The document outlines the communication process, detailing elements such as sender, message, channel, and receiver, as well as barriers that can impede effective communication. It emphasizes the importance of non-verbal communication and various communication flows within an organization, including downward, upward, and lateral/diagonal communications. Additionally, it highlights strategies for overcoming communication breakdowns and the need for appropriate channel selection.

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DMND.Senevirathna
Lecturer
Department of Nursing & Midwifery
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences-KDU

2. Intended Learning outcomes,
❖ Briefly describe the elements of the communication process.
❖ Outline the flow of communication in an organization.
❖ Describe barriers to communication process.
❖ State importance non verbal communication
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3. ▪ Communication is the process by which people
attempt to transmit knowledge ,needs, desired,
feelings ,and attitudes through symbolic means such
as words ,gestures ,numbers ,letters and sounds.
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4.  Vertical-downward
 Vertical-upwards
 Lateral/diagonal
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5. ❖Downward communication originates from
mangers and supervisors and passes down to
other employees.
❖ e.g.;
❖ Formal announcement.
❖ Directives, circulars, manuals of procedures.
❖ Instructions from supervisors.
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6.  Upward communication flows from lower to upper
organizational levels.
E.g.;
❖Progress reports.
❖Requests for help and clarification.
❖Ideas and suggestions for work improvement.
❖Employee grievances .
❖Trade union demands.
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7.  Lateral diagonal communication takes place among the
employees of the same departments or different
departments.
e.g.;
❖ memos
❖ requests for information.
 It has become important due to;
 The need for better inter –functional coordination.
 Within the teams comprising personnel from different
departments.
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8. Encoding Decoding
Feedback
Receiver
Message
Sender
Channel
Response
ELEMENTS OF THECOMMUNICATION PROCESS.
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9.  Sender
The person with a need, desire or information and a purpose to
convey to another person or group
 Encoding
The process of translating the need, desire, or information to a
serious of symbols or gestures
 Message
The physical form into which the sender encodes the information
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10. -The message can be in the form of :
-Written words
-Speech
-Gestures
-Touching
 Chanel
Channel is the mode of transmission ,for communication to be
effective the channel must be appropriate for the message
 Receiver
The person who sense or perceives the senders message
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11. ➢ Decoding
This is a process by which the receiver interprets the message. The
decoding process is influenced by the receiver’s
-Past experience
-Cognitive awareness including intelligence
-Selective perception
➢ Feedback
A reversal of the communication process in which the receiver now
become the sender
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12. ATTRIBUTES OF THE SENDER ATTRIBUTES OF THE RECIEVER
KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE
SKILLS SKILLS
ATTITUDES ATTITUDES
VALUES VALUES
EMOTIONS EMOTIONS
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13. ▪ Semantic problems
The same word could mean different things
▪ Para language
The tone of voice can convey a meaning different from
what was originally intended
▪ Body language
Gestures, facial expressions and other forms of body
language can help or hinder interpersonal communication
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14.  Structure of the message
A poorly structured message can often lead to
communication breakdowns
 Context
The message can be given interpretations depending on the
context in which it is issued ,seen or read.
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15.  It will work if we adopt a balanced contingency policy
based on integrated management options with optional
organizational projections utilizing responsive
transitional programming and parallel reciprocal
mobility implemented by functional third generation
hardware with a synchronized monitored time –phase
that has a compatible incremental capability.
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16.  Inappropriate channel selection
-If the selected channel is not appropriate for the meaning to
be conveyed through the message there is a high possibility
for communication distortions and breakdowns.
 Number of links
-the greater the number of linked the greater is the potential
for communication distortions and breakdowns.
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17.  Use feedback
 Recognize the use of non verbal signals
 Time the message
 Use proper channels
 Move from the defensive to supportive
communication
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19. ➢Nonverbal communication occurs primarily face to
face.
➢Relative impact of three cues on message
interpretation during face to face communication.
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20.  Body signals.
-Slumped posture, clenched fist, raised eyebrows, nail
biting, staring, scratching the head, shaking the legs.
 Appearance.
-The way how person is dressed and groomed.
 Object signals
Type of office furniture, plaques and pictures hanging on
the wall, type of clothing
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21. ➢ Arnold, E., & Boggs, K., (1989). Interpersonal relationship:
Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Philadelphia: W.
B Saunders Co.
➢ Berlo, D., (1960).The Process of Communication, New York,
Rinehart and Winston.
➢ Perry, A.,& Potter,P.,(1985).Fundamentals of nursing,7th
Ed.Elsevier
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