This document discusses different types of adverb clauses. It covers adverb clauses of time that indicate when one event occurs in relation to another. It also discusses adverb clauses of reason that give a rationale for something in the main clause and usually begin with subordinators like "because", "since", or "as". Additionally, it notes that when discussing future plans, adverb clauses use present rather than future verb forms. There are also other ways to express reasons besides using adverb clauses, such as with phrases like "because of" or independent clauses joined by "so".

1. Section A

2. An adverb clause of time tells when one event happens
in relation to another event in the main clause.
One study shows that babies can learn
before they are born.
Once the process began,
it was irreversible.

3. The lights automatically turn off when people
leave the room.
As plastic bags break down, they release
poisonous material into the water.

4. We use some subordinators to show that one event
happens before or after another event.
We use some subordinators to show that two
events happen at the same time.
beforeafter
as soon as by the time
once
since when
until
when whenever whileas

5. Section B

6. When we make a prediction or talk about a future plan, we
usually use a future verb form in the main clause but a
present (not future) verb form in the adverb clause.
Nobody will care when you get there tomorrow.
What are you going to do while we’re away?
(NOT: Nobody will care when you will get there
tomorrow?)
(NOT: What are you going to do while we will
be away?)

7. When we make a prediction or talk about a future
plan, we usually use a future verb form in the main
clause but a present (not future) verb form in the
adverb clause.
After you read this, you’ll probably have
some questions.
We aren’t going to leave until you
get back.

8. Section C

9. We can also use an adverb clause to give a reason for
something in the main clause. Adverb clauses of reason
usually begin with the subordinator because, since, as,
or now that.
My watch is important to me
because it was a gift from my father.
Since we have some new people here
today, let’s start with introductions.

10. The meeting was canceled as no
one could get there.
Now that prices have gone up,
we can’t afford to travel.

11. Section D

12. There are other ways to give reasons.
Because of the increase in
prices, we can’t afford to
travel now.
Prices have increased, so we
can’t afford to travel now.
We can’t afford to travel now.
Prices have increased too
much.
There are other ways to give
reasons. We can use because
of plus a noun phrase.
We can also use an
independent clause plus so
plus an independent clause.
We can use because of plus
a noun phrase.