This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the effects of different group of pictures (GOP) sizes on the quality of reconstructed multiview video content transmitted over error prone channels. It finds that while larger GOP sizes allow for greater compression, they can also propagate errors spatially and temporally. It proposes a multi-layer data partitioning technique to make the multiview video bitstream more robust to errors, and implements frame copy error concealment in the decoder to replace lost information. Simulation results show the multi-layer approach performs better than standard H.264 data partitioning at higher error rates.
ERROR RESILIENT FOR MULTIVIEW VIDEO TRANSMISSIONS WITH GOP ANALYSIS ijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences
Error resilient for multiview video transmissions with gop analysisijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
An inherent problem with any communication system is that information may be altered or lost during transmission, due to channel noise.
This presentation aims to assess multiple error resilient techniques in video transmission.
-----------
Presentation as a part of seminar coursework.
The presentation describes the basic error control techniques used in video compression and the various approaches used on the basis of literature survey.
EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH ERROR RESILIENCE FOR 3D VIDEO COMMUNICATIONIJCSEA Journal
3D video wireless communication is being repeatedly called upon to play a greater role in the quest for economic and political stability, peace and understanding in the world. However, excessive error propagation in compressed 3D video can dramatically decrease perceived quality of experience (QoE). Recent error control strategies suggested that using adaptive intra refresh (AIR) tool is a good candidate for fulfilling quality of service (QoS) requirements for 3D video transmission over wireless networks. We propose multi-view video AIR (MVV-AIR) based on H.264/advance video coding (AVC) to mitigate transmission error propagation in a two-way communication system. With the MVV-AIR, both high active macroblocks and channel bit error rate (BER)are computed to generate MVV-AIR refresh map. The generated map is used to periodically insert a cyclic intra-refresh line macroblock to suppress spatiotemporal error propagation. Experimental results show that MVV-AIR outperforms traditional refresh scheme in error prone transmission environment with improved objective and subjective visual quality.
An overview Survey on Various Video compressions and its importanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rise of digital computing and visual data processing, the need for storage and transmission of video data became prevalent. Storage and transmission of uncompressed raw visual data is not a good practice, because it requires a large storage space and great bandwidth. Video compression algorithms can compress this raw visual data or video into smaller files with a little sacrifice on the quality. This paper an overview and comparison of standard efforts on video compression algorithm of: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7
Spatial Scalable Video Compression Using H.264IOSR Journals
H.264 is a video compression standard that provides improved compression performance over prior standards like H.261 and H.263. It achieves spatial scalability by encoding video in a spatial manner that reduces the number of frames and file size. The paper simulates H.264 encoding and decoding of a QCIF video using JM software. It compares parameters like PSNR, CSNR, and MSE between the encoded and decoded video. H.264 provides 31-35% greater efficiency and lower bit rates compared to prior standards.
ERROR RESILIENT FOR MULTIVIEW VIDEO TRANSMISSIONS WITH GOP ANALYSIS ijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences
Error resilient for multiview video transmissions with gop analysisijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
An inherent problem with any communication system is that information may be altered or lost during transmission, due to channel noise.
This presentation aims to assess multiple error resilient techniques in video transmission.
-----------
Presentation as a part of seminar coursework.
The presentation describes the basic error control techniques used in video compression and the various approaches used on the basis of literature survey.
EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH ERROR RESILIENCE FOR 3D VIDEO COMMUNICATIONIJCSEA Journal
3D video wireless communication is being repeatedly called upon to play a greater role in the quest for economic and political stability, peace and understanding in the world. However, excessive error propagation in compressed 3D video can dramatically decrease perceived quality of experience (QoE). Recent error control strategies suggested that using adaptive intra refresh (AIR) tool is a good candidate for fulfilling quality of service (QoS) requirements for 3D video transmission over wireless networks. We propose multi-view video AIR (MVV-AIR) based on H.264/advance video coding (AVC) to mitigate transmission error propagation in a two-way communication system. With the MVV-AIR, both high active macroblocks and channel bit error rate (BER)are computed to generate MVV-AIR refresh map. The generated map is used to periodically insert a cyclic intra-refresh line macroblock to suppress spatiotemporal error propagation. Experimental results show that MVV-AIR outperforms traditional refresh scheme in error prone transmission environment with improved objective and subjective visual quality.
An overview Survey on Various Video compressions and its importanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rise of digital computing and visual data processing, the need for storage and transmission of video data became prevalent. Storage and transmission of uncompressed raw visual data is not a good practice, because it requires a large storage space and great bandwidth. Video compression algorithms can compress this raw visual data or video into smaller files with a little sacrifice on the quality. This paper an overview and comparison of standard efforts on video compression algorithm of: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7
Spatial Scalable Video Compression Using H.264IOSR Journals
H.264 is a video compression standard that provides improved compression performance over prior standards like H.261 and H.263. It achieves spatial scalability by encoding video in a spatial manner that reduces the number of frames and file size. The paper simulates H.264 encoding and decoding of a QCIF video using JM software. It compares parameters like PSNR, CSNR, and MSE between the encoded and decoded video. H.264 provides 31-35% greater efficiency and lower bit rates compared to prior standards.
Fingerprinting Based Indoor Positioning System using RSSI Bluetoothijsrd.com
Positioning is basis for providing location information to mobile users, however, with the growth of wireless and mobile communications technologies. Mobile phones are equipped with several radio frequency technologies for driving the positioning information like GSM, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth etc. In this way, the objective of this thesis was to implement an indoor positioning system relying on Bluetooth Received Signal Strength (RSS) technology and it integrates into the Global Positioning Module (GPM) to provide precise information inside the building. In this project, we propose indoor positioning system based on RSS fingerprint and footprint architecture that smart phone users can get their position through the assistance collections of Bluetooth signals, confining RSSs by directions, and filtering burst noises that can overcome the server signal fluctuation problem inside the building. Meanwhile, this scheme can raise more accuracy in finding the position inside the building.
H.264/AVCis currently the most widely adopted video coding standard due to its high compression capability and flexibility. However, compressed videos are highly vulnerable to channel errors which may result in severe quality degradation of a video. This paper presentsa concealment aware Unequal Error Protection (UEP) scheme for H.264 video compression using Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed UEP technique assigns a code rate to each Macroblock (MB) based on the type of concealment and a Concealment Dependent Index (CDI). Two interleaving techniques, namely Frame Level Interleaving (FLI) and Group Level Interleaving (GLI) have also been employed. Finally, prioritised concealment is applied in cases where error correction is beyond the capability of the RS decoder. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed framework provides an average gain of 2.96 dB over a scheme that used Equal Error Protection (EEP).
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard - Circuits ...Videoguy
The document provides an overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. Some key points:
- H.264/AVC aims to double the coding efficiency of prior standards like MPEG-2 and H.263 to allow higher quality video at lower bit rates.
- It achieves this through new coding tools like fractional pixel motion compensation, variable block-size motion compensation, intra prediction, and entropy coding.
- The standard defines the decoding process but provides flexibility in encoding implementations. It is intended for both conversational and non-conversational applications like video telephony, streaming, and storage.
SECURED TEXT MESSAGE TRANSMISSION WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCATENATED CFB CRY...cscpconf
In the present simulated system, text message transmission has been secured with concatenated
implementation of Cipher Feedback(CFB) cryptographic algorithm. It is anticipated from the numerical
results that the pre-ZF channel equalization based MIMO OFDM wireless communication
system outperforms in QAM digital modulation and BCH channel coding under AWGN and
Raleigh fading channels .In Pre-MMSE/pre-ZF channel equalization scheme, the system shows
comparatively worst performance in convolutional channel coding scheme with QAM/QPSK digital
modulation. It has been observed from the present study that the system performance deteriorates with
increase in noise power as compared to signal power. study of a secured MIMO Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing wireless communication system with implementation of two pre
channel equalization techniques such as Pre-Minimum Mean Square Error (Pre-MMSE) and PreZero
Forcing(Pre-ZF) under QPSK and QAM digital modulations.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses techniques for improving video compression efficiency for surveillance videos. It proposes modifying the architecture of scalable video coding to make it surveillance-centric by allowing adaptive rate-distortion optimization at the GOP level based on whether events of interest are present. Experimental results show foreground detection and updating of background adaptively over time to improve compression. Future work includes further enhancing selective motion estimation techniques to improve processing efficiency without degrading video quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document proposes a bi-level/full-color video combination scheme to enable video communication across a wide range of bandwidths. Bi-level video uses 1 bit per pixel and works well below 56 Kbps, while full-color video has higher quality but requires over 33.6 Kbps. The scheme uses bandwidth estimation to switch between the two formats in the 33.6-56 Kbps range for smooth adaptation. It estimates available bandwidth from receiver feedback on packet loss and round-trip time, then adjusts the video format accordingly.
Complexity Analysis in Scalable Video CodingWaqas Tariq
The scalable video coding is the extension of H.264/AVC. The features in scalable video coding, are the standard features in H.264/AVC and some features which is supporting the scalability of the encoder. Those features bring some more complexity in SVC encoder. In this paper, the evaluation of scalability and encoding time (complexity) has been performed. The encoder shows the scalability of the system and quality of the optimized scheme is acceptable.
Accurate wireless channel modeling for efficient adaptive Forward Error Corre...IJERD Editor
In this paper, we evaluate the impact of accurate 802.11 based wireless channel modeling on the
efficiency of dynamic Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes in Motion JPEG 2000 video streaming systems.
We derive a compromise on the suitable trace length for practical estimation of Packet Error Rate (PER) at
decoder side. We demonstrate the validity of the derived trade-off using a real JPEG 2000 based video streaming
system.
QoS Constrained H.264/SVC video streaming over Multicast Ad Hoc NetworksIJERA Editor
Support for QoS enabled multimedia transmission over multicast ad hoc network is necessary these days.
Researchers have developed various encoding/decoding schemes which can efficiently deliver the multimedia
contents over wireless networks. In case of ad hoc networks, performance of routing protocol depends upon
different factors i.e. traffic type being used for wireless transmission, dynamic network behavior, bandwidth and
computational power of nodes etc. It is essential to investigate the performance of multicast routing protocol
using various data types because they may consume huge network resources thus results in degradation of
transmission quality. In case of multicast group communication, Audio/Video data stream can cause extra
overhead on network performance and it is quite difficult to maintain Quality of Services for such type of data.
H.264 offers a rich codec library for Scalable Video Coding, to transfer SVC video traffic efficiently over
wireless networks. In this paper, we will analyze the performance of MAODV and PUMA routing protocols
using H.264/SVC video streaming traffic under the various QoS constraints such as Throughput, PDR, Delay,
Routing Load and Jitter etc.
AN OPTIMIZED H.264-BASED VIDEO CONFERENCING SOFTWARE FOR ...Videoguy
This document describes an optimized H.264 video conferencing software for mobile devices. It discusses:
1) The implementation of a highly optimized H.264 codec called DAVC that achieves better compression efficiency and encoding speed than other H.264 codecs.
2) How the DAVC codec was adapted for mobile devices to encode and decode video in real-time at lower resolutions and frame rates within the performance constraints of mobile processors.
3) A peer-to-peer video conferencing application that uses the DAVC codec and integrates mobile and stationary users into distributed group video calls by leveraging SIP for signaling and efficient peer-to-peer media distribution.
An Overview on Multimedia Transcoding Techniques on Streaming Digital Contentsidescitation
The current IT infrastructure as well as various
commercial applications are directly formulated based on
deployment in multimedia system e.g. education, marketing,
risk management, tele-medicines, military etc. One of the
challenges found in using such application is to deliver
uninterrupted stream of video between multiple terminals
e.g. smart-phone, PDAs, laptops, IPTV etc. The research shows
that there is a stipulated need of designing novel mechanism
of bit rate adjustment as well as format conversion policy so
that the source stream may stream well in diverse end devices
with multiple configuration of processor, memory, decoding
etc. This paper discusses various eminent points from
literature that will throw better highlights in understanding
a schema of direct digital-to-digital data conversion of one
encoding to another termed as transcoding. Although
multimedia transcoding has covered more than a decade in
the area of research, but unfortunately, there is a huge trade-
off between the application, service, resource constraint, and
hardware design that gives rise to QoS issues.
BCH Decoder Implemented On CMOS/Nano Device Digital Memories for Fault Tolera...inventy
This document presents two fault-tolerance system design approaches for CMOS/nano device digital memories using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. The first approach partitions memory into segments that each store one BCH codeword to correct defects within that segment. The second approach uses a three-level hierarchy to map coded data blocks across multiple segments when defects exceed a single segment's correction capability. Both aim to achieve high storage capacity while adapting to variations in defect statistics. The document also describes implementing a BCH decoder on a Spartan 3E FPGA, demonstrating the proposed approaches through successful synthesis and simulation.
This document describes a project to design an H.264 video decoder using Verilog. It implements the key decoding blocks like Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), inverse quantization, and inverse discrete cosine transform. CABAC is the entropy decoding method used in H.264 that is computationally intensive. The project develops hardware modules for these blocks to accelerate decoding and enable real-time performance. It presents the designs of the individual modules and simulation results showing their functionality. The goal is to improve on software implementations by using dedicated hardware for the critical decoding stages.
A REAL-TIME H.264/AVC ENCODER&DECODER WITH VERTICAL MODE FOR INTRA FRAME AND ...csandit
The video coding standards are being developed to satisfy the requirements of applications for
various purposes, better picture quality, higher coding efficiency, and more error robustness.
The new international video coding standard H.264 /AVC aims at having significant
improvements in coding efficiency, and error robustness in comparison with the previous
standards such as MPEG-2, H261, H263,and H264. Video stream needs to be processed from
several steps in order to encode and decode the video such that it is compressed efficiently with
available limited resources of hardware and software. All advantages and disadvantages of
available algorithms should be known to implement a codec to accomplish final requirement.
The purpose of this project is to implement all basic building blocks of H.264 video encoder and
decoder. The significance of the project is the inclusion of all components required to encode
and decode a video in MatLab .
EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH ERROR RESILIENCE FOR 3D VIDEO COMMUNICATIONIJCSEA Journal
3D video wireless communication is being repeatedly called upon to play a greater role in the quest for economic and political stability, peace and understanding in the world. However, excessive error propagation in compressed 3D video can dramatically decrease perceived quality of experience (QoE). Recent error control strategies suggested that using adaptive intra refresh (AIR) tool is a good candidate for fulfilling quality of service (QoS) requirements for 3D video transmission over wireless networks. We propose multi-view video AIR (MVV-AIR) based on H.264/advance video coding (AVC) to mitigate transmission error propagation in a two-way communication system. With the MVV-AIR, both high active macroblocks and channel bit error rate (BER)are computed to generate MVV-AIR refresh map. The generated map is used to periodically insert a cyclic intra-refresh line macroblock to suppress spatiotemporal error propagation. Experimental results show that MVV-AIR outperforms traditional refresh scheme in error prone transmission environment with improved objective and subjective visual quality.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...IJCSEA Journal
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
The impact of jitter on the HEVC video streaming with Multiple CodingHakimSahour
This document discusses the impact of jitter on video quality when streaming HEVC encoded video over wireless networks. It presents a study evaluating the effects of quantization parameter (QP) values, video content, and jitter on quality of experience (QoE). The study finds that using higher QP values, which lowers bitrate and increases compression, degrades video quality as measured by PSNR. It also finds that different video content results in varying PSNR values for the same encoding settings. Additionally, the results show that adjusting the QP value can help recover from the negative effects of jitter on received video quality. The document proposes using multiple description coding (MDC) to further improve transmission over error-prone wireless channels.
Multi-View Video Coding Algorithms/Techniques: A Comprehensive StudyIJERA Editor
This document summarizes recent developments in multi-view video coding techniques. It begins with an introduction to multi-view video and multi-view video coding. It then discusses exploiting temporal and inter-view similarities for efficient compression. Several existing multi-view video coding methods and algorithms are reviewed, including predictive coding, subband coding, motion and disparity compensation, and wavelet-based approaches. The benefits and requirements of multi-view video compression are also outlined.
Fingerprinting Based Indoor Positioning System using RSSI Bluetoothijsrd.com
Positioning is basis for providing location information to mobile users, however, with the growth of wireless and mobile communications technologies. Mobile phones are equipped with several radio frequency technologies for driving the positioning information like GSM, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth etc. In this way, the objective of this thesis was to implement an indoor positioning system relying on Bluetooth Received Signal Strength (RSS) technology and it integrates into the Global Positioning Module (GPM) to provide precise information inside the building. In this project, we propose indoor positioning system based on RSS fingerprint and footprint architecture that smart phone users can get their position through the assistance collections of Bluetooth signals, confining RSSs by directions, and filtering burst noises that can overcome the server signal fluctuation problem inside the building. Meanwhile, this scheme can raise more accuracy in finding the position inside the building.
H.264/AVCis currently the most widely adopted video coding standard due to its high compression capability and flexibility. However, compressed videos are highly vulnerable to channel errors which may result in severe quality degradation of a video. This paper presentsa concealment aware Unequal Error Protection (UEP) scheme for H.264 video compression using Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed UEP technique assigns a code rate to each Macroblock (MB) based on the type of concealment and a Concealment Dependent Index (CDI). Two interleaving techniques, namely Frame Level Interleaving (FLI) and Group Level Interleaving (GLI) have also been employed. Finally, prioritised concealment is applied in cases where error correction is beyond the capability of the RS decoder. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed framework provides an average gain of 2.96 dB over a scheme that used Equal Error Protection (EEP).
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard - Circuits ...Videoguy
The document provides an overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. Some key points:
- H.264/AVC aims to double the coding efficiency of prior standards like MPEG-2 and H.263 to allow higher quality video at lower bit rates.
- It achieves this through new coding tools like fractional pixel motion compensation, variable block-size motion compensation, intra prediction, and entropy coding.
- The standard defines the decoding process but provides flexibility in encoding implementations. It is intended for both conversational and non-conversational applications like video telephony, streaming, and storage.
SECURED TEXT MESSAGE TRANSMISSION WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCATENATED CFB CRY...cscpconf
In the present simulated system, text message transmission has been secured with concatenated
implementation of Cipher Feedback(CFB) cryptographic algorithm. It is anticipated from the numerical
results that the pre-ZF channel equalization based MIMO OFDM wireless communication
system outperforms in QAM digital modulation and BCH channel coding under AWGN and
Raleigh fading channels .In Pre-MMSE/pre-ZF channel equalization scheme, the system shows
comparatively worst performance in convolutional channel coding scheme with QAM/QPSK digital
modulation. It has been observed from the present study that the system performance deteriorates with
increase in noise power as compared to signal power. study of a secured MIMO Orthogonal
Frequency-Division Multiplexing wireless communication system with implementation of two pre
channel equalization techniques such as Pre-Minimum Mean Square Error (Pre-MMSE) and PreZero
Forcing(Pre-ZF) under QPSK and QAM digital modulations.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses techniques for improving video compression efficiency for surveillance videos. It proposes modifying the architecture of scalable video coding to make it surveillance-centric by allowing adaptive rate-distortion optimization at the GOP level based on whether events of interest are present. Experimental results show foreground detection and updating of background adaptively over time to improve compression. Future work includes further enhancing selective motion estimation techniques to improve processing efficiency without degrading video quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document proposes a bi-level/full-color video combination scheme to enable video communication across a wide range of bandwidths. Bi-level video uses 1 bit per pixel and works well below 56 Kbps, while full-color video has higher quality but requires over 33.6 Kbps. The scheme uses bandwidth estimation to switch between the two formats in the 33.6-56 Kbps range for smooth adaptation. It estimates available bandwidth from receiver feedback on packet loss and round-trip time, then adjusts the video format accordingly.
Complexity Analysis in Scalable Video CodingWaqas Tariq
The scalable video coding is the extension of H.264/AVC. The features in scalable video coding, are the standard features in H.264/AVC and some features which is supporting the scalability of the encoder. Those features bring some more complexity in SVC encoder. In this paper, the evaluation of scalability and encoding time (complexity) has been performed. The encoder shows the scalability of the system and quality of the optimized scheme is acceptable.
Accurate wireless channel modeling for efficient adaptive Forward Error Corre...IJERD Editor
In this paper, we evaluate the impact of accurate 802.11 based wireless channel modeling on the
efficiency of dynamic Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes in Motion JPEG 2000 video streaming systems.
We derive a compromise on the suitable trace length for practical estimation of Packet Error Rate (PER) at
decoder side. We demonstrate the validity of the derived trade-off using a real JPEG 2000 based video streaming
system.
QoS Constrained H.264/SVC video streaming over Multicast Ad Hoc NetworksIJERA Editor
Support for QoS enabled multimedia transmission over multicast ad hoc network is necessary these days.
Researchers have developed various encoding/decoding schemes which can efficiently deliver the multimedia
contents over wireless networks. In case of ad hoc networks, performance of routing protocol depends upon
different factors i.e. traffic type being used for wireless transmission, dynamic network behavior, bandwidth and
computational power of nodes etc. It is essential to investigate the performance of multicast routing protocol
using various data types because they may consume huge network resources thus results in degradation of
transmission quality. In case of multicast group communication, Audio/Video data stream can cause extra
overhead on network performance and it is quite difficult to maintain Quality of Services for such type of data.
H.264 offers a rich codec library for Scalable Video Coding, to transfer SVC video traffic efficiently over
wireless networks. In this paper, we will analyze the performance of MAODV and PUMA routing protocols
using H.264/SVC video streaming traffic under the various QoS constraints such as Throughput, PDR, Delay,
Routing Load and Jitter etc.
AN OPTIMIZED H.264-BASED VIDEO CONFERENCING SOFTWARE FOR ...Videoguy
This document describes an optimized H.264 video conferencing software for mobile devices. It discusses:
1) The implementation of a highly optimized H.264 codec called DAVC that achieves better compression efficiency and encoding speed than other H.264 codecs.
2) How the DAVC codec was adapted for mobile devices to encode and decode video in real-time at lower resolutions and frame rates within the performance constraints of mobile processors.
3) A peer-to-peer video conferencing application that uses the DAVC codec and integrates mobile and stationary users into distributed group video calls by leveraging SIP for signaling and efficient peer-to-peer media distribution.
An Overview on Multimedia Transcoding Techniques on Streaming Digital Contentsidescitation
The current IT infrastructure as well as various
commercial applications are directly formulated based on
deployment in multimedia system e.g. education, marketing,
risk management, tele-medicines, military etc. One of the
challenges found in using such application is to deliver
uninterrupted stream of video between multiple terminals
e.g. smart-phone, PDAs, laptops, IPTV etc. The research shows
that there is a stipulated need of designing novel mechanism
of bit rate adjustment as well as format conversion policy so
that the source stream may stream well in diverse end devices
with multiple configuration of processor, memory, decoding
etc. This paper discusses various eminent points from
literature that will throw better highlights in understanding
a schema of direct digital-to-digital data conversion of one
encoding to another termed as transcoding. Although
multimedia transcoding has covered more than a decade in
the area of research, but unfortunately, there is a huge trade-
off between the application, service, resource constraint, and
hardware design that gives rise to QoS issues.
BCH Decoder Implemented On CMOS/Nano Device Digital Memories for Fault Tolera...inventy
This document presents two fault-tolerance system design approaches for CMOS/nano device digital memories using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. The first approach partitions memory into segments that each store one BCH codeword to correct defects within that segment. The second approach uses a three-level hierarchy to map coded data blocks across multiple segments when defects exceed a single segment's correction capability. Both aim to achieve high storage capacity while adapting to variations in defect statistics. The document also describes implementing a BCH decoder on a Spartan 3E FPGA, demonstrating the proposed approaches through successful synthesis and simulation.
This document describes a project to design an H.264 video decoder using Verilog. It implements the key decoding blocks like Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), inverse quantization, and inverse discrete cosine transform. CABAC is the entropy decoding method used in H.264 that is computationally intensive. The project develops hardware modules for these blocks to accelerate decoding and enable real-time performance. It presents the designs of the individual modules and simulation results showing their functionality. The goal is to improve on software implementations by using dedicated hardware for the critical decoding stages.
A REAL-TIME H.264/AVC ENCODER&DECODER WITH VERTICAL MODE FOR INTRA FRAME AND ...csandit
The video coding standards are being developed to satisfy the requirements of applications for
various purposes, better picture quality, higher coding efficiency, and more error robustness.
The new international video coding standard H.264 /AVC aims at having significant
improvements in coding efficiency, and error robustness in comparison with the previous
standards such as MPEG-2, H261, H263,and H264. Video stream needs to be processed from
several steps in order to encode and decode the video such that it is compressed efficiently with
available limited resources of hardware and software. All advantages and disadvantages of
available algorithms should be known to implement a codec to accomplish final requirement.
The purpose of this project is to implement all basic building blocks of H.264 video encoder and
decoder. The significance of the project is the inclusion of all components required to encode
and decode a video in MatLab .
EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH ERROR RESILIENCE FOR 3D VIDEO COMMUNICATIONIJCSEA Journal
3D video wireless communication is being repeatedly called upon to play a greater role in the quest for economic and political stability, peace and understanding in the world. However, excessive error propagation in compressed 3D video can dramatically decrease perceived quality of experience (QoE). Recent error control strategies suggested that using adaptive intra refresh (AIR) tool is a good candidate for fulfilling quality of service (QoS) requirements for 3D video transmission over wireless networks. We propose multi-view video AIR (MVV-AIR) based on H.264/advance video coding (AVC) to mitigate transmission error propagation in a two-way communication system. With the MVV-AIR, both high active macroblocks and channel bit error rate (BER)are computed to generate MVV-AIR refresh map. The generated map is used to periodically insert a cyclic intra-refresh line macroblock to suppress spatiotemporal error propagation. Experimental results show that MVV-AIR outperforms traditional refresh scheme in error prone transmission environment with improved objective and subjective visual quality.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...IJCSEA Journal
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
The impact of jitter on the HEVC video streaming with Multiple CodingHakimSahour
This document discusses the impact of jitter on video quality when streaming HEVC encoded video over wireless networks. It presents a study evaluating the effects of quantization parameter (QP) values, video content, and jitter on quality of experience (QoE). The study finds that using higher QP values, which lowers bitrate and increases compression, degrades video quality as measured by PSNR. It also finds that different video content results in varying PSNR values for the same encoding settings. Additionally, the results show that adjusting the QP value can help recover from the negative effects of jitter on received video quality. The document proposes using multiple description coding (MDC) to further improve transmission over error-prone wireless channels.
Multi-View Video Coding Algorithms/Techniques: A Comprehensive StudyIJERA Editor
This document summarizes recent developments in multi-view video coding techniques. It begins with an introduction to multi-view video and multi-view video coding. It then discusses exploiting temporal and inter-view similarities for efficient compression. Several existing multi-view video coding methods and algorithms are reviewed, including predictive coding, subband coding, motion and disparity compensation, and wavelet-based approaches. The benefits and requirements of multi-view video compression are also outlined.
This document provides an overview and comparison of the H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC video coding standards. It summarizes the key features and techniques of each, such as HEVC achieving around 40% higher data compression compared to H.264/AVC through improvements to prediction, transform coding, and entropy encoding. Experimental results testing various video sequences show HEVC provides significantly better compression efficiency. The document also reviews the technical details and implementations of both standards.
The document summarizes the key features and tools of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. It describes how H.264/AVC achieves significant gains in compression efficiency of up to 50% compared to previous standards through the use of new tools like multiple reference frames, fractional pixel motion estimation, an adaptive deblocking filter, and an integer transform. It also notes that while the decoder complexity of H.264/AVC is higher than previous standards, the standard aims to provide efficient video compression for both interactive and non-interactive applications across different networks and storage media.
This document summarizes spatial scalable video compression using H.264. It discusses previous video compression standards like H.261 and H.263. It then describes the key components of the H.264 encoder and decoder, including prediction models, spatial models and entropy encoding. Simulation results comparing parameters like PSNR, CSNR and MSE between encoded and decoded video using H.264 are presented. The paper concludes that H.264 provides 31-35% improved efficiency and bit rate reduction over previous standards.
Video Streaming Compression for Wireless Multimedia Sensor NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses video streaming compression for wireless multimedia sensor networks. It proposes a cross-layer system that jointly controls the video encoding rate, transmission rate, and uses an adaptive parity scheme. At the application layer, video is compressed and divided into packets. These packets are encoded at the transport layer and forwarded through the network layer. An active buffer management scheme and adaptive parity check are used to maximize received video quality over lossy wireless links. Simulation results show the proposed techniques can achieve higher throughput by resequencing dropped packets. The goal is to design an efficient system for wireless transmission of compressed video that optimizes video quality.
This document discusses video quality analysis for H.264 based on the human visual system. It proposes an improved video quality assessment method that adds color comparison to structural similarity measurement. The method separates similarity measurement into four comparisons: luminance, contrast, structure, and color. Experimental results on video sets with two distortion types show the proposed method's quality scores are more consistent with visual quality than classical methods. It also discusses the H.264 video coding standard and provides examples of encoding and decoding experimental results.
HARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-SIMULATION OF MOTION ESTIMATION IN H.264 ENCODERcscpconf
This paper proposes about motion estimation in H.264/AVC encoder. Compared with standards
such as MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Visual, H.264 can deliver better image quality at the same
compressed bit rate or at a lower bit rate. The increase in compression efficiency comes at the
expense of increase in complexity, which is a fact that must be overcome. An efficient Co-design
methodology is required, where the encoder software application is highly optimized and
structured in a very modular and efficient manner, so as to allow its most complex and time
consuming operations to be offloaded to dedicated hardware accelerators. The Motion
Estimation algorithm is the most computationally intensive part of the encoder which is simulated using MATLAB. The hardware/software co-simulation is done using system generator tool and implemented using Xilinx FPGA Spartan 3E for different scanning methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document summarizes two video watermarking algorithms that use Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The first algorithm embeds watermark bits diagonally in the SVD-transformed U, S, or V matrices of video frames. The second algorithm embeds bits in blocks of the U or V matrices. Both algorithms were evaluated based on imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload. The diagonal embedding achieved better robustness while the block-wise embedding had a higher data payload rate. SVD transforms video frames, distributing the watermark across spatial and frequency domains for improved imperceptibility and robustness against attacks.
This document summarizes the state-of-the-art in scalable video compression approaches based on wavelet transforms. It describes the basic principles of wavelet-based scalable video coding (WSVC), including enabling spatial, temporal, and quality scalability. Spatial scalability is enabled through multiresolution transforms like the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and lifting schemes. Temporal scalability is achieved through motion-compensated temporal filtering. Quality scalability can be realized by progressive bitplane coding of wavelet subbands. The document reviews different WSVC architectures and compares their performance to the scalable video coding (SVC) standard.
Performance Evaluation of H.264 AVC Using CABAC Entropy Coding For Compound I...DR.P.S.JAGADEESH KUMAR
The document evaluates the performance of H.264/AVC entropy coding (CABAC) for compressing different types of images. It is observed that CABAC is highly efficient at compressing compound images, achieving higher compression ratios and PSNR values compared to other image types at high bitrates. The proposed system compresses grayscale compound images using CABAC after applying Daubechies wavelet transform. Performance is measured using compression ratio and PSNR metrics at varying bits per pixel.
H2B2VS (HEVC hybrid broadcast broadband video services) – Building innovative...Raoul Monnier
Broadcast and broadband networks continue to be separate worlds in the video consumption business. Some initiatives such as HbbTV have built a bridge between both worlds, but its application is almost limited to providing links over the broadcast channel to content providers’ applications such as Catch-up TV services. When it comes to reality, the user is using either one network or the other.
H2B2VS is a Celtic-Plus project aiming at exploiting the potential of real hybrid networks by implementing efficient synchronization mechanisms and using new video coding standard such as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The goal is to develop successful hybrid network solutions that enable value added services with an optimum bandwidth usage in each network and with clear commercial applications. An example of the potential of this approach is the transmission of Ultra-HD TV by sending the main content over the broadcast channel and the required complementary information over the broadband network. This technology can also be used to improve the life of handicapped persons: Deaf people receive through the broadband network a sign language translation of a programme sent over the broadcast channel; the TV set then displays this translation in an inset window.
One of the most important contributions of the project is developing and testing synchronization methods between two different networks that offer unequal qualities of service with significant differences in delay and jitter.
In this paper, the main technological project contributions are described, including SHVC, the scalable extension of HEVC and a special focus on the synchronization solution adopted by MPEG and DVB. The paper also presents some of the implemented practical use cases, such as the sign language translation described above, and their performance results so as to evaluate the commercial application of this type of solution.
This document discusses partial encryption of compressed video. It proposes a method where only crucial parts of compressed video are encrypted, rather than encrypting the entire video stream. This results in significant reductions in processing time, computational requirements, bit rate, and bandwidth needed for encryption and transmission. The document provides background on video compression standards like MPEG-4 and encryption techniques. It then describes testing of the partial encryption method on images and outlines the problems with fully encrypting video streams that partial encryption aims to address.
This document discusses partial encryption of compressed video. It proposes a method where only crucial parts of compressed video are encrypted, rather than encrypting the entire video stream. This results in significant reductions in processing time, computational requirements, bit rate, and bandwidth needed for encryption and decryption. The document provides background on video compression standards like MPEG-4 and discusses existing issues with fully encrypting compressed video streams. It then describes the proposed partial encryption technique in more detail.
The document proposes a Hybrid Layered Video (HLV) encoding scheme for mobile multimedia applications. The scheme has two components: (1) a sketch-based representation that uses parametric curves to represent object outlines, called Generative Sketch-based Video (GSV); and (2) a texture component with three layers - a low-quality base layer, medium-quality mid-layer, and original-quality highest layer. Different combinations of the GSV and texture layers provide varying quality and resource usage profiles. The scheme aims to enable computer vision tasks on mobile devices in a bandwidth- and power-efficient manner.
This document discusses the interaction between application layer multicast (ALM) trees and MPEG-4 video streaming. It examines how different coding parameters and tree structures affect end-user video quality as measured by PSNR. The paper presents a simulation system to test various combinations of NICE ALM trees and MPEG-4 parameters. Results show that coding choices and tree organization depend on network characteristics like packet loss and bandwidth distribution. Large GOP sizes and many B-frames optimize quality with rare losses, while small GOPs and fewer B-frames work best with frequent losses. Uniform bandwidth favors small clusters and long paths, while varied bandwidth prefers larger clusters and shorter paths.
DATA HIDING IN ENCRYPTED H.264 VIDEO FORMATalphin jose
I-frames, P-frames, and B-frames are the three major picture types or frame types used in video compression algorithms. I-frames are fully specified frames that do not require other frames to decode but are the least compressible. P-frames store only the changes from previous frames and are more compressible than I-frames but require previous frames to decode. B-frames can use both previous and forward frames for reference and achieve the highest compression but require both previous and forward frames to decode. I-frames are used as random access points and references for decoding other frames.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
2. 136 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
2. BACKGROUND
The H.264/AVC international standard [4] has specifies a coding standard of video data. H264
defines three picture types namely I-frame, P-frame, and B-frame. In a standard reference
multiview video encoder all the pictures in a multiview video are encoded with a fixed GOP
length depending on the settings and applications. The arrangement of these three picture types in
a sequence is distributed statistically within the group-of pictures. The special type of I-frame at
the beginning of a sequence also known as an IDR frame serves as an entry point to facilitate
random seeking or switching between channels. This can further be used in providing coding
robustness to transmission errors [5] which are only coded with moderate compression to reduce
the spatial redundancies in the multiview video sequence. I frames are generally larger than P and
B frames which means the less you have the longer the GOP size and the more compression you
can get. But in multiview video content transmission especially in error prone channels, very long
GOP can have an adverse effect of propagating error spatially, temporally and in interview
direction. P frames are coded in an efficient way through the concept of motion compensation
from either a past I or P frame which are mostly used as a reference to predict further. B frames
have a very high compression ratio which requires the presence of both a past and future
reference pictures for motion compensation.
Figure 1. MVC prediction structure with GOP size of 8 [6].
Fig. 1 depicts a multiview video coding prediction structure with GOP size of 8 where I, P, and B
represents the encoding of pictures in intra mode, predicted mode and bi-predicted mode
respectively. The compressed multiview video data is highly sensitive to noise and information is
loss due to the removal of statistical and subjective redundancy in the video by the compression
scheme [7]. H.264/AVC employs variable length coding (VLC) in order to achieve higher
compression gain. This type of predictive coding technique makes the video data highly sensitive
to bit errors, and the effects of errors on the perceptual video quality can be quite severe. Thus, it
is necessary to provide an effect technique and configuration settings that can make the MVV
bitstream more robust to transmission error and to improve the visual quality of the reconstructed
multiview video [8]. The effectiveness of H.264/AVC coding depends on many coding
parameters one of which is GOP size and its internal organization [9]. Most standard reference
H.264 codecs use a fixed size for the GOP to encode video sequences. The GOP size can have
different values as specified by the standard, however, once a given size is chosen, it becomes
applicable to the entire coding process and the corresponding standard decoder can be able to sort
out the positioning of these frames during decoding process.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 137
2.1. Concept of Data Partitioning in H.264/AVC
The H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard is established to represent complete video information in a
much lower level called the slice. A H.264 video slice consists of an arbitrary integer number of
successive macroblocks that represent different types of video data [10]. Slice header conveys
information that is common to all the MBs in the slice such as the slice types which determine
which MBs types are allowed, and frame number that the slice corresponds to, reference picture
settings and default quantization parameter. The slice data section consists of a series of MBs that
make a slice.
Figure 2. H.264/AVC Slice layout with data partitioning
A0 A1 A2 B0 B1 B2 C0 C1 C2
Figure 3. Multi-Layer data partitioning technique
In DP technique, MV and the residual information are separated by a boundary marker which is a
uniquely decodable codeword. The codeword indicates the end of header information in a slice
and the beginning of residual information [11]. Recent study on the concept of DP can be found
in [12]. Data partition, nonetheless, creates more than one bit string (partitions) in every slice, and
rearrange all symbols of a slice into a separate partition that have a close semantic relationship
with each other Fig. 3. In H.264/AVC, when data partition is enabled, each slice of the coded
bitstream is divided into three separate partitions with each of the partitions being from either
type A, type B or type C partitions. Type A partition consists of header information, Quantization
parameter (QP), Macroblock type, reference indices and motion vectors. The intra partition also
called type B consists of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) intra coded coefficients and the
inter partitions also known as type C partitions contain DCT coefficients of motion compensated
Inter-frame coded MBs. Type C partition in many cases is the biggest partition of a coded slice
and yet the least sensitive to error because its information does not synchronise the encoder and
the decoder [13]. Each partition is placed in a separate Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit
and may be transmitted separately over a network. The use of both Types B and C will require a
type A partition and not vice-versa.
2.2. Previous Work
The implementation of data partitioning technique for MVC is presented in [14]. A video slice
without any ER mechanism may be affected by transmission errors that can lead to the loss of the
entire information within the slice. Implementation of error resilience techniques such as data
partitioning in the JMVC reference software is necessary because there is no provision for any ER
technique in the MVC in the reference software. Therefore, in order to analyse the performance of
MVC in error-prone networks, implementation of a valid error resilience technique such as data
partitioning as shown in Fig. 2 is employed and implemented in the JMVC 8.5 reference software.
4. 138 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
From the H.264 data partitioning technique, a video slice can be recovered when either partitions
B or C, or both, are affected by transmission errors as long as the partition A is not affected or lost
as a result of losing the header and motion information contained therein. It has been observed
that the performance of H.264/AVC data partitioning technique in MVC is not too encouraging
and further error performance improvements can be made through the introduction of the
proposed multi-layer data partitioning technique depicted in Fig.3.
Figure 4. Flow diagram of the Multi-Layer DP technique
2.3. Multi-Layer Data Partitioning Technique
In an attempt to make the MVV bitstream more error resilient to the transmission errors in an
error prone network, we propose a technique that can create two-layer of partitioning for each
slice in the multiview video bitstream. The general concept of the technique is illustrated in
Fig.4.The assembled multiview video bitstream is parsed in the developed Multi-Layer DP
application for increased robustness against the transmission errors before transmitting over the
wireless network. The partitioned bitstream is received by the modified JMVC reference decoder
in order to decode and reconstruct the multiview video bitstream for viewing at the display.
Multi-Layer DP adopts a mechanism that restructures a video slice as shown in Fig. 3. A0
partition consists of the header information of frame 0 from view 0, and A1 partition consists of
the header and motion information of frame 1 from view 1 and A2 partition consists of the header
and motion information of frame 2 from view 2. B0 consists of the residual information of intra
coded MBs of frame 0, B1 consists of the residual of intra coded MBs in frame 1 and B2 consists
of the residual of intra coded MBs of frame 2 and C0 is an empty partition, C1 consists of
residuals of inter coded MBs and C2 consists of the residual of inter coded MBs of frame 2 and in
that sequence it continues till nth view and nth last slice of the multiview bitstream.
Note that, partition C0 is empty because there is no residual information of inter-coded MB’s in
frame 0 which is an intra-coded frame. I-frames are self-referential and do not require any sort of
information from other frames to be predicted, so it consists of only intra coded MBs. The H.264
compliant encoder needs not to send empty partitions to the decoder because a standard H.264
decoder will assume missing partitions are empty partitions and are designed to handle the
multiview bitstream accordingly [15]. During the decoding process of the MLDP bitstream, the
decoder is modified to cope with the lost video data due to errors in the wireless channel.
The effects of displaying a frame reconstructed from a corrupted data can adversely degrade
visual perception by introducing artefacts. In order to support the MLDP technique more
effectively and to minimise the effects of channel errors in the multiview video bitstream, a
simple and commonly known error concealment technique is employed and developed in the
JMVC 8.5 reference decoder. Lost data in the bitstream can be concealed by copying the
information from previously received error free slices. Frames that are generated by copying
related video data in order to replace lost information are not always perceptually noticeable by a
viewer which is an advantage of this technique especially in low-activity scenes [16]. In our
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 139
approach, we are able to support multi-layer data partitioning technique with improved quality by
employing frame copy error concealment which works fairly well with MVC and is simple to
implement; however, there are more complex techniques that use an elaborate approach to exploit
the redundancy within the video frame in order to come up with a more efficient estimate of the
lost data [3].
Time first coding Fig. 5 is a MVV bitstream format representation that allows all views to be
encoded and then assembled in a time domain for suitable transmission. The decoder on the other
side can receive and reorder the bitstream in the right decoding order, which can allow it to
decode all the pictures in different views in the same time domain and display the videos in the
correct order.
Time first coding supports the implementation of frame copy error concealment in MVC. That is
because of the display nature of all the frames across the views in the same time domain, which
makes it easier to conceal missing pictures from previously received pictures in the reference list.
Figure 5. Time first coding [1].
Currently, the MVC reference decoder only accepts H.264 compliant bitstream and does not
support the decoding of erroneous coded video sequence. In order to be able to decode the
corrupted multiview video bitstream, the H.264/AVC frame copy error concealment technique is
implemented in the JMVC reference decoder to adapt and cope with the losses within the
bitstream. Frame copy error concealment technique is simple and usually quite effective in a
video content where the motion is not large [17]. In Addition, the JMVC 8.5 reference codec has
two types of reference frame lists that is also part of the standard and can be used to support
frame copy error concealment in MVC. The first list is a reference list 0 which can be used for
both P and B frames while reference list 1 is only applicable for B-frames. The main difference
between the two reference lists is that list 0 utilizes the temporally earlier key frames (I or P)
within the GOP in a sequence while in the case of the reference picture list 1; it utilizes
temporally closer reference frames which can be a B frame [18]. Conceptually, reference list 1
can ensure smoother pictures because the frame to be copied is nearer to the picture to be
reconstructed.
2.4. Proposed decoding scheme
H.264/AVC Frame copy error concealment technique is implemented in the JMVC reference
decoder and further modified to decode the Multi-layer DP bitstream with losses as earlier
discussed in the previous section. The technique is optimized to reconstruct all the views
successfully from the multiview coded bitstream with a higher level of quality in conformance
with the standard [19].
Part of the reasons and motivation to adopt frame copy error concealment technique in our work
is its convenience to replace missing pictures especially in the case of packet loss network.
6. 140 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
The flowchart in Fig. 6 illustrates the implementation of frame copy error concealment technique.
The technique can conceal lost information in the MVV bitstream with an improved perceptual
quality based on some experimental results presented later in the paper.
When the ML data partitioned bitstream is transmitted over the network and is received, it is first
buffered and rescheduled back to the standard H.264 DP format for processing. Note that, the
multi-layer data partitioning technique employed during source coding is only to make the
multiview video bitstream more resilient to channel errors during transmission or streaming over
the simulated wireless network. After successfully delivering the bitstream across the network,
then the received bitstream is rescheduled back to the standard H.264 data partitioned format for
decoding.
The decoder checks if the buffer is full then all the frames are sent directly for decoding. Also,
note that all the slices are partitioned into three different partitions encapsulated into VCL NAL
units of DP A, DP B and DP C respectively. The decoding of these types of slices is such that the
loss of one partition might make another partition useless. In order to correctly decode partitions
B and C, it is important for the H.264 standard compliant decoder to know how each and every
macroblock is predicted within a slice. This information is stored in partition A as part of header
information. Therefore, loss of partition A can render partitions B and C useless even when
correctly received and decoded. Partition A does not necessarily require the information from
partition B and C to be correctly decoded.
Figure 6. Decoding scheme for erroneous MVV bitstream
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 141
So, if only partition A is correctly received then the error concealment algorithm can utilize useful
information such as motion vectors to reconstruct the slice. However, if partition A is lost
regardless of whether partition B or/and C is/are received. The frame copy error concealment is
invoked by the decoder to replace the missing picture information by a previously received
picture in the reference list. If the buffer is empty, then the NAL units are read from the MVV
bitstream and the decoder determines whether it is a non-VCL NAL unit or VCL NAL unit? All
non-VCL NAL units are sent directly for decoding while the VLC NAL units are all read until the
next prefix NAL unit is detected and are rescheduled to the H.264 format before decoding. The
whole process is restarted again through a looping system.
3. SIMULATION
To show the performance of 3D MVV bitstream over a wireless error-prone network, a number of
coding and transmission experiments and simulations are performed in both JMVC 8.5 reference
software and OPNET 16.1 network simulator [20]. This section describes the conditions used in
the experimental setup.
3.1. Video Encoder Settings
Different MVV test sequences were used in the experiment and simulations such as Ballroom,
Exit, and Vassar. Frame size of 640X480, Frame rate = 25 f/s, Number of Frames per view = 250,
and Quantization parameter (QP) was carefully selected and set to 31 and an intra-coded frame
was inserted every 13th frame in order to limit the temporal error propagation. The JMVC 8.5
reference software and simulations were configured as in [18]. Symbol mode is set on Content
Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) to support the DP in the extended profile, also one
slice per NAL unit is considered as part of the H.264/AVC network friendly design [21]. Three
views of each of the MVV test sequences were considered to generate the MVV bitstream used
for transmission over the simulated network.
3.2 Transmission Simulation Setup
This section describes some of the necessary conditions and parameters used in the network
simulation setup. The robustness of MLDP against channel errors is demonstrated by examining
the performance of the MVV bitstream transmitted over a WIMAX simulated channel under
varying channel conditions and error rates. Multiple Subscriber Stations (SS) that represents
source and destination nodes are configured to share a common Base Station that is connected to
the core network through an IP backbone. The WIMAX model in OPNET does not have a direct
approach to upload and introduce errors in an MVV bitstream file. Trace file of the MVV
bitstream need to be generated first and simulated across the network. Transmission error
distribution formats have been developed for different error rates in the model. The network
simulation methodology is similar to the work in [22]. The MVV bitstream is decoded and
evaluated after being received by the application client for different error rates in the network.
The objective quality of the reconstructed videos is measured and analysed in terms of Peak
Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) which is a widely known objective metric used to measure the
reconstructed video quality [23].
3.3. Experimental Results and Analysis
This section describes the performance evaluation and results of the effects of GOP size on
multiview video bitstream over the wireless network. The values of GOP sizes used in the
experiments are 4, 8, 12, and 16 respectively. Also, the error rates used are 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%,
8. 142 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
15%, and 20% respectively. For every GOP size and error rate considered, ten different
simulations are conducted, and the average results are generated. The perceptual quality of each
reconstructed view is measured in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) for all the different
simulations and error rates used in the experiment. Ballroom sequence experimental values for
perceptual quality are generated in table 1 for different loss rates and GOP sizes
.
In Fig. 6, we evaluate both the H.264 DP and the multi-layer DP method for different error rates
and GOP size. We have observed for different runs in our simulations that high error rate (20%)
multi-layer DP has a better and improved quality performance than the H.264 DP technique in
many instances. Note that, video coding works either as fixed quality and variable bitrate and
vice-versa.
In this experiment for various quality levels with GOP of 4, 8, 12 and 16, corresponding constant
bitrates of 1909.69kb/s, 1619.76kb/s, 1527.94kb/s, and 1374.75kb/s are respectively reported for
ballroom test sequence Fig. 7.
In Fig. 8 and 9, the results of the experiment have revealed that a small number of GOP size
means more I frames. This can have a tendency to consume more of bits because of the frequent
occurrence of intra frames within the GOP. However, having more I-frames increases the
multiview bitstream size. It can have a tendency of reducing the efficiency of the multiview video
coding. Different applications can have different GOP requirements such as real time and offline
applications each having a different latency or delay requirement [24].
In Fig. 10, the results obtained illustrate that lower GOP size can give a better perceptual quality
in the multiview video. This is because low GOP means more intra frames within the GOP with
less prediction error which can result in a higher video quality. In video communications over-error
prone environment, trade-off between perceptual quality and bitrate consumption is
important and necessary [25]. In most cases, applications requiring a high level of quality in an
error-prone network can have a higher bitrate in order to make the MVV bitstream more resilient
to channel noise and that result in visual quality improvement. [26]
3.3.1. Objective and Subjective analysis
Table 1. Numerical simulation results
Ballroom GOP4
Ballroom GOP8
PLR (%) H264 DP (dB) H264 ML (dB) H264 DP (dB) H264 ML(dB)
0 35.45 35.45 35.16 35.16
1 34.53 34.93 34.67 34.72
5 28.54 28.90 30.28 27.97
10 24.73 24.37 26.82 24.96
15 21.04 22.93 21.35 21.90
20 18.65 20.04 18.09 19.04
Ballroom GOP 12 Ballroom GOP 16
PLR (%) H264 DP ( (dB) H264 ML (dB) H264 DP ( (dB) H264 ML(dB)
0 34.99 34.99 34.83 34.83
1 34.74 32.83 34.38 33.41
5 30.42 30.10 30.42 31.82
10 24.24 24.22 24.61 25.59
9. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 143
15 20.94 21.63 19.23 22.52
20 18.23 20.09 16.01 19.17
Ballroom
Figure 6. Quality evaluation for different error rates and GOP sizes
Ballroom
Figure 7. Bitrate performance for different GOP sizes
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 1 5 10 15 20
PSNR (dB)
Packet Loss Rate (%)
standard GOP4 modified GOP4 standard GOP8 modified GOP8
standard GOP12 modified GOP12 standard GOP16 modified GOP16
4 8 12 16
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
Bitrate (Kb/s)
unpartitioned 1897.568 1607.6144 1515.9464 1362.6061
H264 DP 1909.69 1619.76 1527.94 1374.75
H264 ML 1909.69 1619.76 1527.94 1374.75
GOP size
unpartitioned H264 DP H264 ML
10. 144 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
4 8 12 16
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Vassar 759.05 657.69 691.68 572.54
Exit 834.36 722.12 620.44 535.23
Ballroom 1909.69 1619.76 1527.94 1374.75
Figure 8. Bitrate performance for different GOP and test sequences
Figure 9. Quality and bitrate evaluation for different test sequences
0
Bitrate (kb/s)
GOP size
Vassar Exit Ballroom
38
37.5
37
36.5
36
35.5
35
34.5
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
PSNR (dB)
Bitrate (Kb/s)
Ballroom Exit Vassar
11. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 145
4 8 12 16
38
37.5
37
36.5
36
35.5
35
34.5
34
33.5
33
Ballroom 35.45 35.16 34.99 34.83
Exit 37.58 37.36 37.25 37.11
Vassar 35.37 35.3 35.32 35.27
GOP size
Ballroom Exit Vassar
Figure 10. Quality evaluation for different GOP sizes and test sequences
PSNR (dB)
The subjective results are presented for ballroom sequence for different views in Figures 11-13.
In the demonstration, frame 121 is chosen from each view at 20% loss rate and a GOP of 16. It
can be observed that Multi-Layer DP technique can improve the perceptual quality performance
than H.264 DP technique. The greyscale effect in Multi-layer DP technique is completely
removed. We can observe closely in the Multi-layer DP that these frames are not reconstructed
with the best quality when compared with the original frames. This is because of the high error
rate used in the network simulations and the inability of the frame copy error concealment to
recover high losses. At such error rate of 20% and GOP of 16, the multi-layer DP technique could
recover most of the lost video information with improved quality compared to H264 DP
technique at the same error rate and GOP size. It is important to analyse the effects of error
propagation within a GOP of the multi-layer data partitioned bitstream. In hierarchical GOP like
the one in multiview video coding, the reference decoder uses the I-frame in the base view and
the anchor frames in the non-base view either directly or indirectly as reference frames for all
other frames with the GOP. If an error occurs in the I-frame of view 1, it can result to artefacts
that can continue to propagate throughout the GOP structure. The effect can be experienced in
both temporal and interview manner until the next random access point. At this point, the decoder
refreshes with the next intra coded frame in view 1 or the anchor frames in either view 2 and 3. It
has been noticed that losses within the I-frame that does not affect the header information such as
intra coded MBs coefficient can also propagate errors throughout the GOP. P-frames are coded
using motion compensation prediction from previous reference frames. From Fig. 1, anchor
frame such as the one in view 3 is forward predicted from the I-frame in view 1, subsequent
prediction of other non-anchor frames in both view 3 and view 2 takes reference from their
preceding P-frame. Any form of loss in this frame can further propagate error through the
remainder of the GOP until the next refresh frame is received within the multi-layer partitioned
bitstream. It can be highlighted that the impact of P-frame or anchor frame of view 3 can be
almost as significant as losing an I-frame due many of interdependencies from other frames. Due
to the hierarchical nature of MVC bitstream, anchor frame in view 2 that is interview predicted
from view 1 and view 3 is used to predict other non-anchor frames temporally within the GOP. So
the effect of error is limited to view 2 only and less severe than I and P-frames in the multiview
video bitstream.
12. 146 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Original
H264 DP
ML DP
Figure 11. Subjective quality comparison of frame 121 of view 0
at 20% error rate and GOP=16 for Ballroom sequence.
13. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 147
Original
H264 DP
ML DP
Figure 12. Subjective quality comparison of frame 121 of view 1
at 20% error rate and GOP=16 for Ballroom sequence.
14. 148 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Original
H264 DP
ML DP
Figure 13. Subjective quality comparison of frame 121 of view 2
at 20% error rate and GOP=16 for Ballroom sequence.
15. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 149
4. CONCLUSIONS
The GOP within a video sequence is one of the key coding parameters that determine the video
quality perception of the viewer, more importantly, the GOP size and the motion within the
sequence. Large GOP size improves the compression efficiency, which can allow more or higher
video content to be transmitted for a given bitrate. However, the effects of error propagation or
artefacts due to transmission error in an IP network might be longer. It is necessary to wisely
decide what GOP structure and size to support any application such as streaming or transmitting
videos. The work in this paper examines the effect of GOP size on erroneous multi-layer data
partition bitstream when transmitted over error-prone networks. However, the study in this paper
focuses and illustrates the performance of the two algorithms for worst case scenario. Two
different techniques namely H264 DP and multi-layer DP are used to demonstrate this effect. Our
experimental results illustrate that the Multi-Layer DP technique can improve the visual
perception of reconstructed videos for higher error rates within allowable compression efficiency
and bitrate. From the results obtained, we can assume and suggest that multi-layer DP technique
can suitably be utilized for delivering multiview video content over bandwidth constraint and
high error rate channel at a GOP size of 16. Please note that the work in this paper is not claiming
to achieve a remarkable visual quality. We are proposing based on simulated results a different
approach that can apparently improve the visual quality of multiview video in a very high error
rate channel. Part of our future work is to optimize the multi-layer data partitioning technique by
implementing error protection technique. The idea is to protect the multiview data from the high
error rate in the channel. The decoder error concealment algorithm is going to be extended to
employ the hybrid method that can fully exploit the redundancies between macroblocks in both
spatial/temporal and interview direction. We anticipate that from our current findings and results,
more and better visual quality can be achieved when these techniques are implemented while
considering the cost of bit rate and coding efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Petroleum Technology Trust Fund (PTDF) for the research
sponsorship.
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Abdulkareem Bebeji Ibrahim received the B.ENG. degree in electrical engineering
from Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, in 2005, and the MSc. degree in satellite
communication and space systems from the University of Sussex, Brighton, United
Kingdom, in 2011. He is currently pursuing his PhD. degree in electronic and computer
engineering at Brunel University London. His current research interests include error
resilience and concealment for 3D multiview video coding and perceptual 3D multiview
video quality.
Professor Sadka received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from
Surrey University, Surrey, UK, in 1997. He has nearly 20 years’ worth of academic
experience and a long track record of scientific leadership in the area of Video Processing
and Communications. He is the former Head of the Department of Electronic and
Computer Engineering at Brunel University and the Founding Director for the Centre for
Media Communications Research.
He has over 200 publications in refereed journals and conferences 3 patents and a
specialised book entitled "Compressed Video Communications" published by Wiley in 2002. To date,
he has managed to attract circa £4M worth of research grants and contracts and has graduated 20 PhD
students. He is widely supported by industry and runs his consultancy company VIDCOM. He is a fellow
of the IET, a fellow of the HEA and a senior member of the IEEE.