ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
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48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives: 1. Differentiate a social group from an aggregate and a category; 2. Distinguish primary groups from secondary groups; 3. Define and give examples of in-groups and out-groups; 4. Define and give examples of groupthink; 5. Discuss the social influences involved in bystander apathy; 6. Identify the different types of organizations; 7. Relate the characteristics associated with bureaucracy; 8. Identify the major social institutions in Canadian society
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Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
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Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
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Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
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Cartilage:
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense collective tissue designed to give support , bear weight and withstand tension , torsion , and bending.
General Features :
• Cartilage supports regions of body that requires flexibility.
• Non nervous structure
• Avascular
• Very poor regeneration power
• Usually surrounded by pericondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage) except fibro cartilage.
Classification:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibro cartilage
Fibro Cartilage :
White colored, tough cartilage containing dense connective tissue and collagen fibers often known as intervertebral discs is called fibro cartilage.
Structure :
Fibro cartilage consists of chondrocytes dispersed among bundles of type 1 collagen fibers.
Chondrocytes are present in lacunae (cavity).
The arrangement of cells is different from all other type of cartilages.
Chondrocytes are arranged in parallel rows of 2, 4 or 6 cells.
These rows of cells are called isogenous cell groups.
Chemical Compounds Present :
Proteoglycans rich in sulphated glucosaminoglycans especially
Chondroiton sulphate
Dermatan sulphate
Stain :
Due to the abundance of collagen type 1 fibers , the matrix of fibrocartilage stains intensely acidophilic/eosinophilic. (since collagen is basic in nature)
Stained by EOSIN which is pink in color.
Chondrocytes are stained in purple usually by HEMATOXYLIN and looks purple in color due to acidic nature of large centeral nucleus present.
Occurrence in body :
Intervertebral disc
Disc of pubic symphysis
Menisci of knee joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Temporomandibular joint
Ligamentum tere
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare
Fibrocartilage is also found at places where tendons and ligaments attach to bones.
Disorders:
Degeneration of fibrocartilage is seen in degenerative disc disease.
A fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is an unusual cause of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia (insufficient bloodsupply). Symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in the neck and/or back; progressive weakening reduced sensation and paralysis. It may be caused by the blocking of an artery interrupting vascular supply.
A herniated disk is a disk that ruptures. This allows the jelly-like center of the disk to leak, irritating the nearby nerves. This can cause sciatica or back pain.
References:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herniateddisk.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3289246
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This document summarizes different types of social groups and organizations. It discusses primary and secondary groups, with primary groups consisting of close friends and family and secondary groups being larger and more impersonal. It also outlines three types of group leadership: instrumental which focuses on tasks, expressive which focuses on member well-being, and laissez-faire which allows the group to function independently. Formal organizations are discussed including bureaucracies which aim for efficiency but can dehumanize and create inefficiency. The McDonaldization theory is briefly summarized which proposes that rationalization can be irrational and dehumanizing by prioritizing efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control.
Social Group
A social group, types of social group, examples with graphics, characteristics of the social group, the importance of the social group.
Prosocial Behavior
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
Chapter12
This document provides a summary of key concepts from a chapter on social psychology. It discusses topics like social cognition, person perception, social influence, conformity, prejudice, and obedience. Some main points include:
- Social psychology examines how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. It includes social cognition, or how we form impressions of others, and social influence, how our behavior is affected by other people.
- When forming impressions of others, we rely on mental shortcuts like social categorization and implicit personality theories. We also make attributions to explain others' behaviors.
- Studies on conformity, like Asch's line experiment, show that people often conform to group pressures even if it means agreeing with
Prejudice chapter 13.ppt
This document is a chapter from a PowerPoint presentation on prejudice that outlines its causes. The chapter discusses how prejudice is an ubiquitous social phenomenon that affects everyone. It examines how our thinking processes like categorization, schemas, and attribution biases can lead to prejudice through mechanisms like illusory correlations, fundamental attribution error, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Economic competition over limited resources as predicted by realistic conflict theory and conformity to social norms are also discussed as causes of prejudice.
Prejudice chapter 13.ppt
This document is a chapter from a PowerPoint presentation on prejudice that outlines its causes. The chapter discusses how prejudice is an ubiquitous social phenomenon that affects everyone. It examines how our thinking processes like categorization and schemas can lead to prejudice through in-group bias and out-group homogeneity. Attributional biases like the fundamental attribution error and self-fulfilling prophecies also contribute to prejudice. Prejudice can arise from economic competition over limited resources. Conforming to social and cultural norms that promote stereotypes through institutionalized racism and sexism also causes prejudice.
PoP wk 14
1. Attribution theory examines how people explain the behaviors of others as being caused either by internal dispositions or external situational factors, with a tendency to underestimate the impact of situations.
2. Conformity is the adjustment of one's behavior to match a group standard, as seen in studies where participants changed their estimates to match the group.
3. Obedience studies like Milgram's showed that ordinary people can engage in shocking behaviors when instructed by an authority figure in a lab coat.
4. Groups can polarize attitudes to more extreme positions than individual members hold alone and groupthink can override rational decision making in a desire for group harmony.
Formation of Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group based solely on membership in that group. There are three main types of prejudice: racial, automatic, and gender prejudice. Prejudice arises from desires to justify social status differences and childhood exposure, though it is not necessarily maintained into adulthood. Prejudice has motivational sources like frustration-aggression theory and social identity theory, and cognitive sources like categorization of people into groups and perception of differences between in-groups and out-groups. Ways to reduce prejudice include empathy training, anti-discrimination laws and regulations, changing social norms, increasing awareness of inconsistent beliefs, and more contact between groups.
Barnwood disability equality training
With its focus on Disability Equality Theory, the Medical & Social Model of disability, this programme gives participants an opportunity to think about how they may be able to tackle disability discrimination within their professional roles. Because Disability Equality promotes a community response, it is highly effective in helping teams to enable the fuller participation of whole communities thereby including disabled people. This session should help people understand of the specific character of disablism and the need for positive action. The session helps people consider small changes in operational activity such as removing the barriers in order to reduce marginalisation. The programme also helps people consider the broader systemic issues, giving participants an insight into the strategic imperatives linked to ethical commitment.
Social groups and processes.pptx
The document discusses various concepts related to social groups and processes. It defines social groups as collections of human beings brought together through social relationships and common goals. Social groups are classified in various ways such as primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups. Social processes that occur within groups include cooperation, competition, conflict, accommodation, and interaction. Cooperation involves working together for common interests while competition is a struggle over limited resources. Conflict is a challenge between individuals or groups, and accommodation is the adjustment of hostile parties. Social interaction is how individuals influence each other through group involvement and relationships.
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SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL ACTION
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Relate the characteristics and sources of social change;
2. Discuss concerns raised by advances in technology;
3. Discuss major environmental issues in today's world;
4. Define and provide examples of environmental racism;
5. Define and provide examples of globalization;
6. Recognize the benefits and limitations associated with globalization;
7. Identify, describe and give examples of the four types of social movements
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: SOCIAL INEQUALITY
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define and describe social stratification;
2. Identify, define and give examples of the three most common social stratification systems;
3. Discuss the basic ideas of Marx's theory of class structure;
4. Discuss the basic ideas of Weber's class system;
5. Identify and discuss factors contributing to the gender wage gap;
6. Distinguish between absolute and relative poverty;
7. Define what is meant by 'feminization of poverty' and 'cycle of poverty';
8. Identify and discuss common stereotypes associated with poverty and homelessness;
9. Differentiate between types of social mobility;
10. Discuss the role of social class in crime, victimization, and criminal justice
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: SOCIAL INTERACTION
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Identify and describe the components of social interaction;
2. Distinguish between and give examples of achieved and ascribed status;
3. Discuss the role of master status in our social lives and interactions;
4. Distinguish between and give examples of role conflict and role strain;
5. Relate examples of verbal and non-verbal communication;
6. Discuss social interaction within the context of an increasing digital world;
7. Describe how social interaction is 'gendered'
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: SEXUALITY
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Relate sexuality as a spectrum;
2. Distinguish sexual identity from sexual orientation;
3. Discuss how sexuality relates to gender;
4. Discuss the notion of sexual fluidity;
5. Define and discuss heteronormativity, homophobia and heterosexism;
6. Define and discuss Straight Privilege;
7. Identify the major issues impacting the LGBTQ+ community;
8. Recognize examples of positive and negative representations of LGBTQ+ in entertainment media;
9. Define and recognize examples of bisexual erasure;
10. Identify aspects of sexuality of interest to criminologists.
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: GENDER
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Distinguish between sex and gender;
2. Differentiate gender diversity from the binary conception of gender;
3. Describe and relate examples of gender identity, gender expression, and gender role;
4. Discuss gender socialization in North American society;
5. Identify gender stereotypes and ways to challenge such stereotypes;
6. Define, discuss and critique various models of feminism;
7. Recognize and provide examples of feminism and feminist criminology in popular culture;
8. Relate and give examples of sexism in everyday life;
9. Discuss the role of gender in crime, criminality, and criminal justice.
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: RACE AND ETHNICITY
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives
1. Distinguish between race, ethnicity and minority group;
2. Explain what is meant by race as a social construct;
3. Define and give examples of racism in real life and popular culture;
4. Discuss and give examples of White Privilege;
5. Define and discuss pluralism, multiculturalism, and assimilation;
6. Define and give examples of prejudice and discrimination;
7. Recognize and provide examples of racial and ethnic stereotypes;
8. Describe the various forms of ethnic conflict;
9. Discuss the role of race and ethnicity in crime, criminality and criminal justice
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: SOCIALIZATION
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define the processes of socialization and resocialization;
2. Describe how we come to develop a social self;
3. Explain Goffman's theory of dramaturgy;
4. Identify the primary agents of socialization;
5. Relate examples of re/socialization that fall within the disciplinary field of criminology
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: CULTURE
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define culture;
2. Identify and describe the components of culture;
3. Identify and describe key concepts relating to cultural diversity;
4. Recognize components of culture and cultural diversity in popular culture examples;
5. Provide examples of subcultures and countercultures;
6. Differentiate cultural exchange from cultural appropriation;
7. Describe what is meant by 'cyberculture'
RESEARCH: STUDYING SOCIAL LIFE
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Distinguish between positivist and interpretivist methodological approaches;
2. Differentiate the features of quantitative and qualitative research methods;
3. Identify and relate examples of key ethical issues involved in doing social research;
4. Summary the advantages of learning and understanding statistics
THEORY: EXPLAINING SOCIAL LIFE
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Identify the main theoretical approaches used in Sociology and Criminology;
2. Relate the main premise, level of analysis, and key ideas of each theoretical approach;
3. Recognize aspects of theoretical approaches in popular culture examples;
4. Connect these theoretical approaches to subsequent courses in the program.
PERSPECTIVE: THINKING ABOUT SOCIAL LIFE
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Relate what it means to exercise our sociological imaginations
2. Distinguish between individualistic and sociological thinking
3. Describe how social lens and social context contribute to understandings of social life
4. Identify the role of social justice, social action, and social activism in 'committing sociology'
SOCIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF SOCIAL LIFE
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define Sociology
2. Situate Sociology in the broader social science disciplinary field
3. Identify the tools used to make sense of social life
4. Relate this course to social science courses taken in high school
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
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Website: https://pecb.com/
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
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these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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9
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ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE: GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
- 2. Social Groups • A social group is any number of people with similar norms, values and behaviours who frequently interact with one another.
- 3. Social Groups A clique is an internal cluster or faction within a group.
- 4. Social Groups • An aggregate is a collection of people who happen to be at the same place at the same time but who have no other connection to one another. • A category is a collection of people who share a particular characteristic; they do not necessarily interact with one another and have nothing else in common.
- 5. Social Groups • Primary groups are small, intimate, and enduring. • Secondary groups are formal, superficial, and temporary.
- 6. Group Dynamics • Group Boundaries • Group Conformity
- 7. Group Boundaries: In-Groups and Out-Groups • In-group a group to which we feel an affinity or closeness. • Out-group a group from which we are disconnected.
- 8. Group Boundaries: In-Groups and Out-Groups
- 9. Mean Girls In-Groups and Out-Groups
- 10. Group Boundaries: In-Groups and Out-Groups Xenophobia, the fear of people different from oneself, is a powerful example of out-group bias.
- 11. Xenophobia: District 9 District 6 - South Africa
- 13. Group Conformity • Conformity refers to the degree to which we will alter our behaviour, attitudes, and points of view to fit into our perceived expectation of what is appropriate. Q: Would you change your opinion of what you think is true in order to fit into a group?
- 14. The Asch Experiment • In 1952, psychologist Simon Asch wanted to test the impact of groups on people’s perceptions.
- 15. Group Conformity • When people are in a group, they often want to conform to the majority and don’t offer an opinion that goes against the grain.
- 16. Group Conformity • Extremely cohesive groups or ones with very strong leaders might make decisions using groupthink. • Groupthink happens when we suppress our true feelings, beliefs or opinions to avoid arguments, frustration, resentment, and feeling out of place.
- 17. Groupthink • Mode of thinking people engage in when deeply involved in a cohesive in-group • Sound decision-making is impaired by the bigger concern of group unity and preservation
- 19. Groupthink: 12 Angry Men
- 20. A Culture of Disregard? • Bystander apathy occurs when people observe someone in trouble but do not offer help
- 21. Bystander Apathy
- 22. Bystander Apathy “For more than half an hour 38 respectable, law- abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens. Twice the sound of their voices and the sudden glow of their bedroom lights interrupted him and frightened him off. Each time he returned, sought her out, and stabbed her again. Not one person telephoned the police during the assault; one witness called after the woman was dead.”
- 23. Bystander Apathy Bystanders ignored man dying on métro platform, coroner says February 6, 2015 – Radil Hebrich lay on a metro platform, his body splayed over the yellow safety line, bleeding from the head and not breathing, for nearly 20 minutes.
- 24. Why Bystander Apathy? The typical bystander… •Doesn’t want to feel embarrassed or on display in front of others; •Experiences diffusion of responsibility; •Sees other bystanders not helping and falsely perceives their inaction as reflecting no concern; if others aren’t concerned, why should I be?
- 26. Bringing in the Bystander • Bringing in the Bystander is aimed at increasing bystander awareness of sexual and intimate partner violence and expanding an individual’s sense of responsibility to help prevent and intervene in instances of sexual and intimate partner abuse. • The courses 48-350 and 48-451 focus on the Bringing in the Bystander program as it relates to sexual assault education.
- 27. Organizations and Institutions Organizations secondary groups organized to achieve specific goals •Utilitarian •Normative •Coercive
- 28. Organizations and Institutions A bureaucracy is a formal organization that is organized into a hierarchy of smaller departments.
- 29. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy • Division of labour • Rules and regulations • Hierarchy of authority • Impersonality • Technical qualifications
- 31. Total Institutions Total institutions organizations that collect large numbers of like individuals, cut them off from the wider society, and provides for all their needs
- 32. Social Institutions Social institutions are structures that provide for patterned relationships and that are organized around a central activity or social need. • Family • Education • Religion • Economy • Politics • Legal • Health