The document discusses lessons learned from protecting the ozone layer through the Montreal Protocol. It argues that breakthrough technologies, not just policies, are needed to address climate change. The Montreal Protocol was successful because it overcame conflicts and biases through pragmatic technology assessments. Companies developed alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, with benefits for the environment and economy. Similarly, low-carbon energy sources and carbon sequestration technologies must be developed and scaled up to create prosperity for future generations while protecting the climate.

1. The Importance of Technology
to Future Generations
[Lessons from Protecting the Ozone Layer]
Stephen O.Andersen, PhD
Future Generations Consulting

2. Presentation Outline
The Montreal Protocol protects the Earth against
the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation
Pragmatic technology assessment by respected
and influential experts overcame conflict and bias
of policy makers and the public and successfully
protected the ozone layer and is helping protect
the climate
Creating a prosperous economy for future
generations requires breakthrough technology in
low-carbon energy supply and carbon
sequestration

3. The Climate is in Peril
Climate change is jeopardizing prosperity and
environmental quality; the question is where
first, when and with what wrath
350 parts-per-million (PPM) is considered the
safe atmospheric CO2limit, Earth is now at
400+ ppm – higher than any time in human
history
The strategy is to:
Rapidly phase-down use of short-lived greenhouse gases
Move intelligently toward low-carbon energy sources
Increase photosynthesis and CO2 capture from power plants
Drastically increase energy efficiency

4. Each Generation Builds for the Next
The affordable electricity we enjoy today
results from electric utility investment long
since paid for
The affordable electricity and quality of life of
future generations depends on investments
made for cleaner and lower carbon power
plants

5. Gigantic Projects Often Prove
Essential to the Quality of Life
Canals, Railroads, Highways, and
Aerospace
Trams, Ferries, Bridges, and Tunnels
Industrial and Residential Electrification
and Natural Gas Distribution
Clean Water and Clean Air Infrastructure
Ozone Layer and Climate Protection

6. Ozone Protection was Daunting
When 24 countries signed the Montreal Protocol
in 1987 there were few alternatives for the 240
sectors that used ozone-depleting substances
(ODSs)
Weapons systems, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermal and safety foam,
electronics, aerospace, medicine, sterilization, fire protection, pest
control, and more
Today every country has joined the Montreal
Protocol and 98% of ozone-depleting substances
are phased out with alternatives so available that
few citizens even noticed the market
transformation

7. 7 Stephen Montzka, NOAA/ESRL, 2006
The Montreal Protocol Phaseout
Of Ozone-­‐Depleting Substances (ODSs)
The Montreal Protocol has slowed
and reversed the accumulation of
ozone depleting substances (ODSs)
in the stratosphere as measured by
effective stratospheric chlorine
amounts.
The ODS phaseout reduced net
GWP-­‐weighted emissions from ODSs
in 2010 by 5-­‐6 times the reduction
target of the first commitment
period (2008-­‐2012) of the Kyoto
Protocol.

8. Technology Protects
Environment
Science inspires international treaties and
national policy
But the truth is, it is engineering and
technology that gets the job done
Breakthrough technology is rarely easy, usually
developed inside the industry, often
controversial, and typically not appreciated for
years to come

9. Billion Dollar Investments
Protected the Ozone Layer
Chemical Companies
Half a dozen companies built world-scale plants to produce
CFC substitutes before toxicity testing was complete and
customers were committed
Automobile Manufacturers
Within six years of the signing of the Montreal Protocol CFCs
were recovered and recycled from automobiles and an ozone
safe refrigerant was implemented worldwide
Asthma and COPD Drug Companies
Medicine delivered in more precise dose, with less drug
interaction, and with more reliable prescription for each
patient

10. Lessons from the Montreal Protocol
Companies whose chemicals threatened the
ozone layer produce the chemicals that saved
the ozone layer
Breakthrough technology to replace ozone-
depleting substances had priceless technical
and economic side-benefits
Companies that saved the ozone layer earned
profits for stockholders, savings for customers,
and a better life for everyone and everything

11. Lessons from the Montreal Protocol
WorkTogether—governments, companies and
citizens transforming markets
Performance not Prescription—using electricity
carbon intensity, not fuel source, as the
environmental metric
Invest in the Future—recognizing that quality of life
for future generations is worth the extra capital
investment today
Learn by Doing—building full-scale plants that
demonstrate the power of engineering genius to
protect environment at affordable costs

12. How is Kemper Like the Technology
That Protects the Ozone Layer?
Already knew how to generate cleaner power
Learned from operating the world’s most
sophisticated carbon sequestration test center
Perfected technology capable of burning low-
ranked coal as cleanly as high-ranked coal and
natural gas!
Sought out the best lignite location
Scaled up from proven pilot-scale projects
Integrating the plant in a grid with diversified
fuel choices continuously optimized for
economy and environment

13. ThankYou!
Dr. Stephen O.Andersen
soliverandersen@aol.com