfires)
• The US Forest Service and other
government agencies respond to
an average of 73,000 wildfires
each year burning about 7
million acres of land and 2,600
structures. Given this ever-
present threat, organizations are
looking towards technology to
enhance detection, provide real-
time alerting, and improve
response.
Forest fires emit large amounts of
CO2 and other gases – that can be
detected using IoT sensors.

21. Detection of forest fires using CO2 sensors
• When forest fires burn, they emit large volumes of carbon dioxide gas
(CO2); you can use a network of IoT CO2 and temperature sensors for
forest fire detection. IoT sensors can operate alongside satellite and
optical detection systems or form a standalone network of sensors near
key strategic assets.
• Existing detection methods such as satellite and optical systems can
cover large areas; satellite systems identify infrared signatures, while
optical systems look for smoke plumes. Despite using these systems,
CO2 and temperature IoT sensors can offer an inexpensive alternative
to help detect forest fires.

22. Remote IoT sensor networks
CO2 and temperature IoT sensors are battery and solar-powered, using a
combination of LoRaWAN and satellite communications to provide coverage
even in remote areas.
• LoRaWAN Satellite gateway is deployed, preferably in an elevated
location.
• The gateway provides LoRaWAN coverage for up to 15KM or more
outdoors, providing low-power wireless access to the network of sensors.
• CO2/Temperature sensors are deployed throughout the coverage area.
CO2 levels can be monitored every 15 minutes (or less), along with
temperature, battery status, etc.
• Upon receiving sensor data, the gateway transmits the data back via satellite
(in an optimised manner) to a cloud platform or dashboard.
• Triggers and alerts can be configured.

23. Diagram of operation

24. Smart metering system
Types of smart metering system
• Smart Grid
• Monitoring of tank level
• Water flow

25. Smart metering system
A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation
and energy measures including:
Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a generic
name for any utility side device even if it is more capable e.g. a fiber
optic router)
Smart distribution boards and circuit breakers integrated with home
control and demand response (behind the meter from a utility
perspective)

27. • Renewable energy resources, including the capacity to charge parked
(electric vehicle) batteries or larger arrays of batteries recycled from
these, or other energy storage
• Sufficient utility grade fiber broadband to connect and monitor the
above, with wireless as a backup. Sufficient spare if "dark" capacity to
ensure failover, often leased for revenue
• Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and
distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.

28. Features of smart grid
• Reliability :The smart grid makes use of technologies such as state
estimation that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the
network without the intervention of technicians. This will ensure a more
reliable supply of electricity and reduce vulnerability to natural disasters or
attacks.
• Flexibility in network topology :Next-generation transmission and
distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle
possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation
such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging
to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric
power, the use of fuel cells, and other sources.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid

29. Monitoring of tank level
Sensors used in tank level monitoring are used to identify the levels of
tank for a variety of liquids. It allows different users to track the tank
levels remotely without any physical human efforts like manual meter
reading and assessments.
Tank level monitoring provides a greater insight for tank depletion rates
and also helps in increasing the efficiency of inventory management.
Manual inspection of tank level are time consuming, error prone,
expensive, unsafe, inaccurate. So, there is a high demand for remotely
accessing of the tank levels for monitoring the levels of tank in less
time.

30. Working of tank level indicator

31. Benefits of Tank Level Monitoring
• Helps in eliminating human error and ensure consistent fill level
reading.
• Helps in monitoring the supplies remotely to improve inventory
management and ensure refilling and maintenance of tank when
needed.
• Reduces the cost of logistics involved in different areas like
distribution, storage and gas delivery.
• Increases safety as there is no manual need for checking or monitoring
the tank levels.

32. Applications of Tank Level Monitoring
• Oil Tank Level Monitoring
• Water Tank Level Monitoring
• Oil Tanker Monitoring

33. Smart Retail
• Supply chain control
• NFC Payment
• Smart product management

34. Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on
Supply Chain Management
• IoT is a revolutionary technology for every major industry-retail,
transportation, finance, healthcare, and energy. The Internet of Things
shows its potential to the fullest in processes like supply chain.
Management, forecasting, and oversight applications help fleet
managers improve the operational efficiency of distribution and add
transparency to decision-making.

35. Why using IoT in supply chain management
• Tracking and monitoring are
some of the main objectives for
IoT deployment in supply chain
management. The technology
allows warehouse and fleet
managers to keep track of their
cargo and inventory.
• However, there’s more to the
Internet of Things than its asset
management potential. Here are
many more reasons for using IoT
in SCM.

36. Real-time location-tracking
• Internet of Things provides managers with a coherent stream of real-
time data regarding the location of the product and the transportation
environment. You will be alerted if the product is shipped in the wrong
direction and will be able to monitor the delivery of ready goods and
raw materials.

37. Benefits of IoT in supply chain
• Higher speed :Smart route-planning tools and IoT tracking technologies
increase the overall supply chain speed exponentially. Integrating these
technologies in everyday operations, managers shorten the feedback circle,
benefit from faster decision-making, proactively mitigate delay risks, and
generally improve the efficiency of locating goods within the warehouse.
• Higher accuracy :Connected platforms are faster and easier to access than
closed systems. By building a cloud-based IoT system, companies ensure all
parties involved in the supply chain lifecycle will have access to relevant
data and can address issues fast. On top of that, web and mobile tools for
different users (employees, managers, operators, customers) help them work
with the insights, use collected data to build strategies and different
scenarios relevant to user roles and needs.

38. • Improved flexibility: IoT provides managers with detailed insights on
the goods turnover, helping retailers and supply chain managers know
how many units of every product should be ordered. The Internet of
Things reduces the impact of human error as well by adding high
precision in asset tracking, shipping and navigation for the drivers on
the road .
• Better segmentation: Combining IoT and supply chain management
is a good way for retailers to learn more about their products,
customers and demand and build relevant strategies. Data collected
throughout the product cycle helps better understand the market and
segment products with the target audience in mind.

39. • Increased efficiency :IoT empowers a wide range of connected
platforms geared towards employees. Tools like smart glasses help
instruct warehouse workers seamlessly to ensure they spend less time
completing a task. Also, IoT captures efficiency-related data and
brings more awareness into resource and labor management. Thanks to
the technology, supply chain managers will ensure all the parties
involved in the delivery perform to the best of their ability.

40. Challenges of using IoT in logistics and supply
chains
• Skill gap:Adjusting to managing connected systems will require
intensive training for warehouse workers and vehicle drivers.
Explaining the security practices and outlining the guidelines for using
corporate platforms is a time-consuming process.
• Increased data storage challenges:Large data pools are one of the
numerous advantages the Internet of Things provides supply chain
managers with. However, with that power, comes the responsibility of
acquiring enough server power to store and process all the collected
data. Company managers will need to develop data governance
policies, look for data scientists and analysts to ensure they drive the
right conclusions from IoT-based insights.

41. • Connectivity issues:IoT heavily relies on having a stable Internet
connection. Since fleet drivers are moving from one location to
another, there’s not always a reliable network. As Internet coverage
increases and 5G becomes widely available — the connectivity issue
is likely to mitigate itself — for now, supply chain managers have to
put up with it.
• Bandwidth is another issue to keep in mind when implementing IoT in
the supply chain. Connected platforms usually consume a lot of
bandwidth and require a high-level server farm to operate smoothly.
• https://www.digiteum.com/iot-supply-chain/

42. NFC Payment System

43. What is NFC
NFC = Near Field Communication
• A short-range wireless connectivity technology
• Operates at 13.56 Mhz
• Based on RFID technology
• Data transfer rate: up to 424 kbits/second
• Reader & Tag communicate
• Promoted by the NFC-Forum

44. Comparison with other Wireless Networks

45. Comparison with other Wireless Networks
• Advantages:
• Quick setup time (<0.1ms )
• Short range distance (up to 10cm)
• Does not require line of site
• Backward compatibility
• Consumer experience

46. NFC Use Cases
• Connect Electronic Devices
• Exchange data
• Simple, secure pairing e.g. Bluetooth
• Access Information
• Advertisements
• Identification Cards
• Mobile transactions
• Contactless payment
• Mobile ticketing

47. NFC Use Cases

48. Mobile Payment Architecture

49. NFC Challenges
• Security
• Eavesdropping, Data corruption
• Solution: Establish secure channel
• NFC ecosystem
• Technology already in-place
• Monetization issues
• Operators, Handset Manufacturers, Banks
• Solution: Market push, agreement

50. Future Work
• Mobile Payment infrastructure
• Goals: Security, Openness, Interoperability
• New NFC use cases
• Location sensing
• Supply Chains
• Multiple Tags

51. Smart product Management
• Recent innovations in mobile and sensor technologies allow for
creating a digital representation of almost any physical entity and its
parameters over time at any place. RFID technologies, for instance,
are used to ground digital representations, which are used to track and
geo-reference physical entities. In general, physical worlds and digital
representations become tightly interconnected, so that manipulations
in either would have effect on the other.

52. Features of Smart product Management
• Situated: recognition and processing of situational and community contexts
• Personalized: tailoring to buyer's and consumer's needs and affects
• Adaptive: change according to buyer's and consumer's responses and tasks
• Pro-active: attempt to anticipate buyer's and consumer's plans and intentions
• Business aware: considering business and legal constraints
• Location aware: considering functional performing and restricted location
choice
• Network capable: ability to communicate and bundle (product bundling)
with another product (business)or product sets