Quick and effective battery charging is critical for battery powered vehicles. This paper describes a multilevel charging technique for Li ion batteries used in electric vehicle applications. Instead of a single constant current level, five constant current levels are used to quickly charge the battery. A DC DC converter is used as a current source in the charging circuit for safe and efficient charging. The precise calculation of state of charge SoC is used as an input to enforce the above optimal battery charging technique. The SoC is calculated using a hybrid method that incorporates both the Open Circuit Voltage OCV and Coulomb integral methods. To estimate battery parameters, the Simulink Design Optimization SDO tool is used. The simulations are performed using MATLAB. The difference between the inbuilt battery SoC estimation method and the updated coulomb counting system in terms of SoC estimation is less than 2 . A 3.7 V, 1.1 Ah Li ion battery was used for all of the tests. A. Srilatha | A. Pandian "Electric Vehicles Battery Charging by Estimating SOC using Modified Coulomb Counting" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49153.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49153/electric-vehicles-battery-charging-by-estimating-soc-using-modified-coulomb-counting/a-srilatha
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Understanding kalman filter for soc estimation.Ratul
In the Battery Management System (BMS) the State of Charge (SOC) is closely related to the reliable and safe operation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Kalman Filter is an effective algorithm for estimating SOC with a battery modeling. This presentation will briefly describe about battery modeling and Kalman Filter for SOC estimation.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicle batteries, including:
1. A brief history of batteries and their use in early electric vehicles.
2. The key requirements for EV batteries including safety, high power, high capacity, small size, long life, and low cost.
3. The types of batteries used in EVs including lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-based, and others.
4. Factors that affect battery performance and safety such as temperature, charging, and battery management systems.
BMS State-Of-Charge estimation for I posted a presentation concerning an adap...Eric Prada
This document discusses an adaptive strategy for estimating state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries. It presents an estimation strategy that uses a filter design and considers robustness. Experimental results are also discussed. The strategy aims to increase demand for electric vehicles by ensuring appropriate battery use and management through accurate SOC estimation.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS). It explains that a BMS monitors and controls batteries to ensure safe and optimal use by performing functions like cell protection, charge control, state of charge and health determination, and cell balancing. It provides examples of BMS applications in intelligent batteries, battery storage power stations, and automotive battery management systems.
17 mse017 battery and battery management systempaneliya sagar
This document discusses batteries and battery management systems. It begins by introducing batteries and their use to store chemical energy for electrical output. It then discusses the main types of batteries - non-rechargeable primary batteries and rechargeable secondary batteries. The most commonly used batteries - lead-acid batteries for vehicles and lithium-ion batteries for electronics - are also mentioned. The document goes on to discuss battery banking, battery management systems, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
Understanding kalman filter for soc estimation.Ratul
In the Battery Management System (BMS) the State of Charge (SOC) is closely related to the reliable and safe operation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Kalman Filter is an effective algorithm for estimating SOC with a battery modeling. This presentation will briefly describe about battery modeling and Kalman Filter for SOC estimation.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicle batteries, including:
1. A brief history of batteries and their use in early electric vehicles.
2. The key requirements for EV batteries including safety, high power, high capacity, small size, long life, and low cost.
3. The types of batteries used in EVs including lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-based, and others.
4. Factors that affect battery performance and safety such as temperature, charging, and battery management systems.
BMS State-Of-Charge estimation for I posted a presentation concerning an adap...Eric Prada
This document discusses an adaptive strategy for estimating state of charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries. It presents an estimation strategy that uses a filter design and considers robustness. Experimental results are also discussed. The strategy aims to increase demand for electric vehicles by ensuring appropriate battery use and management through accurate SOC estimation.
Battery Management System Introduction - Penelope Bise - June 2013Oldenburg University
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) and their importance for lithium-ion batteries. A BMS monitors cells to ensure safety, increases battery life, and maintains the battery system in an accurate state. Key BMS functions include balancing cells, estimating state of charge, determining state of health, and protecting the battery from damage. The BMS helps keep individual cells in a secure state and collects data to evaluate battery performance over time.
An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive ...IJECEIAES
This document presents an electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on measurements from automotive drive cycles. The model uses a second-order Thevenin circuit with parameters estimated from voltage and current measurements taken during various driving cycles. Two algorithms, Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt, were tested and Levenberg-Marquardt performed better with fewer iterations. The model was validated against measurements using mean squared error and showed good performance for urban and suburban driving cycles.
The document discusses battery energy management systems (BEM/BMS). It describes BEM/BMS as managing and controlling batteries to ensure safety, provide battery state information, and make decisions during abnormal conditions. It lists the main functions of BEM/BMS as data collection, state monitoring, safety protection, charging control, energy management, equalization management, thermal management, and information management. It also discusses centralized and distributed BEM/BMS topologies.
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
This document describes an EBaM framework for automating battery modeling from datasheet parameters. It discusses limitations of traditional modeling approaches that require measurements and lack generality. The framework involves variable accuracy model templates adapted to available datasheet information. It presents three modeling levels - with Level 1 modeling runtime and temperature effects, Level 2 adding an electric circuit model, and Level 3 incorporating transient voltage response. The goal is to automate generation of accurate battery models from limited datasheet data.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Lithium Ion Battery Simplified Simulink Model using MATLABTsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information on a simplified Simulink model of a lithium-ion battery, including:
- An overview of the model's benefits, features, and concept involving characterizing the battery by parameters like capacity, state of charge, and number of cells.
- Examples of simulating charge/discharge time characteristics and voltage vs. state of charge for a sample 1400mAh battery under different current rates.
- Instructions for extending the model to simulate batteries with multiple cells in series by adjusting the number of cells parameter.
- Simulation settings used for examples of charging, discharging, and plotting voltage vs. state of charge.
The document discusses power system protection, including an overview of electrical energy systems, types of protection like apparatus and system protection, the evolution of relays from electromechanical to solid state to numerical relays, and the role of circuit breakers in interrupting current flow upon a relay command.
This document summarizes a thesis on implementing Kalman filter-based state estimation for lithium-ion battery models in MATLAB and VHDL. It discusses battery modeling techniques, state estimation methods including coulomb counting and Kalman filtering. It presents a proposed battery model with two RC elements and discretizes it for use in a Kalman filter. The Kalman filter is evaluated on the battery model in MATLAB, and alternative forms like sequential and information filters are compared. Finally, the Kalman filter implementation is discussed for VHDL with comparisons between MATLAB and VHDL estimations.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
This document provides an overview of flywheel energy storage systems. It discusses how flywheels store kinetic energy by rotating a mass at high speeds, and can act as both a load to charge the flywheel using a motor and a source to discharge energy using a generator. The key components are the flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor. Flywheel systems are best for high power applications between 100kW-2MW for durations of 12-60 seconds. The advantages are high power and energy density, long lifetime, and fast recharging, while disadvantages include complex bearings and potential safety issues if the flywheel fails.
This document discusses improving voltage stability in power systems by compensating for reactive power. It explains that voltage instability can be caused by heavy loads drawing high reactive power, generators being far from loads, and low source voltages. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs are effective ways to control voltage levels by managing reactive power production, absorption, and flow. Shunt capacitors and SVCs are discussed in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages for providing reactive power compensation.
Cell Balancing techniques in EV’s 2.pptxvinayakBhoir5
This document discusses cell balancing techniques for electric vehicle batteries. It begins with an abstract stating that battery life can be improved by equalizing the energy levels of individual cells through either passive or active cell balancing. The introduction explains that manufacturing inconsistencies can cause cell voltage and state of charge imbalances over time, degrading the battery life and creating safety issues. Active cell balancing is discussed as transferring energy from higher voltage cells to lower voltage cells. The conclusion states that the presented system is able to actively balance 16 battery cells by monitoring voltages and transferring energy between cells using a microcontroller and relays.
The document summarizes information about batteries, including:
1. Battery rating is specified in ampere-hours and depends on discharge current and time until the voltage reaches a specified level. Higher temperature, electrolyte density, and plate size increase the rating.
2. Battery efficiency is the ratio of energy output during discharge to input during charging, and ranges from 80-90% for amp-hours and 70-80% for watt-hours in lead-acid batteries.
3. Battery charging methods include constant current, constant voltage, and using a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The depth of discharge indicates the safe level a battery can be used before recharging.
A Study of the Factors that Affect Lithium Ion Battery DegradationPower System Operation
Due in part to concern over atmospheric carbon and global warming, the move from centralized fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy-based distributed generation is growing. Since the availability of renewable energy, e.g., photovoltaic and wind, is independent of electrical demand, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are also under development. Several battery types have been studied for use in BESS, but for a variety of reasons, most new energy storage systems are based on lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Despite their advantages, however, Li-ion batteries degrade relatively rapidly under certain circumstances, which shortens their cycling lifespan, requiring costly replacement. This paper describes the results of a study of the influence of several factors on the degradation of Li-ion battery capacity during repeated charge/discharge cycling, including battery chemistry, ageing, cycling frequency, and temperature.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) used in electric vehicles. It provides an overview of BMS components and functions, including sensing battery voltage, current, and temperature. A BMS estimates state of charge, protects batteries from damage, and balances energy between cells. The document explains concepts like state of charge, cell balancing methods, and the relationship between state of charge and depth of discharge. It emphasizes that a well-designed BMS is important for battery safety and performance in electric vehicles.
Li-ion Batteries and Applications, chapter 6: Battery designElithion
Design of a Li-ion battery: component selection, cell installation, connections, control, protection, isolation, thermal management, mechanical design.
From the book "Li-ion Batteries and Applications" by Davide Andrea
This document describes a three phase inverter that converts DC voltage to AC voltage. There are two main modes of conduction for a three phase inverter - 180 degree conduction and 120 degree conduction. 180 degree conduction involves three switches being on at a time, while 120 degree conduction only has two switches on at a time. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations to calculate the output voltages under each conduction mode. Waveforms are also shown to illustrate the phase and line voltages.
The document discusses security issues and solutions for microgrids. It begins with introducing smart grids and the advantages they provide. It then explains the need for microgrids as smaller-scale local power networks. The document outlines the common architecture of microgrids and discusses how information and communication technologies enable smart functions but also create vulnerabilities. It examines specific security issues like denial of service attacks, encryption needs, and replay attacks. The document concludes that smart grids provide benefits but cybersecurity must continually be improved to address vulnerabilities.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and Extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying EKF approaches to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF provides a good balance between accuracy and complexity and is well-suited for SOC estimation applications.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying the EKF to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF is the best method for its ability to handle noise and provide accurate SOC estimation with low complexity.
Design of an Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)Aneeshan Sain
This document describes the design of an intelligent battery management system (BMS) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It discusses the need for a BMS to optimize battery usage, minimize damage, and enhance reliability. It then outlines the major subsystems of the BMS, including the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, battery, and controller. Mathematical models of these subsystems were created in MATLAB, including models of the solar PV array, DC-DC converter, lithium-ion battery charging characteristics, and state of charge estimation. Simulation results demonstrating 2-stage and 3-stage constant-current constant-voltage charging are presented. Future work planned includes improving the charge controller and adding maximum power point tracking
This document describes an EBaM framework for automating battery modeling from datasheet parameters. It discusses limitations of traditional modeling approaches that require measurements and lack generality. The framework involves variable accuracy model templates adapted to available datasheet information. It presents three modeling levels - with Level 1 modeling runtime and temperature effects, Level 2 adding an electric circuit model, and Level 3 incorporating transient voltage response. The goal is to automate generation of accurate battery models from limited datasheet data.
Battery Management System For Electric Vehicle Applications.pdfInstansi
This thesis discusses battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle applications. It presents an improved battery model that accounts for self-discharging, temperature effects, and capacity fading. Simulation results show the model can accurately simulate charging, discharging, and cell balancing processes. The thesis also details a BMS hardware system designed using Texas Instruments components. It was improved with a user interface, thermal management, and current monitoring. Experimental results validated the BMS system's performance in monitoring and protecting lithium-ion battery packs.
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
Lithium Ion Battery Simplified Simulink Model using MATLABTsuyoshi Horigome
This document provides information on a simplified Simulink model of a lithium-ion battery, including:
- An overview of the model's benefits, features, and concept involving characterizing the battery by parameters like capacity, state of charge, and number of cells.
- Examples of simulating charge/discharge time characteristics and voltage vs. state of charge for a sample 1400mAh battery under different current rates.
- Instructions for extending the model to simulate batteries with multiple cells in series by adjusting the number of cells parameter.
- Simulation settings used for examples of charging, discharging, and plotting voltage vs. state of charge.
The document discusses power system protection, including an overview of electrical energy systems, types of protection like apparatus and system protection, the evolution of relays from electromechanical to solid state to numerical relays, and the role of circuit breakers in interrupting current flow upon a relay command.
This document summarizes a thesis on implementing Kalman filter-based state estimation for lithium-ion battery models in MATLAB and VHDL. It discusses battery modeling techniques, state estimation methods including coulomb counting and Kalman filtering. It presents a proposed battery model with two RC elements and discretizes it for use in a Kalman filter. The Kalman filter is evaluated on the battery model in MATLAB, and alternative forms like sequential and information filters are compared. Finally, the Kalman filter implementation is discussed for VHDL with comparisons between MATLAB and VHDL estimations.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
This document proposes an intelligent battery management solution (iBMS) for electric vehicles that uses artificial intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic and signature pattern analysis. The iBMS provides comprehensive monitoring of battery state of charge, state of health, charging, discharging, and isolation of defective cells. It uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter for charging/discharging and cell cutoff. An AI module with fuzzy logic estimates battery health. The design offers affordable on-board monitoring and diagnostics to extend battery life in EVs and hybrid electric vehicles.
This document provides an overview of flywheel energy storage systems. It discusses how flywheels store kinetic energy by rotating a mass at high speeds, and can act as both a load to charge the flywheel using a motor and a source to discharge energy using a generator. The key components are the flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor. Flywheel systems are best for high power applications between 100kW-2MW for durations of 12-60 seconds. The advantages are high power and energy density, long lifetime, and fast recharging, while disadvantages include complex bearings and potential safety issues if the flywheel fails.
This document discusses improving voltage stability in power systems by compensating for reactive power. It explains that voltage instability can be caused by heavy loads drawing high reactive power, generators being far from loads, and low source voltages. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs are effective ways to control voltage levels by managing reactive power production, absorption, and flow. Shunt capacitors and SVCs are discussed in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages for providing reactive power compensation.
Cell Balancing techniques in EV’s 2.pptxvinayakBhoir5
This document discusses cell balancing techniques for electric vehicle batteries. It begins with an abstract stating that battery life can be improved by equalizing the energy levels of individual cells through either passive or active cell balancing. The introduction explains that manufacturing inconsistencies can cause cell voltage and state of charge imbalances over time, degrading the battery life and creating safety issues. Active cell balancing is discussed as transferring energy from higher voltage cells to lower voltage cells. The conclusion states that the presented system is able to actively balance 16 battery cells by monitoring voltages and transferring energy between cells using a microcontroller and relays.
The document summarizes information about batteries, including:
1. Battery rating is specified in ampere-hours and depends on discharge current and time until the voltage reaches a specified level. Higher temperature, electrolyte density, and plate size increase the rating.
2. Battery efficiency is the ratio of energy output during discharge to input during charging, and ranges from 80-90% for amp-hours and 70-80% for watt-hours in lead-acid batteries.
3. Battery charging methods include constant current, constant voltage, and using a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The depth of discharge indicates the safe level a battery can be used before recharging.
A Study of the Factors that Affect Lithium Ion Battery DegradationPower System Operation
Due in part to concern over atmospheric carbon and global warming, the move from centralized fossil fuel-based power generation to renewable energy-based distributed generation is growing. Since the availability of renewable energy, e.g., photovoltaic and wind, is independent of electrical demand, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are also under development. Several battery types have been studied for use in BESS, but for a variety of reasons, most new energy storage systems are based on lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Despite their advantages, however, Li-ion batteries degrade relatively rapidly under certain circumstances, which shortens their cycling lifespan, requiring costly replacement. This paper describes the results of a study of the influence of several factors on the degradation of Li-ion battery capacity during repeated charge/discharge cycling, including battery chemistry, ageing, cycling frequency, and temperature.
The document discusses battery management systems (BMS) used in electric vehicles. It provides an overview of BMS components and functions, including sensing battery voltage, current, and temperature. A BMS estimates state of charge, protects batteries from damage, and balances energy between cells. The document explains concepts like state of charge, cell balancing methods, and the relationship between state of charge and depth of discharge. It emphasizes that a well-designed BMS is important for battery safety and performance in electric vehicles.
Li-ion Batteries and Applications, chapter 6: Battery designElithion
Design of a Li-ion battery: component selection, cell installation, connections, control, protection, isolation, thermal management, mechanical design.
From the book "Li-ion Batteries and Applications" by Davide Andrea
This document describes a three phase inverter that converts DC voltage to AC voltage. There are two main modes of conduction for a three phase inverter - 180 degree conduction and 120 degree conduction. 180 degree conduction involves three switches being on at a time, while 120 degree conduction only has two switches on at a time. The document provides circuit diagrams and equations to calculate the output voltages under each conduction mode. Waveforms are also shown to illustrate the phase and line voltages.
The document discusses security issues and solutions for microgrids. It begins with introducing smart grids and the advantages they provide. It then explains the need for microgrids as smaller-scale local power networks. The document outlines the common architecture of microgrids and discusses how information and communication technologies enable smart functions but also create vulnerabilities. It examines specific security issues like denial of service attacks, encryption needs, and replay attacks. The document concludes that smart grids provide benefits but cybersecurity must continually be improved to address vulnerabilities.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and Extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying EKF approaches to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF provides a good balance between accuracy and complexity and is well-suited for SOC estimation applications.
Implementation and Calculation of State of Charge for Electric VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. It first provides background on the importance of accurately estimating SOC and challenges in doing so. It then reviews different modeling approaches (physical models, data-driven models, equivalent circuit models) and filtering techniques like the Kalman filter and extended Kalman filter (EKF) that are often used with equivalent circuit models. Several research papers applying the EKF to SOC estimation are summarized. The document concludes the EKF is the best method for its ability to handle noise and provide accurate SOC estimation with low complexity.
Prediction of li ion battery discharge characteristics at different temperatu...eSAT Journals
Abstract State of charge (SOC) is an important battery parameter which provides a good indication of the useful capacity that can be derived out of a battery system at any given point of time. Li-ion has become state of the art technology for commercial and aerospace applications due to the various advantages that they offer. For spacecrafts requiring long lifetime, SOC estimation is crucial for on-orbit as well as offline data analysis. On-orbit estimation of SOC should be carefully addressed, as this provides information on survivability of battery and also serves as input to Battery Management System (BMS). In addition, detailed offline data analysis of battery electrical characteristics, which indicate the SOC-Voltage relationship is important to assess the performance of the battery under various mission scenarios at both Beginning of life (BOL) and End of Life (EOL) of a spacecraft system. In this work, a hybrid SOC estimation method, incorporating coulomb counting and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is used, to predict the BOL discharge behaviour of an 18650 commercial Li-ion cell at different temperatures and discharge rates. The experimental results are encouraging and the approach gives a prediction error of less than 10%. The study will serve as basis for life assessment of Li-ion cells and batteries used for GEO and LEO missions. Key Words: Li-ion, State of Charge, Unscented Kalman Filter etc…
A hybrid kalman filtering for state of charge estimation of lithium ion batte...Conference Papers
This document describes a hybrid Kalman filtering approach for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries used in low-powered microcontrollers. An electrical equivalent circuit battery model is developed and its parameters are identified through discharge cycle simulations and experiments. Extended Kalman filtering is then used to estimate SOC with errors less than 1% based on simulations and experiments. The algorithm is implemented on an STM microcontroller, where a hybrid Coulomb counting and EKF approach is used to estimate SOC with less than 0.5% error to suit the microcontroller's limited memory.
Data-driven Modelling of Prognostics of Lithium-ion Batteries Using LSTMIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using LSTM neural networks for data-driven prognostics of lithium-ion batteries. The study uses battery data from NASA to train and test an LSTM model for predicting state of health (SoH) and state of charge (SoC). Charging and discharging characteristics are analyzed from the data set. Hardware is also implemented to generate real-time battery data for model validation. The LSTM model is found to either match or outperform other machine learning algorithms in terms of prediction error.
Modeling and validation of lithium-ion battery with initial state of charge ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The modeling of lithium-ion battery is an important element to the management of batteries in industrial applications. Various models have been studied and investigated, ranging from simple to complex. The second-order equivalent circuit model was studied and investigated since the dynamic behavior of the battery is fully characterized. The simulation model was built in Matlab Simulink using the Kirchhoff Laws principle in mathematical equations, while the battery's internal parameters were identified by using the BTS4000 (battery tester) device. To estimate the full state of charge (SOC), the initial state of charge (SOC0) must be identified or measured. Hence, this paper seeks for the SOC estimation by using experimental terminal voltage data and SOC with Matlab lookup table. Then, the simulated terminal voltage, as well as the SOC of the battery are compared and validated against measured data. The maximum relative error of 0.015V and 2% for terminal voltage and SOC respectively shows that the proposed model is accurate and relevant based on the error analysis.
A Nonlinear TSNN Based Model of a Lead Acid BatteryjournalBEEI
The paper studies a nonlinear model based on time series neural network system (TSNN) to improve the highly nonlinear dynamic model of an automotive lead acid cell battery. Artificial neural network (ANN) take into consideration the dynamic behavior of both input-output variables of the battery charge-discharge processes. The ANN works as a benchmark, its inputs include delays and charging/discharging current values. To train our neural network, we performed a pulse discharge on a lead acid battery to collect experimental data. Results are presented and compared with a nonlinear Hammerstein-Wiener model. The ANN and nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) models achieved satisfying results.
Performance Evaluation of Modelling and Simulation of Lead Acid Batteries for...IJPEDS-IAES
Lead-acid batteries have been the most widely used energy storage units in
stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) applications. To make a full use of those
batteries and to improve their lifecycle, high performance charger is often
required. The implementation of an advanced charger needs accurate
information on the batteries internal parameters. In this work, we selected
CIEMAT model because of its good performance to deal with the widest
range of lead acid batteries. The performance evaluation of this model is
based on the co-simulation LabVIEW/Multisim. With the intention of
determining the impact of the charging process on batteries, the behaviour of
different internal parameters of the batteries was simulated. During the
charging mode, the value of the current must decrease when the batteries’
state of charge is close to be fully charged.
A robust state of charge estimation for multiple models of lead acid battery ...journalBEEI
An accurate estimation technique of the state of charge (SOC) of batteries is an essential task of the battery management system. The adaptive Kalman filter (AEKF) has been used as an obsever to investigate the SOC estimation effectiveness. Therefore, The SOC is a reflexion of the chemistry of the cell which it is the key parameter for the battery management system. It is very complex to monitor the SOC and control the internal states of the cell. Three battery models are proposed and their state space models have been established, their parameters were identified by applying the least square method. However, the SOC estimation accuracy of the battery depends on the model and the efficiency of the algorithm. In this paper, AEKF technique is presented to estimate the SOC of Lead acid battery. The experimental data is used to identify the parameters of the three models and used to build different open circuit voltage–state of charge (OCV-SOC) functions relationship. The results shows that the SOC estimation based-model which has been built by hight order RC model can effectively limit the error, hence guaranty the accuracy and robustness.
IRJET- Simple and Efficient Control Method for Battery Charging in High Penet...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a simple and efficient control method for charging batteries in a high-penetration photovoltaic array. It sizes the required battery energy storage system and models the charging control algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show the simulated battery charging system works efficiently to drive the rated load for one day using only the photovoltaic array output in the worst case scenario. The proposed algorithm and simple design avoids switching losses and improves power quality compared to more complex conventional methods.
A BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM & APPENDED ZCS (PWM) RESONANT CONVERTER DC-DC BUCK:...ELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel battery charging system using a zero-current switching pulse width modulation resonant converter DC-DC buck topology. The system aims to achieve high charging efficiency with minimal switching losses and reduced circuit volume. It operates by switching the circuit with zero-current switching and resonant components to reduce losses and switching stress. The paper analyzes the operating principle and design of the proposed system through 5 modes of operation. Simulation results show the system achieves around 89% charging efficiency, demonstrating satisfactory performance.
A battery charging system & appended zcs (pwm) resonant converter dc dc buck ...hunypink
This paper presents technique for battery charger to achieve efficient performance in charging shaping,
minimum low switching losses and reduction in circuit volume .The operation of circuit charger is switched
with the technique of zero-current-switching, resonant components and append the topology of dc-dc buck.
The proposed novel dc-dc battery charger has advantages with the simplicity, low cost, high efficiency and
with the behaviour of easy control under the ZCS condition accordingly reducing the switching losses. The
detailed study of operating principle and design consideration is performed. A short survey of battery
charging system, capacity demand & its topologies is also presented. In order to compute LC resonant pair
values in conventional converter, the method of characteristic curve is used and electric function equations
are derived from the prototype configuration. The efficient performance of charging shaping is confirmed
through the practical examines and verification of the results is revealed by the MATLAB simulation. The
efficiency is ensured about 89% which is substantially considered being satisfactory performance as
achieved in this paper.
IRJET- Li-ION Battery Charger for Mobile RefigeratorIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed Li-ion battery charger circuit for a mobile refrigerator. The circuit uses a pulse charging method with a flyback DC-DC converter to efficiently charge the battery from either a solar panel or AC power source. Pulse charging involves alternating charging and rest periods to distribute ions evenly in the battery electrolyte and improve efficiency. The DC-DC converter generates a variable supply voltage matching the battery voltage during charging. Simulation results show the circuit operates in three charging phases - trickle, fast, and slow - based on battery voltage. The pulse charger provides fast charging while protecting battery health through various safety mechanisms.
The document proposes and implements an accurate electrical battery model in Matlab to simulate the dynamic behavior of lithium-ion batteries. The model considers nonlinear open circuit voltage, charge/discharge current, and transient response time. It was verified using experimental data and found to adequately reflect real-time battery behavior. The model can predict battery runtime and I-V performance.
The document discusses considerations for designing an embedded system to measure and estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of an electric vehicle battery pack. It describes lithium-ion battery characteristics and sensors for measuring voltage, current, and temperature. It also provides an overview of current SOC estimation algorithms, including neural networks, multi-state techniques with Kalman filtering, and least squares support vector machines. Practical hardware and software issues for implementing such a system are also presented.
Evaluation of lightweight battery management system with field test of elect...IJECEIAES
A battery management system is a crucial part of a battery-powered electric vehicle, which functions as a monitoring system, state estimation, and protection for the vehicle. Among these functions, the state estimation, i.e., state of charge and remaining battery life estimation, is widely researched in order to find an accuracy estimation methodology. Most of the recent researches are based on the study of the battery cell level and the complex algorithm. In practice, there is a statement that the method should be simple and robust. Therefore, this research work is focused on the study of lightweight methodology for state estimation based on the battery pack. The discrete Coulomb counting method and the data-driven approach, based on the Palmgren-Miner method, are proposed for the estimation of the state of charge and remaining battery life, respectively. The proposed methods are evaluated through a battery-powered electric bus under real scenario-based circumstances in the campus transit system. In addition, the battery life-cycle cost analysis is also investigated. The tested bus has currently been in operation in the transit system for more than one year.
Machine Learning Systems Based on xgBoost and MLP Neural Network Applied in S...aciijournal
In this work, the internal impedance of the lithium-ion battery pack (important measure
of the degradation level of the batteries) is estimated by means of machine learning systems
based on supervised learning techniques MLP - Multi Layer Perceptron - neural network and xgBoost
- Gradient Tree Boosting. Therefore, characteristics of the electric power system, in which
the battery pack is inserted, are extracted and used in the construction of supervised models
through the application of two different techniques based on Gradient Tree Boosting and Multi
Layer Perceptron neural network. Finally, with the application of statistical validation techniques,
the accuracy of both models are calculated and used for the comparison between them and the
feasibility analysis regarding the use of such models in real systems.
Machine learning systems based on xgBoost and MLP neural network applied in s...aciijournal
In this work, the internal impedance of the lithium-ion battery pack (important measure of the degradation level of the batteries) is estimated by means of machine learning systems based on supervised learning techniques MLP - Multi Layer Perceptron - neural network and xgBoost - Gradient Tree Boosting. Therefore, characteristics of the electric power system, in which the battery pack is inserted, are extracted and used in the construction of supervised models through the application of two different techniques based on Gradient Tree Boosting and Multi Layer Perceptron neural network. Finally, with the application of statistical validation techniques, the accuracy of both models are calculated and used for the comparison between them and the feasibility analysis regarding the use of such models in real systems.
Machine Learning Systems Based on xgBoost and MLP Neural Network Applied in S...aciijournal
In this work, the internal impedance of the lithium-ion battery pack (important measure of the degradation level of the batteries) is estimated by means of machine learning systems based on supervised learning techniques MLP - Multi Layer Perceptron - neural network and xgBoost - Gradient Tree Boosting. Therefore, characteristics of the electric power system, in which the battery pack is inserted, are extracted and used in the construction of supervised models through the application of two different techniques based on Gradient Tree Boosting and Multi Layer Perceptron neural network. Finally, with the application of statistical validation techniques, the accuracy of both models are calculated and used for the comparison between them and the feasibility analysis regarding the use of such models in real systems
Implementation of Dynamic Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicular Technologyijtsrd
The choice of this paper is to enhance the reader widespread operational traits with various kinds of batteries, the charge and discharge dynamics of the battery version with six battery sorts, an upgrade and smooth to use battery dynamic model. Comparison among the six sorts of batteries, diverse parameters of the battery and Simulation results deliver the only of a type load situations of the Li Ion battery. The proposed assessment is completed to turn out to be privy to the immoderate overall performance of Li Ion battery evaluate to 6 batteries and its far studies for future paintings of the researchers. This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic overall performance of an electric vehicle system using one in all a kind manipulate algorithms. The whole mathematical models of the electric vehicle and its motor force device are defined in a scientific manner. Furthermore, the vehicle dynamics are tested with several control topologies to investigate the maximum suitable one. Konanki Srinivasa Rao | Inampudi Anil Babu | Mondru Chiranjeevi "Implementation of Dynamic Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicular Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49718/implementation-of-dynamic-performance-analysis-of-electric-vehicular-technology/konanki-srinivasa-rao
Similar to Electric Vehicles Battery Charging by Estimating SOC using Modified Coulomb Counting (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) method, Coulomb
Counting, Least Mean Square (LMS), Kalman filter,
UnscentedKalman filter, and Extended Kalman filter
[12]–[16]. Fast and optimal battery charging is aided
by accurate SoC estimation combined with proper
charging technique. Constant Current Constant
Voltage (CC-CV), Pulse Charging, Multilevel
Constant Current Charging, Boost Charging, and
other battery charging methods exist [19], [20], [24].
For quick charging of Li-ion batteries, a multilevel
charging scheme has been suggested [3], [19], [20].
However, there are a number of inconsistencies in
studies related to its application. Paper [19], for
example, focuses solely on the magnitude of charging
currents involved in the multistage charging process.
However, it falls short of providing a practical plan
for putting the scheme into action. Multilevel
charging technology is used in one example, while
fuzzy logic is used in another. However, there is no
study of reliable SoC estimation or battery modelling
[20]. Another study [3] that explains this charging
technique has flaws such as initial SoC estimation in
the coulomb counting process, battery modelling, and
parameter estimation. Many of the above limitations
are attempted to be solved in this article. This section
covers the full implementation of charging topology,
parameter, and SoC estimation. As described in
section II, battery simulation is performed to fit the
battery equivalent circuit model and real battery
characteristics. This section also shows how to get an
accurate OCV-SoC curve using a hybrid SoC
estimation technique and a pulsed charging test. The
Taguchi method [19] is used to quantify several
constant current levels in this paper. The multilevel
charging technique and charging model schematic are
highlighted in Section III. In section IV, simulation
results are used to compare and contrast the
multilevel constant current charging system and the
CC-CV method. In section V, the hardware results are
presented. In section VI, the findings are used to draw
important conclusions.
II. SYSTEM MODELLING
To charge a Li-ion battery using a multilevel charging
system, one must first understand the battery's
internal model and state of charge estimate, as
discussed here. On the MATLAB/Simulink 2018a
platform, battery parameters are estimated for a 3.7
V, 1.1 Ah batteries. When it comes to battery
charging and discharging, the word Crate refers to the
rate at which the battery is charged or discharged.
A. Battery Modeling
There are various existing analogous circuit models,
such as the Rint model, The venin model, Dual
Polarization (DP) model, which involves first and
second order RC circuits, and so on [7]–[9].
Figure 1 Circuit Model of Battery
Since it is relatively easy to build, the first order RC
model is often used. As shown in Fig. 1, it is made up
of a DC voltage source (Voc) in series with an ohmic
resistance Ro and a parallel combination of
polarisation parameters, Rp and Cp.Ro denotes the
battery's experience with abrupt shifts in terminal
voltage during charging and discharging processes
[7], [9]. The parameters Rp and Cp comment on the
battery's transient characteristics [7], [9]–[11]. These
characteristics are due to a variety of transition effects
that occur within the battery, each of which has a
different time constant depending on the type and
span of the transition effect [7]. Design Optimization
(SDO) tool embedded in MAT- LAB is used to
estimate the battery parameters. This instrument is
used to determine the internal resistance of a device.
Figure2. Battery Internal resistance
B. Initial SoC estimation
To charge a battery using a multilevel charging
scheme, an initial SoC estimate is required. Each
battery has its own OCV–SoC curve [14–16]. The
charging method or the battery equivalent circuit
model has no effect on this curve [15]. The OCV-SoC
curve is obtained using the pulsed charging technique
in this study. The battery is charged with a pulsed
current and then left at rest until the charge
equilibrium point is reached in this test. The battery is
charged for 5 minutes with a 0.25Crate (i.e., 0.275 A)
pulse from a programmable DC source, then rested
for 45 minutes. After time constant τ in the resting
period, the terminal voltage equals OCV.
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Figure 3 OCV-SoC Curve
The pulsed charging test is a negative approach
because it takes a long time to charge the battery.
Nonetheless, since it is a very accurate method for
precisely predicting the relationship between OCV
and SoC of a random battery [15], [16], this method is
widely used. Figure 3 depicts the OCV-SoC curve for
the battery under test. This curve is used to estimate a
battery's initial SoC, which is required for subsequent
SoC estimation using Modified Coulomb Counting,
which is discussed in the next subsection.
C. SoC estimation using Modified Coulomb
Counting
As compared to the conventional CC-CV system, the
multilevel charging scheme terminates with a higher
constant current stage. As a result, the multilevel
charging approach necessitates precise SoC
estimation. The OCV of a battery will tell you a lot
about its SoC. The OCV-SoC properties in a Li-ion
battery are non-linear in the pulsed test (Fig. 3),
making it difficult to estimate SoC accurately.
Modified Coulomb Counting is used to estimate SoC
by combining OCV and Coulomb integral methods.
Since the battery is initially at rest, the open circuit
voltage is the terminal voltage. The initial OCV is
mapped to its corresponding SoCinitial by curve
fitting using the OCV-SoC curve obtained by pulsed
charging (see Fig. 3). The charging/discharging
current is continuously sensed using a highly accurate
current sensor. As shown by equation, integration of
the sensed current yields the modified SoC dependent
on the charge added/subtracted during
charging/discharging (1).
SoC = SoCintial ± t.dt (1)
Describes the efficiency with which charge is
transferred into and out of the battery. For charging,
the value of is 0.98, and for discharging it is 1 [14].
Cbat is the total power of the battery. Charging and
discharging of the battery are defined by the positive
and negative signs, respectively.
III. MULTI LEVEL CHARGING
TECHNIQUE
As previously mentioned, the multilevel charging
method is a quick battery charging technique that is
inspired by the Taguchi approach. This method
elucidates the magnitudes of optimal current levels
needed for multilevel battery charging. It charges the
battery with five constant current levels: 1:5Crate,
1:2Crate, 0:9Crate, 0:6Crate, and 0:4Crate [19].
These current levels have been estimated to improve
battery performance and lifespan [19]. The constant
current sections of this charging topology replace the
constant voltage sections of the CC-CV system. One
of the most critical characteristics of Li-ion batteries
is that theirinternal resistance increases non-linearly
as the SoC increases [3]. As a result, at lower SoC
prices, current levels are held higher to minimise
internal losses caused by lithium plating and internal
heating. For healthy battery charging, current levels
are reduced as the SoC increases.
Figure 4 Battery Charger circuit with (a) power
circuit (b) control circuit
The diagram of the power circuit used to charge the
battery is shown in Fig. 4(a). In order to integrate
several constant current levels in a closed loop, the
buck converter operates in a current operated mode. It
also allows for a close voltage tolerance, as Li-ion
batteries cannot withstand voltages outside of their
prescribed range [24]. They are prone to injury, and
their cycle life is significantly reduced. By operating
the converter at a high switching frequency, the size
of the filter components used is reduced, resulting in a
more compact circuit. The battery's SoC estimate has
also improved as a result of the reduced ripple
current.
As shown in Fig. 4(b), the control circuit is designed
to predict the battery SoC during charging and
produce a five-level reference current. SoC is
calculated using modified coulomb counting with
battery terminal voltage and charging current as
inputs. On the basis of terminal voltage and SoC, the
reference current controller generates the reference
current. The proportional-integral controller has been
fine-tuned to reduce the error in the charging current.
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The pulse width modulation technique is used to
produce high frequency pulses for the buck converter.
The following segment goes over the simulation of
the whole setup.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the five-level
charging method and the CC-CV charging method are
both simulated. Both methods are used to charge a 3.7
V, 1.1 Ah Li-ion battery. Both schemes are
implemented using a simple buck converter, as shown
in Fig. 4(a). A 5 V DC power supply powers the buck
converter. Table I lists the buck converter's
specifications
TABLE I: Buck Converter Specifications
Sl.
No
Circuit Parameters
Parameters
Parameter
Values
1 Input Voltage (Vin) 5V
2 Output Voltage (Vin) 4.2V
3 Switching Frequency (fs) 20KHZ
4 Inductor (L) 2mH
5 Capacitor(C) 1 micro Farad
A. Constant Current Constant Voltage Charging
Method
As shown in Fig. 5, the battery is charged with 1Crate
(i.e., 1.1 A) before the battery's terminal voltage
exceeds its upper threshold value (i.e., maximum
charge voltage of 4.3 V).The Constant Current (CC)
charging mode is used in this section. As seen in the
same red-colored figure, the corresponding SoC
increases with charging time. The changing mode is
switched to Constant Voltage (CV) mode once the
battery's terminal voltage exceeds its upper threshold
value, as shown in Fig. 5. The terminal voltage is held
at its full charge value in CV mode. The battery
draws an exponentially decreasing current during this
portion before it is fully charged, which is indicated
by a charging current of 0:02Crate (i.e., 0.022 A) [3],
[17], [18], [24]. It is noted that by this time, the SoC
has nearly reached 100%. As a result, in this charging
process, SoC measurement is not needed to indicate
the end of charging.
Figure 5 CC-CV Method Battery Charging
Characteristics
The CC mode takes 3400 seconds, while the CV
mode takes 400 seconds. The total charging time for
the CC-CV is 3800 seconds (i.e., 1.055 hours).
B. Five-Level Charging Method
As previously stated, the battery is charged with five
different currents in this charging process. As shown
in Fig. 6, the corresponding constant current levels for
the 1.1 Ah battery are 1.65 A, 1.32 A, 0.99 A, 0.66 A,
and 0.44 A, respectively. In the same diagram, the
corresponding voltage and SoC are also plotted.
Figure 6 Five Level Charging Method Battery
Charging Characteristics
The battery's initial SoC value is measured at the start
of five-level charging by mapping the battery's OCV
(i.e., terminal voltage of the battery at rest) using the
OCV-SoC curve obtained earlier using the pulsed
charging technique (see Fig. 3). In this case, the
battery's initial SoC is zero percent with a terminal
voltage of 3.2 V at start-up, as shown in Fig. 6. The
battery will now begin to charge at 1.5Crate (i.e.,
current of 1.65 A). Following that, the terminal
voltage and SoC begin to rise. During this time, the
SoC is calculated using the Coulomb Counting
method. The charging current moves to the next
lower stage as soon as the terminal voltage reaches its
upper threshold value (4.3 V) (1.2Crate or 1.32 A).
As shown in Fig. 6, the change in current is followed
by a drop in the battery's terminal voltage. With
charge injection, the terminal voltage begins to rise
and reaches 4.3 V once more, followed by a change in
current level and so on. The battery chemistry
determines the extent of the voltage drop. The
spectrum of voltage variance is 4.2 V- 4.3 V, as
depicted in the zoomed portion of Fig. 6. During
charging, the terminal voltage of the battery reaches
its full value five times. For a 100 percent battery
charge, the five-level charging method takes 2500
seconds (0.69 hours).
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49153 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2022 Page 64
Figure 7 Modified Coulomb Counting Method to
Estimate SOC
Figure 7 shows a plot of estimated battery SoC versus
measured battery SoC . It can be seen in Fig. 7 that a
2 percent error is retained during the charging
process. The slope of the SoC is observed to change
with time due to various charging current levels.
However, this feature is visible only after the battery
has reached 90% SoC.
Table 2: Simulation Result Based Comparison
Between Multilevel charging And Cc-Cv
Charging
Comparison parameters
Charging Method
Multilevel
Charging
CC-CV
Charging
Constant Voltage Period 0 sec 400 sec
Total Charging Time 2500 sec 3800 sec
The multilevel charging system is compared to the
traditional CC-CV method in Table II. By comparing
the CC-CV system to the multilevel charging method,
it reveals that the battery takes 34.21 percent longer to
reach 100% power.
V. CONCLUSION
The current work proposes a multilevel constant
current charging scheme for quick Li-ion battery
charging in order to accelerate the transition from
internal combustion engines to electric vehicles.
Taguchi's method is used to determine optimal
charging current values. The current CC-CV charging
system is simulated and compared to this quick
charging technique. It has been discovered that the
CC-CV system takes 3800 seconds and the five-level
charging method takes 2500 seconds to charge the
entire battery. Energising the charging time has been
reduced by 34.21 percent. Multilevel charging is
preferable to the traditional charging scheme. The
difference between the SoC estimated using modified
coulomb counting and the battery model used in
MATLAB is less than 2%.
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