The document discusses various elements of systems design. It describes components that require design such as the network, application architecture, user interfaces, and system interfaces. It also discusses inputs to the design process such as functional models from analysis. The document then covers specific design areas in more detail, including network design, the application architecture using various models like client-server and n-tier architectures, user interface design, and database design. It also discusses design techniques like prototyping.
The document discusses elements of systems design, including inputs for system design such as functional models from analysis. It describes designing the network, application architecture, user interfaces, system interfaces, and database. Prototyping during design is discussed to confirm design choices. Designing controls and integrating the deployment environment are also summarized. Traditional structured and object-oriented design models as well as client/server, n-tier, and web-based architectures are briefly introduced.
The document discusses the design phase of systems development. It describes design phase activities like designing the application architecture, user interfaces, system interfaces, database, and network. The design phase takes the analysis models and converts them into technical models that represent the solution. It results in diagrams that describe the system architecture and logic of programming components. Design adapts to the deployment environment and may decompose the design into layers.
introduction to cloud computing for college.pdfsnehan789
The document provides an overview of cloud computing by outlining its module which includes fundamental concepts of distributed systems, cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing, and mobile computing. It then defines computing and distributed systems, explaining that a distributed system is a system with multiple components located on different machines that communicate and coordinate actions to appear as a single system. Key characteristics of distributed systems include presenting a single system image, expandability, continuous availability, and being supported by middleware.
The document discusses enabling technologies for distributed and cloud computing over the past 30 years. It describes how computing has evolved from centralized mainframes and supercomputers to today's distributed systems using grids, peer-to-peer networks, and internet clouds. It also discusses the interactions between challenges like data deluge, cloud technologies, e-science, and parallel computing.
This chapter discusses system architecture and design. It covers selecting an architecture, client/server models, online and batch processing, network topologies, wireless networks, and completing the system design specification. The objectives are to understand issues in selecting an architecture, describe different processing and network designs, and explain how to finalize a system design.
The document discusses application architecture and modeling. It defines application architecture as the specification for how an information system will be implemented, including choices around centralization vs distribution, data storage, software development, and interfaces. Physical data flow diagrams (DFDs) are introduced as a way to model these technical implementation details. Different computing architectures like centralized, distributed, client/server, and internet-based systems are described.
Chapter 10 System Architecture.Information Technology Project Management pptxAxmedMaxamuudYoonis
This chapter discusses system architecture and design. It covers selecting an architecture based on issues like scalability, security and legacy system integration. Client-server systems are described as more flexible and scalable than traditional mainframe models. Online and batch processing methods are outlined. Networking models like hierarchical, bus, ring and star are defined. The chapter concludes with wireless networking trends and presenting a system design specification.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a transformative technology that allows businesses and individuals to access computing resources over the internet. Instead of owning and maintaining physical hardware and software, users can leverage cloud services provided by companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and others. This shift has revolutionized how we think about IT infrastructure, software development, data storage, and more.
Key Concepts of Cloud Computing
On-Demand Self-Service:
Users can provision computing resources as needed without human intervention from the service provider. This includes servers, storage, and applications.
Broad Network Access:
Cloud services are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms, enabling use from a variety of devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
Resource Pooling:
Providers use a multi-tenant model to serve multiple customers with dynamically assigned resources. This model allows for economies of scale and efficient resource utilization.
Rapid Elasticity:
Resources can be elastically provisioned and released, sometimes automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.
Measured Service:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability, allowing for pay-as-you-go pricing models.
Types of Cloud Computing Services
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Examples include AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine, and Azure Virtual Machines.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
Offers hardware and software tools over the internet, typically used for application development. Examples include Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, and Azure App Services.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
Delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis. Examples include Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, and Salesforce.
Deployment Models
Public Cloud:
Services are delivered over the public internet and shared across multiple organizations. It offers cost savings but might pose concerns regarding data security and privacy.
Private Cloud:
Dedicated to a single organization, offering enhanced security and control over data and infrastructure. It's more expensive than public cloud but can be tailored to specific business needs.
Hybrid Cloud:
Combines public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them. This model offers greater flexibility and optimization of existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.
Community Cloud:
Shared between organizations with common concerns (e.g., security, compliance, jurisdiction). It can be managed internally or by a third-party.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for significant capital expenditure on hardware and software.
Scalability and Flexibility: Easily scales up or down based on
The document discusses elements of systems design, including inputs for system design such as functional models from analysis. It describes designing the network, application architecture, user interfaces, system interfaces, and database. Prototyping during design is discussed to confirm design choices. Designing controls and integrating the deployment environment are also summarized. Traditional structured and object-oriented design models as well as client/server, n-tier, and web-based architectures are briefly introduced.
The document discusses the design phase of systems development. It describes design phase activities like designing the application architecture, user interfaces, system interfaces, database, and network. The design phase takes the analysis models and converts them into technical models that represent the solution. It results in diagrams that describe the system architecture and logic of programming components. Design adapts to the deployment environment and may decompose the design into layers.
introduction to cloud computing for college.pdfsnehan789
The document provides an overview of cloud computing by outlining its module which includes fundamental concepts of distributed systems, cluster computing, grid computing, cloud computing, and mobile computing. It then defines computing and distributed systems, explaining that a distributed system is a system with multiple components located on different machines that communicate and coordinate actions to appear as a single system. Key characteristics of distributed systems include presenting a single system image, expandability, continuous availability, and being supported by middleware.
The document discusses enabling technologies for distributed and cloud computing over the past 30 years. It describes how computing has evolved from centralized mainframes and supercomputers to today's distributed systems using grids, peer-to-peer networks, and internet clouds. It also discusses the interactions between challenges like data deluge, cloud technologies, e-science, and parallel computing.
This chapter discusses system architecture and design. It covers selecting an architecture, client/server models, online and batch processing, network topologies, wireless networks, and completing the system design specification. The objectives are to understand issues in selecting an architecture, describe different processing and network designs, and explain how to finalize a system design.
The document discusses application architecture and modeling. It defines application architecture as the specification for how an information system will be implemented, including choices around centralization vs distribution, data storage, software development, and interfaces. Physical data flow diagrams (DFDs) are introduced as a way to model these technical implementation details. Different computing architectures like centralized, distributed, client/server, and internet-based systems are described.
Chapter 10 System Architecture.Information Technology Project Management pptxAxmedMaxamuudYoonis
This chapter discusses system architecture and design. It covers selecting an architecture based on issues like scalability, security and legacy system integration. Client-server systems are described as more flexible and scalable than traditional mainframe models. Online and batch processing methods are outlined. Networking models like hierarchical, bus, ring and star are defined. The chapter concludes with wireless networking trends and presenting a system design specification.
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a transformative technology that allows businesses and individuals to access computing resources over the internet. Instead of owning and maintaining physical hardware and software, users can leverage cloud services provided by companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and others. This shift has revolutionized how we think about IT infrastructure, software development, data storage, and more.
Key Concepts of Cloud Computing
On-Demand Self-Service:
Users can provision computing resources as needed without human intervention from the service provider. This includes servers, storage, and applications.
Broad Network Access:
Cloud services are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms, enabling use from a variety of devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
Resource Pooling:
Providers use a multi-tenant model to serve multiple customers with dynamically assigned resources. This model allows for economies of scale and efficient resource utilization.
Rapid Elasticity:
Resources can be elastically provisioned and released, sometimes automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.
Measured Service:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability, allowing for pay-as-you-go pricing models.
Types of Cloud Computing Services
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Examples include AWS EC2, Google Compute Engine, and Azure Virtual Machines.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
Offers hardware and software tools over the internet, typically used for application development. Examples include Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, and Azure App Services.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
Delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis. Examples include Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, and Salesforce.
Deployment Models
Public Cloud:
Services are delivered over the public internet and shared across multiple organizations. It offers cost savings but might pose concerns regarding data security and privacy.
Private Cloud:
Dedicated to a single organization, offering enhanced security and control over data and infrastructure. It's more expensive than public cloud but can be tailored to specific business needs.
Hybrid Cloud:
Combines public and private clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them. This model offers greater flexibility and optimization of existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.
Community Cloud:
Shared between organizations with common concerns (e.g., security, compliance, jurisdiction). It can be managed internally or by a third-party.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for significant capital expenditure on hardware and software.
Scalability and Flexibility: Easily scales up or down based on
CPIS351-chapter9.ppt contains about system analysis and designNaglaaAbdelhady
This chapter discusses the design phase of systems development. Design involves determining how system components will be structured and organized based on requirements identified in analysis. Key activities of design include developing the application architecture, user interfaces, network diagram, and integration of the system into deployment environments. The output of design is specifications and diagrams that describe how the new system will be constructed.
This document provides an overview of distributed computing. It discusses the history and introduction of distributed computing. It describes the working of distributed systems and common types like grid computing, cluster computing and cloud computing. It covers the motivations, goals, characteristics, architectures, security challenges and examples of distributed computing. Advantages include improved performance and fault tolerance, while disadvantages are security issues and lost messages.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing and related topics such as distributed systems, cluster computing, and mobile computing. It defines cloud computing as a technology that allows for network-based computing over the Internet, providing hardware, software, and networking services to clients. Key aspects include on-demand services that are scalable and available anywhere via simple interfaces. The document contrasts cloud computing with cluster computing, noting that clusters have tightly coupled nodes within a local network, while clouds have loosely coupled nodes that can span wide geographic areas. Examples of cloud computing applications in areas like healthcare, engineering, education, and media are also provided.
Distributed computing involves a collection of independent computers that appear as a single coherent system to users. It allows for pooling of resources and increased reliability through replication. Key aspects of distributed systems include hiding the distribution from users, providing a consistent interface, scalability, and fault tolerance. Common examples are web search, online games, and financial trading systems. Distributed computing is used for tasks like high-performance computing through cluster and grid computing.
The document discusses various topics related to computing models and technologies. It defines client/server computing as a model where functions are distributed between client processes that request services and server processes that provide services. It also discusses distributed computing using multiple interconnected computers, cloud computing which delivers computing services over the Internet, mobile computing using portable hardware and software, and potential future computing technologies like predictive analytics, cognitive computing using artificial intelligence, and autonomic computing with self-managing networks.
An IT infrastructure is composed of hardware, software, networking technology, data management technology, and technology services. The document describes the key components of an IT infrastructure including:
1. Hardware such as desktop PCs, servers, storage devices, and input/output devices.
2. Software including operating systems, application software, database management systems, and web technologies.
3. Networking technologies such as peer-to-peer networks, client-server networks, and different network topologies.
4. Data management including database software, physical data storage, and storage area networks.
5. Technology services including IT support and management services.
Cloud Computing :Technologies for Network-Based Systems - System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing - Implementation Levels of Virtualization - Virtualization Structures/Tools and Mechanisms - Virtualization of CPU, Memory, and I/O Devices - Virtual Clusters and Resource Management - Virtualization for Data-Center Automation.
The document discusses different types of network architectures. It describes peer-to-peer architecture as a decentralized model where computers connected over the Internet can directly share files without a central server. It also describes client-server architecture as a centralized model with a server computer managing resources for client computers. Less common architectures mentioned include centralized, distributed, and collaborative models.
The document summarizes key aspects of architectural design for software systems. It defines software architecture as the structure of system components and relationships between them. Architecture is important for analyzing design effectiveness, considering alternatives, and managing risks. Key architectural styles described include data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered. The document also discusses defining architectural context diagrams, archetypes, and components to design system architecture.
The document discusses computer clusters, which involve linking multiple computers together to work as a single logical unit. Key points include: clusters allow for cost-effective high performance and availability compared to single systems; they can be configured in shared-nothing or shared-disk models; common applications include scientific computing, databases, web services, and high availability systems; and cluster middleware helps provide a single system image and improved manageability.
The document discusses different types of operating systems and communication networks. It describes distributed operating systems, multiprocessor operating systems, database operating systems, and real-time operating systems. It also covers distributed system architectures, issues in distributed operating systems like naming and resource management, and communication networks including local area networks and protocols like CSMA/CD.
The document discusses site architecture, including logical and physical architecture. It describes four common logical architectures: mainframe, client-server, n-tier, and distributed. The n-tier architecture separates functions into presentation, business logic, and data layers. Factors for choosing a logical and physical architecture include functionality, flexibility, scalability, performance, and more. The data layer provides data access and storage. Common database types are flat-file, relational, and object-oriented. The business logic layer implements core rules. The presentation layer renders content from the database using HTML, plugins, or custom code. Physical architecture considers hardware, hosting options, and services for large websites.
This document describes a network rollout solution from Amdocs that aims to reduce the time and cost of network deployment projects. It does this through automating network planning, design, and project management processes. Some key benefits highlighted include reducing deployment costs by up to 25% and design time by over 50% through standardized templates and automatic end-to-end planning. It provides visibility and control over high volume projects to improve management and speed up changes. The solution leverages a catalog-driven approach and integrates with various systems through APIs to orchestrate the entire network rollout lifecycle from demand planning to field deployment.
This document provides an overview of distributed computing. It discusses key concepts like distributed systems having computers with separate memories that communicate over a network. Distributed computing involves splitting a program into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers. The document also covers the history of distributed computing, examples like grid and cloud computing, motivations like performance and fault tolerance, and challenges around complexity and security.
The document provides an overview of software architectural design, including:
1) Definitions of software architecture, architectural design, and architectural design models. The architectural design process involves creating a data design, deriving architectural representations, analyzing styles, and elaborating the selected style.
2) An emphasis on software components as the basic elements of an architecture. Common component types include modules, classes, databases, and middleware.
3) The importance of architectural design for communication, early impactful decisions, and managing complexity through abstraction. Example diagrams are provided.
4) Descriptions of common architectural styles like data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, layered, and data-centered styles. Adv
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. Key properties include concurrency across multiple cores and hosts, lack of a global clock, and independent failures of nodes. There are many challenges in building distributed systems including performance, concurrency, failures, scalability, and transparency. Common approaches to address these include virtual clocks, group communication, failure detection, transaction protocols, redundancy, and middleware. Distributed systems must be carefully engineered to balance competing design tradeoffs.
Distributed processing is a technique where computing tasks and data are distributed across multiple computers or devices that are connected through communication facilities. A distributed system is one where components located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. Some key forms of distributed processing include centralized, decentralized, parallel, open distributed processing, and clustering. Distributed processing provides advantages like quicker response times, lower costs, improved data integrity, and resource sharing, but also poses challenges like heterogeneity, security, scalability, and failure handling.
Subject: Software Architecture Design
Topic: Distributed Architecture
In this presentation, you will learn about design pattern, softawre architecture, distributed architecture, basis of distributed architecture, why distributed architecture, need of distributed architecture, advantages and disadvantages of DA and much more.
Rate my presentation, It's designed graphically.
This document summarizes a study on the risk factors of caesarean section for mothers and infants in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. The study used a questionnaire to collect data from 35 respondents. Key findings include that over 60% of respondents were aware of caesarean section complications, while breech presentation, amniotic fluid deficiency, and baby's overweight were the top factors influencing respondents' decisions to have c-sections. Nausea and headache were the most common problems reported after c-sections. The document provides suggestions such as using regional rather than spinal anesthesia during c-sections to reduce nausea, and avoiding overwork to reduce headaches.
Project management involves planning, scheduling, and controlling project activities to meet objectives related to performance, cost, and time. A project aims to solve problems by defining them properly. The scope of a project should remain constant, but often increases unintentionally through small, incremental changes. To manage a project, one must define the problem, develop solution options, plan the project, execute the plan, monitor and control progress, and close out the project by learning lessons. Effective project management requires skills in leadership, negotiation, team building, motivation, communication, and decision making to deal with human factors.
CPIS351-chapter9.ppt contains about system analysis and designNaglaaAbdelhady
This chapter discusses the design phase of systems development. Design involves determining how system components will be structured and organized based on requirements identified in analysis. Key activities of design include developing the application architecture, user interfaces, network diagram, and integration of the system into deployment environments. The output of design is specifications and diagrams that describe how the new system will be constructed.
This document provides an overview of distributed computing. It discusses the history and introduction of distributed computing. It describes the working of distributed systems and common types like grid computing, cluster computing and cloud computing. It covers the motivations, goals, characteristics, architectures, security challenges and examples of distributed computing. Advantages include improved performance and fault tolerance, while disadvantages are security issues and lost messages.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing and related topics such as distributed systems, cluster computing, and mobile computing. It defines cloud computing as a technology that allows for network-based computing over the Internet, providing hardware, software, and networking services to clients. Key aspects include on-demand services that are scalable and available anywhere via simple interfaces. The document contrasts cloud computing with cluster computing, noting that clusters have tightly coupled nodes within a local network, while clouds have loosely coupled nodes that can span wide geographic areas. Examples of cloud computing applications in areas like healthcare, engineering, education, and media are also provided.
Distributed computing involves a collection of independent computers that appear as a single coherent system to users. It allows for pooling of resources and increased reliability through replication. Key aspects of distributed systems include hiding the distribution from users, providing a consistent interface, scalability, and fault tolerance. Common examples are web search, online games, and financial trading systems. Distributed computing is used for tasks like high-performance computing through cluster and grid computing.
The document discusses various topics related to computing models and technologies. It defines client/server computing as a model where functions are distributed between client processes that request services and server processes that provide services. It also discusses distributed computing using multiple interconnected computers, cloud computing which delivers computing services over the Internet, mobile computing using portable hardware and software, and potential future computing technologies like predictive analytics, cognitive computing using artificial intelligence, and autonomic computing with self-managing networks.
An IT infrastructure is composed of hardware, software, networking technology, data management technology, and technology services. The document describes the key components of an IT infrastructure including:
1. Hardware such as desktop PCs, servers, storage devices, and input/output devices.
2. Software including operating systems, application software, database management systems, and web technologies.
3. Networking technologies such as peer-to-peer networks, client-server networks, and different network topologies.
4. Data management including database software, physical data storage, and storage area networks.
5. Technology services including IT support and management services.
Cloud Computing :Technologies for Network-Based Systems - System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing - Implementation Levels of Virtualization - Virtualization Structures/Tools and Mechanisms - Virtualization of CPU, Memory, and I/O Devices - Virtual Clusters and Resource Management - Virtualization for Data-Center Automation.
The document discusses different types of network architectures. It describes peer-to-peer architecture as a decentralized model where computers connected over the Internet can directly share files without a central server. It also describes client-server architecture as a centralized model with a server computer managing resources for client computers. Less common architectures mentioned include centralized, distributed, and collaborative models.
The document summarizes key aspects of architectural design for software systems. It defines software architecture as the structure of system components and relationships between them. Architecture is important for analyzing design effectiveness, considering alternatives, and managing risks. Key architectural styles described include data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered. The document also discusses defining architectural context diagrams, archetypes, and components to design system architecture.
The document discusses computer clusters, which involve linking multiple computers together to work as a single logical unit. Key points include: clusters allow for cost-effective high performance and availability compared to single systems; they can be configured in shared-nothing or shared-disk models; common applications include scientific computing, databases, web services, and high availability systems; and cluster middleware helps provide a single system image and improved manageability.
The document discusses different types of operating systems and communication networks. It describes distributed operating systems, multiprocessor operating systems, database operating systems, and real-time operating systems. It also covers distributed system architectures, issues in distributed operating systems like naming and resource management, and communication networks including local area networks and protocols like CSMA/CD.
The document discusses site architecture, including logical and physical architecture. It describes four common logical architectures: mainframe, client-server, n-tier, and distributed. The n-tier architecture separates functions into presentation, business logic, and data layers. Factors for choosing a logical and physical architecture include functionality, flexibility, scalability, performance, and more. The data layer provides data access and storage. Common database types are flat-file, relational, and object-oriented. The business logic layer implements core rules. The presentation layer renders content from the database using HTML, plugins, or custom code. Physical architecture considers hardware, hosting options, and services for large websites.
This document describes a network rollout solution from Amdocs that aims to reduce the time and cost of network deployment projects. It does this through automating network planning, design, and project management processes. Some key benefits highlighted include reducing deployment costs by up to 25% and design time by over 50% through standardized templates and automatic end-to-end planning. It provides visibility and control over high volume projects to improve management and speed up changes. The solution leverages a catalog-driven approach and integrates with various systems through APIs to orchestrate the entire network rollout lifecycle from demand planning to field deployment.
This document provides an overview of distributed computing. It discusses key concepts like distributed systems having computers with separate memories that communicate over a network. Distributed computing involves splitting a program into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers. The document also covers the history of distributed computing, examples like grid and cloud computing, motivations like performance and fault tolerance, and challenges around complexity and security.
The document provides an overview of software architectural design, including:
1) Definitions of software architecture, architectural design, and architectural design models. The architectural design process involves creating a data design, deriving architectural representations, analyzing styles, and elaborating the selected style.
2) An emphasis on software components as the basic elements of an architecture. Common component types include modules, classes, databases, and middleware.
3) The importance of architectural design for communication, early impactful decisions, and managing complexity through abstraction. Example diagrams are provided.
4) Descriptions of common architectural styles like data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, layered, and data-centered styles. Adv
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. Key properties include concurrency across multiple cores and hosts, lack of a global clock, and independent failures of nodes. There are many challenges in building distributed systems including performance, concurrency, failures, scalability, and transparency. Common approaches to address these include virtual clocks, group communication, failure detection, transaction protocols, redundancy, and middleware. Distributed systems must be carefully engineered to balance competing design tradeoffs.
Distributed processing is a technique where computing tasks and data are distributed across multiple computers or devices that are connected through communication facilities. A distributed system is one where components located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. Some key forms of distributed processing include centralized, decentralized, parallel, open distributed processing, and clustering. Distributed processing provides advantages like quicker response times, lower costs, improved data integrity, and resource sharing, but also poses challenges like heterogeneity, security, scalability, and failure handling.
Subject: Software Architecture Design
Topic: Distributed Architecture
In this presentation, you will learn about design pattern, softawre architecture, distributed architecture, basis of distributed architecture, why distributed architecture, need of distributed architecture, advantages and disadvantages of DA and much more.
Rate my presentation, It's designed graphically.
This document summarizes a study on the risk factors of caesarean section for mothers and infants in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. The study used a questionnaire to collect data from 35 respondents. Key findings include that over 60% of respondents were aware of caesarean section complications, while breech presentation, amniotic fluid deficiency, and baby's overweight were the top factors influencing respondents' decisions to have c-sections. Nausea and headache were the most common problems reported after c-sections. The document provides suggestions such as using regional rather than spinal anesthesia during c-sections to reduce nausea, and avoiding overwork to reduce headaches.
Project management involves planning, scheduling, and controlling project activities to meet objectives related to performance, cost, and time. A project aims to solve problems by defining them properly. The scope of a project should remain constant, but often increases unintentionally through small, incremental changes. To manage a project, one must define the problem, develop solution options, plan the project, execute the plan, monitor and control progress, and close out the project by learning lessons. Effective project management requires skills in leadership, negotiation, team building, motivation, communication, and decision making to deal with human factors.
This document discusses customer relationship management (CRM). It defines CRM as a business strategy to understand, anticipate, and respond to customer needs to grow relationship value. There are five types of CRM discussed: analytical, collaborative, operational, geographic, and sales intelligence. The purpose of CRM is to create value for customers and the company over the long term. CRM enables competitive advantage over competitors providing similar products/services. Information technology plays a pivotal role in CRM by using databases and data mining to increase customer value and profitability. Benefits of CRM include reduced costs, increased customer satisfaction, ensuring external focus, growth in customer numbers, and long term profitability.
This document presents a pedal-powered vertical hacksaw machine designed and fabricated by 4 students for their mechanical engineering design project. The objectives of the project were to develop sustainable automation solutions for industry. The machine uses a slider crank mechanism powered by pedals to convert rotational motion into reciprocating motion for cutting. It consists of a pedal arrangement, supporting frame, crank and slider mechanism, and hacksaw assembly connected by sprockets and chains. The working principle is that pedaling rotates sprockets which drive the crank and slider to move the hacksaw back and forth for cutting. The conclusion is that the machine performs the required cutting task efficiently with minimal manual stress or maintenance requirements.
This document presents a pedal-powered vertical hacksaw machine designed and fabricated by 4 students at Nandha College of Technology under the supervision of Mr. N. Viswanathan. The objectives are to provide sustainable automation solutions for industry by reducing human effort. It uses a slider crank mechanism to convert the rotary motion of pedaling into reciprocating motion of the hacksaw blade. The components include a pedal arrangement, supporting frame, crank and slider mechanism, and hacksaw assembly. When the pedals are powered, the rotating disc moves the connecting rod and hacksaw blade in a sawing motion. The concluded that the machine is useful for small-scale industrial and household tasks without needing an electric motor.
Job rotation involves moving employees between different jobs, departments, or locations within an organization over a period of time. It allows employees to gain a variety of skills and experiences, reduce boredom, and explore their interests and strengths. Some benefits of job rotation include broadening employees' knowledge, avoiding fraudulent practices, increasing satisfaction and retention, and helping managers discover hidden talents. However, job rotation can also lead to reduced quality, interruptions, and fears of performing new tasks effectively from employees. For job rotation to be successful, roles must be carefully planned and selected, employees properly trained, and both individual and organizational goals met.
This document outlines the key topics and learning objectives covered in an operations management textbook. It includes an overview of operations management, its history and importance, differences between goods and services, and how operations managers make critical decisions. The document also profiles influential figures in operations management history like Eli Whitney, Frederick Taylor, and W. Edwards Deming and how their work contributed to the discipline. It concludes by comparing characteristics of goods versus services industries.
The document discusses various traditional and modern methods of performance appraisal. Traditional methods include ranking, paired comparison, grading, forced distribution, forced-choice, check-list, critical incidents, graphic rating scale, and essay methods. Modern methods discussed are management by objectives, behaviorally anchored rating scales, assessment centers, 360-degree appraisal, and human resource accounting. The methods are used to systematically evaluate employee performance against objectives and identify areas for development.
The document discusses monitoring and evaluation of small businesses. It provides details on monitoring, which involves regularly collecting data on activities, outputs and processes to track progress and make adjustments. Evaluation determines the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of activities in achieving objectives. The document also discusses causes of business sickness like inappropriate resource use, financial constraints, and external factors. Remedies include effective planning, training, credit arrangements, and modernization. Prevention involves cooperation between institutions and government agencies.
This document discusses taking calculated risks in business. It begins by defining calculated risk as a carefully considered decision that exposes some degree of personal and financial risk, but also provides a reasonable possibility of benefit. The objectives are to understand calculating risks and rewards of business ideas, and that mistakes are part of the learning process. It notes that while entrepreneurs take risks, they should understand what's at stake and potential payoffs. It provides an example of how people differ in risk tolerance levels and discusses determining individual risk appetites, tolerances, and thresholds. The document concludes by advising conducting a risk versus reward calculation to inform decisions by comparing potential profits versus maximum losses to one's risk tolerance.
Controlling is a management function that involves monitoring performance, comparing results to objectives and standards, and taking corrective action. The control process establishes objectives and standards, measures actual performance, compares the results, and takes necessary action. There are two types of standards - output standards that measure performance results and input standards that measure work efforts. Managers can rely on internal controls that allow self-control or external controls that involve direct action and oversight through systems like performance appraisals.
This document discusses basic human values and their nature and importance. It defines basic human values as those that are inherent to human beings, such as truth, honesty, and love. It notes that values are concepts rather than feelings and exist independently in the mind. The document categorizes different types of basic values and outlines benefits such as improving problem-solving and decision making. It emphasizes the importance of values like honesty and integrity for living a happy, positive life.
Punctuality and timeliness are important in professional environments. Punctuality means being prompt and submitting assignments by deadlines, while timeliness means something happening at the best possible time. Being punctual and timely is important because it shows you are organized, dependable, and respectful of others. It reflects professionalism and enhances reputation. To develop punctuality requires discipline, planning ahead, and respect for time. The benefits of punctuality and timeliness include less stress, better work-life balance, higher productivity, and greater respect from colleagues.
The document discusses corporate culture and its importance. It defines corporate culture as the values, beliefs, and behaviors that determine how a company's employees and management interact, perform, and handle business. It notes that corporate culture is reflected in a company's dress code, business hours, office setup, employee benefits, and other aspects of operations. The document also outlines the importance of corporate culture in providing a positive work environment, reducing turnover, improving performance and productivity, and clarifying employee goals. Finally, it lists some key characteristics of successful corporate cultures such as vision, values, practices, people, teamwork, training, innovation and leadership.
Financial Information System is a software system that collects, analyzes, and reports financial data to support good financial management and decision making. It keeps track of accounts, generates reports, and provides information in various formats. A Financial Information System's capabilities include collecting accurate financial information, providing management reports, supporting budgets, facilitating financial statements, and aiding policy decisions with an audit trail. Its advantages are integrated financial data, flexible reporting and expenditure control, tighter budget monitoring, and reduced administration needs.
Database management concepts involve managing structured data through database management systems (DBMS). A DBMS allows for efficient data retrieval and manipulation through features like querying, views, indexing and optimization. It also controls access and maintains integrity. Key concepts include the database schema, data independence, transaction processing for concurrent users, and ensuring serializability and atomicity of transactions.
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2. 2
Topics
Elements of Design
Inputs for System Design
Design and Integrate the Network
Design the Application Architecture
Design the User Interfaces
Design the System Interfaces
Prototype for Design Details
Deployment Environment
Software Application Functions
Internet and Web-Based Application
Architecture
Middleware
3. 3
Elements of Design
Design is process of describing, organizing,
and structuring system components at
architectural design level and detailed
design level
Focused on preparing for construction
Like developing blueprints
Three questions
What components require systems design?
What are inputs to and outputs of design
process?
How is systems design done?
5. 5
Inputs for System Design
Design
Converts functional models from analysis into models
that represent the solution
Focused on technical issues
Requires less user involvement than analysis
Design may use structured or OO approaches
Database can be relational, OO, or hybrid
User interface issues
10. 10
Design and Integrate the Network
Network specialists establish network based on
strategic plan
Project team typically integrates system into
existing network
Technical requirements have to do with
communication via networks
Technical issues handled by network specialists
Reliability, security, throughput, synchronization
11. 11
Design the Application Architecture
and Software
Specify how system use cases are carried
out
Described during system analysis as logical
models of system activities
After design alternative is selected, detailed
computer processing is designed as
physical models
Approach varies depending on development
and deployment environments
12. 12
Design the User Interfaces
User interface quality is critical aspect of system
Design of user interface defines how user interacts
with system
GUI – windows, dialog boxes, mouse interaction
Sound, video, voice commands
To user of system, user interface is the system
User interface specialists – interface designers,
usability consultants, human factors engineers
13. 13
Design the System Interfaces
System interfaces enable systems to share
and exchange information
Internal organization systems
Interfaces with systems outside organization
New system interfaces with package application
that organization has purchased and installed
System interfaces can be complex
Organization needs very specialized
technical skills to work on these interfaces
14. 14
Design and Integrate the Database
System analysis data model used to create
physical database model
Collection of traditional computer files, relational
databases, and/or object-oriented databases
Technical requirements, such as response times,
determine database performance needs
Design work might involve
Performance tuning
Integration between new and existing databases
15. 15
Prototype for Design Details
Continue to create and evaluate
prototypes during design phase
Prototypes confirm design choices
Database
Network architecture
Controls
Programming environment
Rapid application development (RAD)
design prototypes evolve into finished
system
16. 16
Design and Integrate the System
Controls
Final design activity to ensure system has
adequate safeguards (system controls) to
protect organizational assets
Controls are needed for all other design
activities
User interface – limit access to authorized users
System interface – protect from other systems
Application architecture – record transactions
Database – protect from software/hardware
failure
Network design – protect communications
17. 17
Network Design
Integrate network needs of new system
into existing network infrastructure
Describe processing activity and network
connectivity at each system location
Describe communications protocols and
middleware that connects layers
Ensure that network capacity is sufficient
Data size per access type and average
Peak number of access per minute or hour
18. 18
Computer Networks
Set of transmission lines, specialized
hardware, and communication protocols
Enables communication among different
users and computer systems
Local area network (LAN) less than one
kilometer long – connects computers
within single building
Wide area network (WAN) over one
kilometer long – implies much greater,
global, distances
Router – directs information within
network
20. 20
The Internet, Intranets, and
Extranets
Internet – global collection of
networks that use TCP/IP networking
protocols
Intranets
Private networks using same TCP/IP
protocols as the Internet
Limited to internal users
Extranets
Intranets that have been extended
outside the organization
22. 22
Deployment Environment
Deployment environment definition
bridges analysis and design
Hardware
System software
Networking
Common deployment environments
in which system will operate
Related design patterns and
architectures for application software
23. 23
Application Architecture
Complex hardware/networks require more
complex software architectures
There are commonly used approaches
(patterns) for application architecture
Client/server architecture
Three-layer client/server architecture
Web services architecture
Internet and Web-based application
architecture
24. 24
Software Application Functions
Presentation logic (i.e. HCI)
Application logic (i.e. the processing of business
rules processing)
Data access logic (i.e. the processing required
to access data – database queries in SQL)
Data storage (i.e. data files)
There are several alternatives for the processing
environment:
Centralized systems
Distributed computing
25. 25
Centralized systems
• Prior to the early 1970’s there was only one technological environment –
the mainframe computer system at a central location
• The only options focused around kinds of input/output (e.g., keypunch,
key-to-tape, or interactive input using video display terminal) and
whether input/output devices would be placed in remote locations
• Although they are no longer the preferred platform for deploying ISs,
they are still widely used as a subsystem of a larger, sometimes
distributed information system or for large-scale batch processing
applications (e.g., banking, insurance, government, etc.) where:
– Some input transactions don’t need to be processed in real time
– On-line data-entry personnel can be centrally located
– Large numbers of periodic outputs are produced by the system
There are three types of centralized systems: single, clustered and
multicomputer architectures
26. 26
• Places all information system resources on a single computer system
and its directly attached peripheral devices
• Users interact with the system via simple input/output devices directly
connected to the computer
• Requires all users be located near the computer
• All 4 software application functions are realized on a mainframe
computer (server host) – server-based architecture
Advantage:
• Simplicity of maintenance: relatively easy to design, build and operate
Disadvantage:
• The capacity limits make single computer impractical or unusable for
large ISs: cannot provide all the required processing, data storage, and
data retrieval tasks. However, many systems require more computing
power than one single machine can provide (a clustered or
multicomputer architecture is required)
Single Computer Architecture
29. 29
Clustered Architecture
• Clustered architecture is a group (or cluster) of computers
of the same type that have the same operating environment
and share resources
• Computers from the same manufacturer and model family are
networked together
• Application programs may be executed on any machine in the
cluster without modification due to similar hardware and
operating systems
• Cluster acts like a single large computer system (program
movement and access to resources on other machines occur
quickly and efficiently due to rapid and direct communication
at the operating system level)
• Often one computer may act as entry point and the others
function as slave computers
30. 30
• Multicomputer architecture is a group of dissimilar computers that
are linked together but the hardware and operating systems are not
required to be a similar as in the clustered architecture
• Hardware and software differences do not allow movement of
application programs between computers (instead, resources are
exclusively assigned to each computer system)
• System still functions like one single large computer
• Can have central computer and slave computers
–Main computer may execute programs and hold database
–The front-end computer may handle all communication lines with
other computers or simple terminals
Notes on Centralized Systems
• Clustered architectures may be cost efficient and provide greater total
capacity if similar operating system and hardware are used
• Multicomputer architectures are good when the centralized system
can be decomposed into relatively independent subsystems (each
possibly with its own operating system and/or hardware platform)
Multicomputer Architecture
31. 31
Distributed Architecture
Distributes system across several
computers and locations – distributed
computing
Relies on communication networks for
geographic connectivity
Client/server architecture dominant
model for distributed computing
32. 32
Client/Server Architecture
The dominant architectural model for distributing information
resources
• Two-tire architecture divides the information system
processes into two classes:
– Server: manages system resources and provides access
to those resources and services to other computers on the
network
– Client computer: uses communication interface to
requests services from other computers on the network
• Computer software that implements communication protocols
on the network is called middleware
Advantage – deployment flexibility
Location, scalability, maintainability
Disadvantage – complexity
Performance, security, and reliability
37. 37
• The data layer is a layer on a client-server configuration that
manages stored data implemented as one or more databases
• The business logic layer contains the programs that
implement the rules and procedures of business processing
(or program logic of the application)
• The view layer contains the user interface and other
components to access the system (accepts user input, and
formats and displays processing results)
• This approach is called tree-layer architecture
The IS divided into three layer is relatively easy to distribute
and replicate across a network (interactions among the layers
are always have a form of either request or response)
It makes the layer relatively independent of one another, thus
they can be placed on different computer systems with
network connections and middleware serving
Three-Layer Client/Server
Architecture
40. 40
• When processing requirements or data resources are complex, three-
layer architecture can be expanded into a larger number of layers (n-
layer or n-tiered architecture)
Next slide shows an example in which the data layer is split into two
separate layers: the combined database server and servers that control
the individual databases (marketing, production, accounting).
The business logic layer interacts with a combined database server that
provides a unified view of the data stored in several different
databases.
The responses from the individual database servers are then combined
to create a single response to send to the business logic layer.
N-Layer Client/Server Architecture
43. 43
Internet and Web-Based
Application Architecture
Web is complex example of
client/server architecture
Can use Web protocols and browsers
as application interfaces
Benefits
Accessibility
Low-cost communication
Widely implemented standards
44. 44
Negative Aspects of
Internet Application Delivery
Breaches of security
Fluctuating reliability of network
throughput
Throughput can be limited
Volatile, changing standards
45. 45
Web Services Architecture
A client/server architecture
Packages software functionality into
server processes (“services”)
Makes services available to
applications via Web protocols
Web services are available to internal
and external applications
Developers can assemble an application
using existing Web services
47. 47
Middleware
Aspect of distributed computing
Connects parts of an application and enables
requests and data to pass between them
Transaction process monitors, object request
brokers (ORBs), Web services directories
Designers reply on standard frameworks and
protocols incorporated into middleware