This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. It discusses how CO2 emissions have rapidly increased due to population growth and energy consumption. There are three main options to reduce CO2 emissions: improving energy efficiency, switching to non-fossil fuel energy sources, and developing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. The document then describes the three main methods of CCS - pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion. It also discusses transporting the captured CO2 via pipelines and storing it underground through geo-sequestration in depleted oil fields, aquifers, and other rock formations. The advantages and disadvantages of CCS technologies are

1. PADMASHREE INSTITUTE OF
MANEGMENT AND SCIENCE.
Seminar topic on
• Entrapment of Co2 ;
Presented by;
Shylesh murthy I .A
2Ndyr
Msc biotechnology
PIMS

2. INTRODUCTION
The 20th century has seen the rapid increase of population and explosive
growth in energy consumption. As more countries becoming industrialized, it is
expected that more energy will be consumed in 21st century.

3. Table 1 shows the comparisons of energy use, population and per capita
consumption in 1900 and 2001 (Song,2006). In current stage over 85 percent of
world energy demand is supplied by fossil fuels.
 Fossil-fueled power plants are responsible for roughly 40 percent of total
CO2 emissions, coal-fired plants being the main contributor.
 This includes the combustion of fossil fuels in all major industries and
other factors such as deforestation and desertification.
 Among these GHG, CO2 is the largest contributor in regard of its amount
present in the atmosphere contributing to 60 percent of global warming effects ,
although methane and chlorofluorocarbons have much higher green house effect as
per mass of gases.
 There are increasing concerns for global warming caused by the effects of
particularly CO2.

4. There are three options to reduce total CO2 emission into the atmosphere,
i.e., to reduce energy intensity, to reduce carbon intensity, and to enhance the
sequestration of CO2.
I. The first option requires efficient use of energy.
II. The second option requires switching to using non-fossil fuels such as
hydrogen and renewable energy.
III. The third option involves the development of technologies to capture and
sequester more CO2.

5. WHATISCARBONCAPTURE .?
• CCS isatechnology that will attempt to prevent large
quantities of CO2from being releasedinto the atmosphere
from theuseof fossil fuels in power generation andother
industries.
• It isoften regardedasameansofmitigating the contribution
of fossil fuel emissionsto globalwarming.

6. WORLDCO2EMISSION

8. CAPTURINGCARBON
• Thereareessentiallythree waystocapture the carbondioxide from a
powerplant:
• Beforethe fuel isburned(precombustion),
• After the fuel isburned (postcombustion),or
• By burning the fuel in more oxygen and storing all the gases
producedasaresult (oxyfuel).

9. PRECOMBUSTION
• In precombustion, the aim isto remove the carbon fromcoal
fuel beforeit's burned. Thecoalisreacted with oxygen to makesyngas
(synthesisgas),a mixture of carbon monoxideand hydrogen gases.The
hydrogen canbe removed and either burned directly asfuel or
compressedand stored for use.
• In fuel-cell cars.Water is addedto the carbon monoxide to make
carbon dioxide (which isstored) and additional hydrogen,which is added
to the hydrogen previously removed.

11. POSTCOMBUSTION
• In postcombustion, we're trying to remove carbon dioxide from apower
station's output afterafuel hasbeen burned. That meanswaste gaseshaveto
be captured andscrubbed cleanof their CO2before they travel up
smokestacks.
• Thescrubbing isdone by passingthe gasesthrough ammonia, which isthen
blasted cleanwith steam, releasingthe CO2for storage.

14. OXYFUEL
• Powerplants don't producepure CO2:because there's often not
enoughoxygenfor complete combustion they produceother
pollutantgasesaswell.
• Onewayto purify the exhaustisto blow extra oxygeninto the
furnace sothe fuel burns completely producingrelatively pure
steamand CO2.
• Oncethe steamisremoved(bycoolingand condensingit to
makewater), theCO2canbe stored.

15. • TRANSPORTATION
• After capture, the CO2would havetobe transported to suitable
storagesites.
• Thisisdonebypipeline, which isgenerally the cheapestform of
transport.
• Aconveyorbelt systemor shipcouldalsobe utilized fortransport.

16. STORINGCARBON

17. • Storingcarbondioxide under Earth'ssurfaceis calledgeo-sequestration
andusesthings like workedout oil fields, aquifers,or other rock
formations deepunderground.
• StoringCO2byreacting itwith minerals,though that requiresalotmore
energy.

18. ADVANTAGES
• CCS applied to amodern conventionalpower plant could reduce
CO2emissionsto the atmosphereby80-90%comparedto aplant
without CCS.
• the solventsusedto capture CO2from the flue gaseswill remove
somenitrogenoxides andsulphuroxides.

19. DISADVANTAGES
• Increasesignificantly the emissionsof acidgas pollutants.
• Capturing and compressing C02 requires much energy and
would increase the fuel needs of a coal-fired plant with CCS
by25-40%..

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