The document outlines the history and achievements of ancient Egyptian civilization, beginning around 5500 BC, highlighting the establishment of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the unification under King Narmer around 3200 BC. It discusses various aspects of Egyptian art, architecture, and cultural practices, including hierarchical proportions in art, monumental sculptures, and the significance of pyramids and temples. The document also touches upon the evolution of these structures and styles over different periods, such as the Ptolemaic and Amarna periods, illustrating Egypt's rich historical legacy.

1. - MAHEK

2. BIRTH OF EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
Starting around 5500 BC two major kingdoms
developed along the Nile. Historians call them
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Around 3200 BC,
Egypt was brought together under one ruler—
King Narmer (sometimes called Menes). This is
recognized as the beginning of the Egyptian
civilization.

4. EGYPTIAN ART
- AN OVERVIEW

5. Egyptian art uses hierarchical
proportion, where the size of figures
indicates their relative importance.
The gods or the divine pharaoh are
usually larger than other figures and
the figures of high officials or the
tomb owner are usually smaller, and
at the smallest scale any servants
and entertainers, animals, trees, and
architectural details

7. ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT
PAINTING
SCLPTURE
POTTERY
AND GLASS
PTOLEMATIC
PERIOD
AMARNA
PERIOD
THE LATE
PERIOD
ARCHITECTURE

8. PAINTING
Many ancient Egyptian paintings have survived
in tombs, and sometimes temples, due to
Egypt's extremely dry climate. The paintings
were often made with the intent of making a
pleasant afterlife for the deceased. The themes
included journey through the afterworld or
protective deities introducing the deceased to
the gods of the underworld (such as Osiris).
Some tomb paintings show activities that the
deceased were involved in when they were
alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity.

10. SCLPTURE
The monumental sculpture of ancient Egypt's temples and
tombs is world-famous, but refined and delicate small
works exist in much greater numbers. By Dynasty IV (2680–
2565 BC) at the latest the idea of the Ka statue was firmly
established. These were put in tombs as a resting place for
the ka portion of the soul, and so we have a good number
of less conventionalized statues of well-off administrators
and their wives, many in wood as Egypt is one of the few
places in the world where the climate allows wood to
survive over millennia, and many block statues.

12. POTTERY AND GLASS
Egyptian faience, made from silica, found in form of
quartz in sand, lime, and natron, produced relatively
cheap and very attractive small objects in a variety of
colours, and was used for a variety of types of objects
including jewellery. Ancient Egyptian glass goes back to
very early Egyptian history, but was at first very much a
luxury material. In later periods it became common, and
highly decorated small jars for perfume and other liquids
are often found as grave goods.

13. .

14. PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
In the 2nd century, Egyptian temple sculptures did begin to
reuse court models in their faces, and sculptures of priest often
used a Hellenistic style to achieve individually distinctive
portrait heads. Many small statuettes were produced, with
Alexander, as founder of the dynasty, a generalized "King
Ptolemy", and a naked Aphrodite among the most common
types. Pottery figurines included grotesques and fashionable
ladies of the Tanagra figurine style. Erotic groups featured
absurdly large phalluses. Some fittings for wooden interiors
include very delicately patterned polychrome falcons in faience.

16. AMARNA PERIOD
The human body is portrayed differently in
the Amarna style than Egyptian art on the
whole. For instance, many depictions of
Akhenaten's body give him distinctly
feminine qualities, such as large hips,
prominent breasts, and a larger stomach
and thighs. This is a divergence from the
earlier Egyptian art which shows men with
perfectly chiseled bodies. Faces are still
shown exclusively in profile.

18. THE LATE PERIOD
Starting with the Thirtieth Dynasty, the fifth dynasty in the
Late Period, and extending into the Ptolemaic era. These
temples ranged from the Delta to the island of Philae. While
Egypt was outside fluencies through trade and conquered by
foreign states, these temples were still in the traditional
Egyptian style with very little Hellenistic influence. This
temple dating to the 30th dynasty was dedicated to
Nectanebos "Mother" Isis. There are few other antiquities on
the island that are not Ptolemaic or Roman It once had 14
columns, but today there remain only six..

20. ARCHITECTURE
The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples
and palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building
materials. Although earthquakes, wars and the forces of
nature have taken their toll, the remains of Egypt's
monumental architectural achievements are visible across
the land, a tribute to the greatness of this civilization. These
building projects took a high degree of architectural and
engineering skill, and the organization of a large workforce
consisting of highly trained craftsmen and labourers.

21. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE INCLUDES :
PYRAMIDS
TOMBS
TEMPLES

22. PYRAMIDS
The spectacular pyramids that have made Egypt so famous
are truly one of the world's greatest architectural wonders.
One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt
concerns the building of the pyramids. How did humans
move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone Age
tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations
depicting daily life in the Old Kingdom. Curiously enough,
none of them show how pyramids were built.

23. Apyramidisatomb,a
four-sidedstone
structurethat
symbolizesthesacred
mountain,humanity's
universalstrivingto
reachtheheavens.

24. TYPES OF PYRAMIDS :
THE FIRST PYRAMID
THE GIZA PYRAMID
THE LAST PYRAMID

25. THE FIRST PYRAMID
The Pyramid Age began during the Old Kingdom (2650-2134
B.C.), when the first pyramids were built by King Djoser in
the third dynasty. Construction of pyramids continued until
1640 B.C. During the first and second dynasties, Egyptian
kings were buried in mastabas. The deceased were laid to
rest in an underground chamber at the bottom of a shaft,
and a flat-topped tomb was placed over them. In the fourth
dynasty, the Pharaoh Snefru built the first geometrically
true pyramids at Dahshur, south of Saqqara. He started by
adding a smooth casing over the steps of two pyramids that
were built by his predecessors. He then built two pyramids
of his own.

27. THE GIZA PYRAMD
The Great Pyramid of Cheops, the largest of the three at
Giza, is estimated to comprise as many as 2.5 million
limestone blocks with an average weight estimated at
2.5 tons. The entire structure was encased in a fine white
polished limestone brought from the hills at Tura, on the
opposite side of the Nile. This highly prized material was
removed in the 16th century and used to decorate
mosques in Cairo.

29. THE LAST PYRAMID
The last pyramids were built around Dahshur and Hawara by the
kings of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.). Despite
considerable efforts to conceal the entrance to the tombs and
attempts to foil robbers with false passageways, the architects
failed to prevent the plundering of the pyramids. As a result, a
thousand years of pyramid building came to an end. The
experiment to secure the kings' journey to eternity had proven
unsuccessful. For this reason, the pharaohs of the New Kingdom
turned their attention to building tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
In a remote location across the Nile from Luxor and Karnak, they
hoped to escape the ill fate of their predecessors.

31. MAKING OF PYRAMIDS

32. PARTS OF PYRAMID

33. TEMPLES
Over a long period of time, the Egyptians built
numerous temples along the Nile. Two of the
most famous, at Karnak and Luxor, are featured
in the IMAX® film Mysteries of Egypt. These
impressive structures, with their huge
columned halls and pylon gateways, were built
to honour the dead and venerate local and
national gods.

34. KARNAK TEMPLE
The construction of Karnak Temple
began in the Middle Kingdom and
was completed during the New
Kingdom, some 1,600 years later.
Every successive king of this era
added to the temple, which covers
two hectares (five acres) of land. It
is a complicated site with four
courtyards, ten pylons, a sacred
lake and many buildings.

35. LUXOR TEMPLE
This temple is located a mile
south of Karnak Temple. Karnak
and Luxor temples were once
joined by an avenue lined with
two rows of human-headed
stone sphinxes, guardians of
the temple gates and the
underworld. Today, the remains
of this avenue can be seen
outside the entrance to Luxor
Temple

36. PALACES
• Palaces were the residences of the pharaohs and their
entourage. They consisted of a complex of buildings
designed to house the headquarters of power and the
temples for worshipping the gods. There were two main
sections, one to accommodate the needs of the pharaoh
and the other to meet the requirements of
administration. Palaces took on a distinctive architectural
form around the end of the fourth millennium B.C., a
form that was repeated for most of the third millennium.
They were essentially rectangular structures consisting of
high walls topped with towers. The tops of the towers
were often decorated with a rich cornice or panels.

38. CONCLUSION
Egypt's first civilization lasted
roughly 550 years. The next
major period known as the
Middle Kingdom begins around
2040 BC and ends around 1640
BC. Egypt at this time was ruled
from Thebes.

39. FEED-BACK
MANY NEW THINGS I LEARNED
WHILE MAKING THE
PRESENTATION. IT WAS A BIT
BORING BUT THEN EVEN IT WAS
INTERESTING. THIS IS ONLY THE
ONE CIVILIZATION I LEARNED,
BUT I AM INTERESTED IN
LEARNNG OTHER CIVILIZATIONS
TOO.