5th class-Technical vocabulary part 5

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FIFTH CLASS

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OBJECTIVES
• To become familiar the present perfect in the active voice
as well as the passive voice.
• To get to know some hydrology facts on how to apply them
in simple phrases.
• To be able to recognize when to use passive voice and
when to use active voice.
FIFTH CLASS

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FIFTH CLASS
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12764004/
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
Mass: 1 L of H2O
Length: The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 second
(speed of light in vacuum ≈300000 km/s)
Time: 1sec.- Duration of resting heartbeat

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FIFTH CLASS
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/tessconsulta/mathematics-in-science
SEVEN SI BASE UNITS

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Would you read the following extensions?
5.6 𝐾𝑚2
In a sentence:
The catchments, sizes between 0.5 and 7.8 𝐾𝑚2
SOME DERIVED SI MAGNITUDES
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12764004/

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Water shortages may be caused by
• Climate change, such as altered weather patterns
including droughts or floods.
• Increased pollution
• Increased human demand and overuse of water.
Water scarcity is being driven by two converging
phenomena:
• Growing freshwater use.
• Depletion of usable freshwater resources.
Unpolluted water Available potable water
HYDROLOGY FACTS

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WATER STRESS BY COUNTRY
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a
certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water stress causes deterioration of
fresh water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and
quality (eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.)
Source: http://epaedia.eea.europa.eu/alphabetical.php?letter=W&gid=108#viewterm

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HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
The hydraulic conductivity k is a measure of how easy the wáter
can flow through the soil.
The hydraulic conductivity is expressed in the units of velocity
(such as cm/sec and m/sec).

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HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
How fast wáter moves?
Hydraulic conductivity (k): The ease with which wáter is
conducted through porous material
• Pore size
• Pore connectivity

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Present Perfect
The present perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an
action has taken place once or many times before now. The present
perfect is most frequently used to talk about experiences or
changes that have taken place, but there are other less common
uses as well. Read on for detailed descriptions, examples, and
present perfect exercises.
Present Perfect Forms
The present perfect is formed using has/have + past participle.
Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives
are made with not.
 Statement: You have seen that movie many times.
 Question: Have you seen that movie many times?
 Negative: You have not seen that movie many times.

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USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an
unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You
CANNOT use the present perfect with specific time expressions such as:
yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the present
perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many
times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
 I have seen that movie twenty times.
 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in California.
 People have traveled to the Moon.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

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How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners.
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the present perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I
have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The present perfect is NOT used to describe a
specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe
you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

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TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the present perfect to talk about change that
has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
 You have grown since the last time I saw you.
 The government has become more interested in arts education.
 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the
university since the Asian studies program was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

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TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the present perfect to list the
accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot
mention a specific time.
Examples:
 Man has walked on the Moon.
 Our son has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.

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TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we
expected has not happened. Using the present perfect suggests
that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
 James has not finished his homework yet.
 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
 Bill has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.

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TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the present perfect to talk about several different
actions which have occurred in the past at different times.
Present perfect suggests the process is not complete and more
actions are possible.
Examples:
 The army has attacked that city five times.
 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.

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Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the present perfect it means that something has
happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the
exact time the action happened is not important
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an
experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last
week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
 Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
 I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
 They have had three tests in the last week.
 She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has
worked for three different companies so far.
 My car has broken down three times this week.

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NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last
year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time
which requires simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days
ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires
present perfect.
Examples:
 I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
 I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago
and now.

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USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we
use the present perfect to show that something started in the past and has
continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the present perfect.
Examples:
 I have had a cold for two weeks.
 She has been in England for six months.
 Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of present perfect is normally limited to non-
continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words
"live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even
though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.

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ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs
such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
 You have only seen that movie one time.
 Have you only seen that movie one time?

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We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which
refer to the recent past:
just; only just; recently;
Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.
We have just got back from our holidays.
or adverbials which include the present:
ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in
questions and negatives)
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?
Have you finished your homework yet?
No, so far I’ve only done my history.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/present-perfect

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WARNING:
We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which
refers to past time which is finished:
I have seen that film yesterday.
We have just bought a new car last week.
When we were children we have been to California.
But we can use it to refer to a time which
is not yet finished:
Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/present-perfect

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ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
 Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
 That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
Source: https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html

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They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
Note: We normally use the present perfect
continuous for this:
She has been living in Liverpool all her life.
It’s been raining for hours.
The present perfect continuous is formed
with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/present-perfect

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PAINT THEIR BEDROOM

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WRITE NOVELS

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LOCK THE DOOR?

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BREAK THE WINDOW

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MAKE SOMEONE’S BED

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WATER THE PLANTS

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FLY IN A BALOON, DO PARACHUTING AND SWIM WITH DOLPHINS

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LOSE SOMEONE’S WALLET

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SEE THE FILM TWICE

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WASH HER HEAR

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TAKE AN EXAM

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WASH THE DISHES

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SHE IS WAITING FOR HER SISTER
HINT: ARRIVE/YET

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CORRECT THE EXAMS/YET

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LIVE IN LONDON/FOR

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NOT SMOKE/SINCE

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WORK/SINCE
https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/45/present-perfect-
simple

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Anthropogenic disturbance ……………….. after the colonial period in the
16th century (Intensify)
Anthropogenic disturbance …………………….since the early 20th century
(extend)
Hydrological impacts of land use and that of many other anthropic
activities in the región ……………………… properly (not evaluate)
Over the last decades, hydrological research in the tropical
Andes……………..(increase)
Most studies …………………………..on the wet paramo ecosystems (focus)
Luteyn; Buytaert and Molina…………………. (report) annual precipitation
amounts between 500 and 3000 mm year-1
PRACTICE

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• Characterizing reference evapotranspiration …………………..by the scarce
availability of meterorological data. (limit)
• Although some values …................(report) as high as 646 mm year-1
• Streamflow …………………(measure) using a compound Sharp-crested weir
• Precipitation …………………….(measure) with a mínimum of two tipping-
bucket rain gauges at an installed height of 1.50 m
• Buytaert …………………(attribute) the increase in the steepness of FDCs in
both cultivated paramo and puna to a shift from base to peak flows.
• These authors ……………………(report) diminished soil hydraulic
conductivities.
PRACTICE