The document discusses elements of systems design, including inputs for system design such as functional models from analysis. It describes designing the network, application architecture, user interfaces, system interfaces, and database. Prototyping during design is discussed to confirm design choices. Designing controls and integrating the deployment environment are also summarized. Traditional structured and object-oriented design models as well as client/server, n-tier, and web-based architectures are briefly introduced.
System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]Abir Maheshwari
One of the topic from SAD named 'Elements of a System'. there are 6 keys elements to construct and reconstruct the business. which are described in this topics but in short, more to come stay connected. Thank you.
Unit 1
Introduction to software engineering, the software as product and a process
software process models – waterfall model, incremental development, reuse
oriented software engineering, introduction to agile.
Systems approach vs engineering approach,
case studies to explain 1) the importance of information systems, 2) availability
and reliability of information systems, 3) flexibility of information systems.
Unit 2
A. Software Development process : SDLC
B. Requirements Engineering – characteristics of requirement, requirement
elicitation and analysis, validation and verification
C. Identification of attributes.
D. Feasibility Analysis : technical and economic
Unit 3
3.1Data Flow Diagrams : Symbols, describing a good system with DFD
3.2DFD : leveling of DFD, logical and physical DFD
3.3Process Specification, Decision Tables.
3.4Introduction to ER Diagrams and Data Dictionary.
Unit 4
4.1Data Input Methods : Data input, coding techniques.
4.2Designing outputs : objectives of output design, design of output reports.
4.3Software development – introduction to project and modules, coupling
and cohesion
4.4 Case studies on DFD, ERD
Unit 5.
5.1Introduction and importance of software testing
5.2Software Security concept and software maintenance
5.3Control of information system
5.4Audit of information system
Unit 6
6.1Introduction to software development and deployment environment
6.2Introduction to component based software engineering
6.3Introduction to distributed software engineering
6.4Introduction to service oriented architecture
System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]Abir Maheshwari
One of the topic from SAD named 'Elements of a System'. there are 6 keys elements to construct and reconstruct the business. which are described in this topics but in short, more to come stay connected. Thank you.
Unit 1
Introduction to software engineering, the software as product and a process
software process models – waterfall model, incremental development, reuse
oriented software engineering, introduction to agile.
Systems approach vs engineering approach,
case studies to explain 1) the importance of information systems, 2) availability
and reliability of information systems, 3) flexibility of information systems.
Unit 2
A. Software Development process : SDLC
B. Requirements Engineering – characteristics of requirement, requirement
elicitation and analysis, validation and verification
C. Identification of attributes.
D. Feasibility Analysis : technical and economic
Unit 3
3.1Data Flow Diagrams : Symbols, describing a good system with DFD
3.2DFD : leveling of DFD, logical and physical DFD
3.3Process Specification, Decision Tables.
3.4Introduction to ER Diagrams and Data Dictionary.
Unit 4
4.1Data Input Methods : Data input, coding techniques.
4.2Designing outputs : objectives of output design, design of output reports.
4.3Software development – introduction to project and modules, coupling
and cohesion
4.4 Case studies on DFD, ERD
Unit 5.
5.1Introduction and importance of software testing
5.2Software Security concept and software maintenance
5.3Control of information system
5.4Audit of information system
Unit 6
6.1Introduction to software development and deployment environment
6.2Introduction to component based software engineering
6.3Introduction to distributed software engineering
6.4Introduction to service oriented architecture
Describe the process of coding, testing, and converting an organizational information system and outline the deliverables and outcomes of the process.
Prepare a test plan for an information system.
Apply four installation strategies: direct, parallel, single-location, and phased installation.
List the deliverables for documenting the system and for training and supporting users.
Distinguish between system and user documentation and determine which types of documentation are necessary for a given information system.
Compare the many modes available for organizational information system training, including self-training and electronic performance support systems.
Discuss the issues of providing support for end-users.
Explain why system implementation sometimes fails.
Describe the threats to system security and remedies that can be applied.
Show how traditional implementation issues apply to electronic commerce applications.
System as a combination of resources or functional units working together to accomplish a given task. The term "working together" in system definition is very important as all the components are interrelated and interdependent and cannot exist independently.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
Describe the process of coding, testing, and converting an organizational information system and outline the deliverables and outcomes of the process.
Prepare a test plan for an information system.
Apply four installation strategies: direct, parallel, single-location, and phased installation.
List the deliverables for documenting the system and for training and supporting users.
Distinguish between system and user documentation and determine which types of documentation are necessary for a given information system.
Compare the many modes available for organizational information system training, including self-training and electronic performance support systems.
Discuss the issues of providing support for end-users.
Explain why system implementation sometimes fails.
Describe the threats to system security and remedies that can be applied.
Show how traditional implementation issues apply to electronic commerce applications.
System as a combination of resources or functional units working together to accomplish a given task. The term "working together" in system definition is very important as all the components are interrelated and interdependent and cannot exist independently.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
This ppt is done by my dear classmate Sap, almost each ppt I have uploaded is copied from net and other sources.I hope this will b a little useful for students..
software design is very crusial thing to manage therfore software 'software design is very crusial thing to manage therfore software software design is very crusial thing to manage therfore software software design is very crusial thing to manage therfore software
Subject: Software Architecture Design
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SAP heatmap example with demo
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2. Topics
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Elements of Design
Inputs for System Design
Design and Integrate the Network
Design the Application Architecture
Design the User Interfaces
Design the System Interfaces
Prototype for Design Details
Deployment Environment
Software Application Functions
Internet and Web-Based Application
WebArchitecture
Middleware
2
3. Elements of Design
n
Design is process of describing, organizing,
and structuring system components at
architectural design level and detailed
design level
Focused on preparing for construction
Like developing blueprints
n
Three questions
What components require systems design?
What are inputs to and outputs of design
process?
How is systems design done?
3
5. Inputs for System Design
n
Design
Converts functional models from analysis into models
that represent the solution
Focused on technical issues
Requires less user involvement than analysis
n
Design may use structured or OO approaches
Database can be relational, OO, or hybrid
User interface issues
5
10. Design and Integrate the Network
n
Network specialists establish network based on
strategic plan
n
Project team typically integrates system into
existing network
n
Technical requirements have to do with
communication via networks
n
Technical issues handled by network specialists
Reliability, security, throughput, synchronization
10
11. Design the Application Architecture
and Software
n
Specify how system use cases are carried
out
n
Described during system analysis as logical
models of system activities
n
After design alternative is selected, detailed
computer processing is designed as
physical models
n
Approach varies depending on development
and deployment environments
11
12. Design the User Interfaces
n
User interface quality is critical aspect of system
n
Design of user interface defines how user interacts
with system
GUI
windows, dialog boxes, mouse interaction
Sound, video, voice commands
n
To user of system, user interface is the system
n
User interface specialists interface designers,
usability consultants, human factors engineers
12
13. Design the System Interfaces
n
System interfaces enable systems to share
and exchange information
Internal organization systems
Interfaces with systems outside organization
New system interfaces with package application
that organization has purchased and installed
n
n
System interfaces can be complex
Organization needs very specialized
technical skills to work on these interfaces
13
14. Design and Integrate the Database
n
n
n
n
System analysis data model used to create
physical database model
Collection of traditional computer files, relational
databases, and/or object-oriented databases
Technical requirements, such as response times,
determine database performance needs
Design work might involve
Performance tuning
Integration between new and existing databases
14
15. Prototype for Design Details
n
n
Continue to create and evaluate
prototypes during design phase
Prototypes confirm design choices
Database
Network architecture
Controls
Programming environment
n
Rapid application development (RAD)
design prototypes evolve into finished
system
15
16. Design and Integrate the System
Controls
n
n
Final design activity to ensure system has
adequate safeguards (system controls) to
protect organizational assets
Controls are needed for all other design
activities
User interface limit access to authorized users
System interface protect from other systems
Application architecture record transactions
Database protect from software/hardware
failure
Network design protect communications
16
17. Network Design
n
n
n
n
Integrate network needs of new system
into existing network infrastructure
Describe processing activity and network
connectivity at each system location
Describe communications protocols and
middleware that connects layers
Ensure that network capacity is sufficient
Data size per access type and average
Peak number of access per minute or hour
17
18. Computer Networks
n
n
n
n
n
Set of transmission lines, specialized
hardware, and communication protocols
Enables communication among different
users and computer systems
Local area network (LAN) less than one
kilometer long connects computers
within single building
Wide area network (WAN) over one
kilometer long implies much greater,
global, distances
Router directs information within
network
18
20. The Internet, Intranets, and
Extranets
Internet global collection of
networks that use TCP/IP networking
protocols
n Intranets
n
Private networks using same TCP/IP
protocols as the Internet
Limited to internal users
n
Extranets
Intranets that have been extended
outside the organization
20
22. Deployment Environment
n
Deployment environment definition
bridges analysis and design
Hardware
System software
Networking
Common deployment environments
in which system will operate
n Related design patterns and
architectures for application software
22
n
23. Application Architecture
n
Complex hardware/networks require more
complex software architectures
n
There are commonly used approaches
(patterns) for application architecture
Client/server architecture
Three-layer client/server architecture
Web services architecture
Internet and Web-based application
architecture
23
24. Software Application Functions
n
n
n
n
n
Presentation logic (i.e. HCI)
Application logic (i.e. the processing of business
rules processing)
Data access logic (i.e. the processing required
to access data database queries in SQL)
Data storage (i.e. data files)
There are several alternatives for the processing
environment:
Centralized systems
Distributed computing
24
25. Centralized systems
Prior to the early 1970 s there was only one technological environment
the mainframe computer system at a central location
The only options focused around kinds of input/output (e.g., keypunch,
key-to-tape, or interactive input using video display terminal) and
whether input/output devices would be placed in remote locations
Although they are no longer the preferred platform for deploying ISs,
they are still widely used as a subsystem of a larger, sometimes
distributed information system or for large-scale batch processing
applications (e.g., banking, insurance, government, etc.) where:
Some input transactions don t need to be processed in real time
On-line data-entry personnel can be centrally located
Large numbers of periodic outputs are produced by the system
There are three types of centralized systems: single, clustered and
multicomputer architectures
25
26. Single Computer Architecture
Places all information system resources on a single computer system
and its directly attached peripheral devices
Users interact with the system via simple input/output devices directly
connected to the computer
Requires all users be located near the computer
All 4 software application functions are realized on a mainframe
computer (server host) server-based architecture
Advantage:
Simplicity of maintenance: relatively easy to design, build and operate
Disadvantage:
The capacity limits make single computer impractical or unusable for
large ISs: cannot provide all the required processing, data storage, and
data retrieval tasks. However, many systems require more computing
power than one single machine can provide (a clustered or
multicomputer architecture is required)
26
29. Clustered Architecture
Clustered architecture is a group (or cluster) of computers
of the same type that have the same operating environment
and share resources
Computers from the same manufacturer and model family are
networked together
Application programs may be executed on any machine in the
cluster without modification due to similar hardware and
operating systems
Cluster acts like a single large computer system (program
movement and access to resources on other machines occur
quickly and efficiently due to rapid and direct communication
at the operating system level)
Often one computer may act as entry point and the others
function as slave computers
29
30. Multicomputer Architecture
Multicomputer architecture is a group of dissimilar computers that
are linked together but the hardware and operating systems are not
required to be a similar as in the clustered architecture
Hardware and software differences do not allow movement of
application programs between computers (instead, resources are
exclusively assigned to each computer system)
System still functions like one single large computer
Can have central computer and slave computers
Main computer may execute programs and hold database
The front-end computer may handle all communication lines with
other computers or simple terminals
Notes on Centralized Systems
Clustered architectures may be cost efficient and provide greater total
capacity if similar operating system and hardware are used
Multicomputer architectures are good when the centralized system
can be decomposed into relatively independent subsystems (each
possibly with its own operating system and/or hardware platform) 30
31. Distributed Architecture
n
Distributes system across several
computers and locations distributed
computing
n
Relies on communication networks for
geographic connectivity
n
Client/server architecture dominant
model for distributed computing
31
32. Client/Server Architecture
The dominant architectural model for distributing information
resources
Two-tire architecture divides the information system
processes into two classes:
Server: manages system resources and provides access
to those resources and services to other computers on the
network
Client computer: uses communication interface to
requests services from other computers on the network
Computer software that implements communication protocols
on the network is called middleware
n
Advantage
deployment flexibility
Location, scalability, maintainability
n
Disadvantage
complexity
Performance, security, and reliability
32
37. ThreeThree-Layer Client/Server
Architecture
The data layer is a layer on a client-server configuration that
manages stored data implemented as one or more databases
The business logic layer contains the programs that
implement the rules and procedures of business processing
(or program logic of the application)
The view layer contains the user interface and other
components to access the system (accepts user input, and
formats and displays processing results)
n
n
This approach is called tree-layer architecture
The IS divided into three layer is relatively easy to distribute
and replicate across a network (interactions among the layers
are always have a form of either request or response)
It makes the layer relatively independent of one another, thus
they can be placed on different computer systems with
network connections and middleware serving
37
40. N-Layer Client/Server Architecture
When processing requirements or data resources are complex, threelayer architecture can be expanded into a larger number of layers (nlayer or n-tiered architecture)
Next slide shows an example in which the data layer is split into two
separate layers: the combined database server and servers that control
the individual databases (marketing, production, accounting).
The business logic layer interacts with a combined database server that
provides a unified view of the data stored in several different
databases.
The responses from the individual database servers are then combined
to create a single response to send to the business logic layer.
40
43. Internet and Web-Based
WebApplication Architecture
Web is complex example of
client/server architecture
n Can use Web protocols and browsers
as application interfaces
n Benefits
n
Accessibility
Low-cost communication
Widely implemented standards
43
44. Negative Aspects of
Internet Application Delivery
n
Breaches of security
n
Fluctuating reliability of network
throughput
n
Throughput can be limited
n
Volatile, changing standards
44
45. Web Services Architecture
A client/server architecture
n Packages software functionality into
server processes ( services )
n Makes services available to
applications via Web protocols
n Web services are available to internal
and external applications
n
Developers can assemble an application
using existing Web services
45
47. Middleware
n
Aspect of distributed computing
n
Connects parts of an application and enables
requests and data to pass between them
n
Transaction process monitors, object request
brokers (ORBs), Web services directories
n
Designers reply on standard frameworks and
protocols incorporated into middleware
47