Support for QoS enabled multimedia transmission over multicast ad hoc network is necessary these days.
Researchers have developed various encoding/decoding schemes which can efficiently deliver the multimedia
contents over wireless networks. In case of ad hoc networks, performance of routing protocol depends upon
different factors i.e. traffic type being used for wireless transmission, dynamic network behavior, bandwidth and
computational power of nodes etc. It is essential to investigate the performance of multicast routing protocol
using various data types because they may consume huge network resources thus results in degradation of
transmission quality. In case of multicast group communication, Audio/Video data stream can cause extra
overhead on network performance and it is quite difficult to maintain Quality of Services for such type of data.
H.264 offers a rich codec library for Scalable Video Coding, to transfer SVC video traffic efficiently over
wireless networks. In this paper, we will analyze the performance of MAODV and PUMA routing protocols
using H.264/SVC video streaming traffic under the various QoS constraints such as Throughput, PDR, Delay,
Routing Load and Jitter etc.
Multicasting Of Adaptively-Encoded MPEG4 Over Qos-Cognizant IP NetworksEditor IJMTER
we propose a novel architectural planning for multicasting of adaptively-encoded
layered MPEG4 over a QoS-aware IP network. We re-quire a QoS-aware IP network in this case to
(1) Support priority dropping of packets in time of congestion. (2) Provide congestion notification to
the multicast sender. For the first requirement, we use RED's extension for service differentiation. It
recognizes the priority of packets when they need to be dropped and drops lower priority packets
first. We couple RED with our proposal for the second requirement which is the adoption of
Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) for use with IP multicast. BECN will provide
early congestion notification at the IP layer level to the video sender. BECN detects upcoming
congestion based on size of the RED queue in the routers. The MPEG4 adaptive-encoder can change
the sending rate and also can divide the video packets into lower priority packets and high priority
packets. Based on BECN messages from the routers, a simple flow controller at the sender sets the
rate for the adaptive MPEG4 encoder and also sets the ratio between the high priority and low
priority packets within the video stream. We use a TES model for generating the MPEG4 traffic that
is based on real video traces. Simulation results show that combining priority dropping, MPEG4
adaptive encoding, and multicast BECN: (1) Improves bandwidth utilization (2) Reduces time to
react to congestion and hence improves the received video quality (3) Maintains graceful degradation
in quality with congestion and provides minimum quality even if congestion persists.
Novel Approach for Evaluating Video Transmission using Combined Scalable Vide...IJECEIAES
One of the main problems in video transmission is the bandwidth fluctuation in wireless channel. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find an efficient bandwidth utilization and method. This research utilizes the Combined Scalable Video Coding (CSVC) which comes from Joint Scalable Video Model (JSVM). In the combined scalable video coding, we implement Coarse Grain Scalability (CGS) and Medium Grain Scalability (MGS). We propose a new scheme in which it can be implemented on Network Simulator II (NS-2) over wireless broadband network. The advantages of this new scheme over the other schemes are more realistic and based on open source program. The result shows that CSVC implementation on MGS mode outperforms CGS mode.
Vignesh V Menon is invited to talk on "Video Coding for HTTP Adaptive Streaming" on the Research@Lunch, which is a research webinar series by Humanitarian Technology (HuT) Labs, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, India, exclusively for Ph.D. Scholars, UG, and PG Researchers in India. This talk will introduce the basics of video codecs and highlight the scope of HAS-related research on video encoding.
A Channel Allocation Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Users Based on Channel Sta...Alpen-Adria-Universität
Cognitive radio networks by utilizing the spectrum holes in licensed frequency bands are able to efficiently manage the radio spectrum. A significant improvement in spectrum use can be achieved by giving secondary users access to these spectrum holes. Predicting spectrum holes can save significant energy that is consumed to detect spectrum holes. This is because the secondary users can only select the channels that are predicted to be idle channels. However, collisions can occur either between a primary user and secondary users or among the secondary users themselves. This paper introduces a centralized channel allocation algorithm in a scenario with multiple secondary users to control both primary and secondary collisions. The proposed allocation algorithm, which uses a channel status predictor, provides a good performance with fairness among the secondary users while they have the minimal interference with the primary user. The simulation results show that the probability of a wrong prediction of an idle channel state in a multi-channel system is less than 0.9%. In addition, the channel state prediction saves the sensing energy up to 73%, and the utilization of the spectrum can be improved more than 77%.
HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) enables high-quality streaming of video content. In HAS, videos are divided into short intervals called segments, and each segment is encoded at various quality/bitrates to adapt to the available bandwidth. Multiple encodings of the same content impose high costs for video content providers. To reduce the time-complexity of encoding multiple representations, state-of-the-art methods typically encode the highest quality representation first and reuse the information gathered during its encoding to accelerate the encoding of the remaining representations. As encoding the highest quality representation requires the highest time-complexity compared to the lower quality representations, it would be a bottleneck in parallel encoding scenarios and the overall time-complexity will be limited to the time-complexity of the highest quality representation. In this paper and to address this problem, we consider all representations from the highest to the lowest quality representation as a potential, single reference to accelerate the encoding of the other, dependent representations. We formulate a set of encoding modes and assess their performance in terms of BD-Rate and time-complexity, using both VMAF and PSNR as objective metrics. Experimental results show that encoding a middle quality representation as a reference, can significantly reduce the maximum en-coding complexity and hence it is an efficient way of encoding multiple representations in parallel. Based on this fact, a fast multirate encoding method is proposed which utilizes depth and prediction mode of a middle quality representation to accelerate the encoding of the dependent representations.
bitdash - Simple & Easy MPEG-DASH Player for Web and MobileBitmovin Inc
bitdash MPEG-DASH Player for HTML5 using the Media Source Extentions API as well as for Flash-based MPEG-DASH Playback. Using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extentions it's possible to MPEG-CENC based DRM. That's the right soltution for the next generation of online video services!
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
Multicasting Of Adaptively-Encoded MPEG4 Over Qos-Cognizant IP NetworksEditor IJMTER
we propose a novel architectural planning for multicasting of adaptively-encoded
layered MPEG4 over a QoS-aware IP network. We re-quire a QoS-aware IP network in this case to
(1) Support priority dropping of packets in time of congestion. (2) Provide congestion notification to
the multicast sender. For the first requirement, we use RED's extension for service differentiation. It
recognizes the priority of packets when they need to be dropped and drops lower priority packets
first. We couple RED with our proposal for the second requirement which is the adoption of
Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) for use with IP multicast. BECN will provide
early congestion notification at the IP layer level to the video sender. BECN detects upcoming
congestion based on size of the RED queue in the routers. The MPEG4 adaptive-encoder can change
the sending rate and also can divide the video packets into lower priority packets and high priority
packets. Based on BECN messages from the routers, a simple flow controller at the sender sets the
rate for the adaptive MPEG4 encoder and also sets the ratio between the high priority and low
priority packets within the video stream. We use a TES model for generating the MPEG4 traffic that
is based on real video traces. Simulation results show that combining priority dropping, MPEG4
adaptive encoding, and multicast BECN: (1) Improves bandwidth utilization (2) Reduces time to
react to congestion and hence improves the received video quality (3) Maintains graceful degradation
in quality with congestion and provides minimum quality even if congestion persists.
Novel Approach for Evaluating Video Transmission using Combined Scalable Vide...IJECEIAES
One of the main problems in video transmission is the bandwidth fluctuation in wireless channel. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find an efficient bandwidth utilization and method. This research utilizes the Combined Scalable Video Coding (CSVC) which comes from Joint Scalable Video Model (JSVM). In the combined scalable video coding, we implement Coarse Grain Scalability (CGS) and Medium Grain Scalability (MGS). We propose a new scheme in which it can be implemented on Network Simulator II (NS-2) over wireless broadband network. The advantages of this new scheme over the other schemes are more realistic and based on open source program. The result shows that CSVC implementation on MGS mode outperforms CGS mode.
Vignesh V Menon is invited to talk on "Video Coding for HTTP Adaptive Streaming" on the Research@Lunch, which is a research webinar series by Humanitarian Technology (HuT) Labs, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, India, exclusively for Ph.D. Scholars, UG, and PG Researchers in India. This talk will introduce the basics of video codecs and highlight the scope of HAS-related research on video encoding.
A Channel Allocation Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Users Based on Channel Sta...Alpen-Adria-Universität
Cognitive radio networks by utilizing the spectrum holes in licensed frequency bands are able to efficiently manage the radio spectrum. A significant improvement in spectrum use can be achieved by giving secondary users access to these spectrum holes. Predicting spectrum holes can save significant energy that is consumed to detect spectrum holes. This is because the secondary users can only select the channels that are predicted to be idle channels. However, collisions can occur either between a primary user and secondary users or among the secondary users themselves. This paper introduces a centralized channel allocation algorithm in a scenario with multiple secondary users to control both primary and secondary collisions. The proposed allocation algorithm, which uses a channel status predictor, provides a good performance with fairness among the secondary users while they have the minimal interference with the primary user. The simulation results show that the probability of a wrong prediction of an idle channel state in a multi-channel system is less than 0.9%. In addition, the channel state prediction saves the sensing energy up to 73%, and the utilization of the spectrum can be improved more than 77%.
HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) enables high-quality streaming of video content. In HAS, videos are divided into short intervals called segments, and each segment is encoded at various quality/bitrates to adapt to the available bandwidth. Multiple encodings of the same content impose high costs for video content providers. To reduce the time-complexity of encoding multiple representations, state-of-the-art methods typically encode the highest quality representation first and reuse the information gathered during its encoding to accelerate the encoding of the remaining representations. As encoding the highest quality representation requires the highest time-complexity compared to the lower quality representations, it would be a bottleneck in parallel encoding scenarios and the overall time-complexity will be limited to the time-complexity of the highest quality representation. In this paper and to address this problem, we consider all representations from the highest to the lowest quality representation as a potential, single reference to accelerate the encoding of the other, dependent representations. We formulate a set of encoding modes and assess their performance in terms of BD-Rate and time-complexity, using both VMAF and PSNR as objective metrics. Experimental results show that encoding a middle quality representation as a reference, can significantly reduce the maximum en-coding complexity and hence it is an efficient way of encoding multiple representations in parallel. Based on this fact, a fast multirate encoding method is proposed which utilizes depth and prediction mode of a middle quality representation to accelerate the encoding of the dependent representations.
bitdash - Simple & Easy MPEG-DASH Player for Web and MobileBitmovin Inc
bitdash MPEG-DASH Player for HTML5 using the Media Source Extentions API as well as for Flash-based MPEG-DASH Playback. Using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extentions it's possible to MPEG-CENC based DRM. That's the right soltution for the next generation of online video services!
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9 AND H.264/MPEGAVC VIDEO CODINGijma
This study evaluates the performance of the three latest video codecs H.265/MPEG-HEVC, H.264/MPEGAVC
and VP9. The evaluation is based on both subjective and objective quality metrics. The assessment
metric Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS) is used to evaluate the subjective quality of the
compressed video sequences. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metricis used for the objective
evaluation. Moreover, this work studies the effect of frame rate and resolution on the encoders’
performance. The extensive number of experiments are conducted with similar encoding configurations for
the three studied encoders. The evaluation results show that H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides superior bitrate
saving capabilities compared to H.264 and VP9. However, VP9 shows lower encoding time than
H.265/MPEG-HEVC but higher encoding time compared to H.264.
Error resilient for multiview video transmissions with gop analysisijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
ERROR RESILIENT FOR MULTIVIEW VIDEO TRANSMISSIONS WITH GOP ANALYSIS ijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences
Complexity Analysis in Scalable Video CodingWaqas Tariq
The scalable video coding is the extension of H.264/AVC. The features in scalable video coding, are the standard features in H.264/AVC and some features which is supporting the scalability of the encoder. Those features bring some more complexity in SVC encoder. In this paper, the evaluation of scalability and encoding time (complexity) has been performed. The encoder shows the scalability of the system and quality of the optimized scheme is acceptable.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
H.264/AVCis currently the most widely adopted video coding standard due to its high compression capability and flexibility. However, compressed videos are highly vulnerable to channel errors which may result in severe quality degradation of a video. This paper presentsa concealment aware Unequal Error Protection (UEP) scheme for H.264 video compression using Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed UEP technique assigns a code rate to each Macroblock (MB) based on the type of concealment and a Concealment Dependent Index (CDI). Two interleaving techniques, namely Frame Level Interleaving (FLI) and Group Level Interleaving (GLI) have also been employed. Finally, prioritised concealment is applied in cases where error correction is beyond the capability of the RS decoder. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed framework provides an average gain of 2.96 dB over a scheme that used Equal Error Protection (EEP).
In this paper, an investigation of the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding content over an error prone environment with varying packet loss rates is presented. We analyse the bitrate performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the
quality of the reconstructed multiview video. However, by analysing the multiview video content
it is possible to identify an optimum GOP size depending on the type of application used. A comparison is demonstrated for the performances between widely known H.264 data partitioning error resilience technique and multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP in terms of their perceived quality. Our simulation results turned out that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
Distributed Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework and Scalable Video Coding Tu...mgrafl
Existing and future media ecosystems need to cope with the ever-increasing heterogeneity of networks, devices, and user characteristics collectively referred to as (usage) context. The key to address this problem is media adaptation to various and dynamically changing contexts in order to provide a service quality that is regarded as satisfactory by the end user. The adaptation can be performed in many ways and at different locations, e.g., at the edge and within the network resulting in a substantial number of issues to be integrated within a media ecosystem. This paper describes research challenges, key innovations, target research outcomes, and achievements so far for edge and in-network media adaptation by introducing the concept of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling.
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
WiMAX is based on the standard IEEE 802.16e-2009 for wireless access in Metropolitan Area Networks. It
is one of the solutions for 4G IP based wireless technology. WiMAX utilizes Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access which also supports Multicast and Broadcast Service with appropriate
Modulation and Coding Scheme. Presently, Scheduling and Resource allocation algorithm in Opportunistic
Layered Multicasting provides multicasting of layered video over mobile WiMAX to ensure better QoS.
Initially, the knowledge based allocation of subcarriers is used for scheduling. In addition, to reduce the
burst overhead, delay and jitter, SWIM (Swapping Min-Max) algorithm is utilized. Another promising
technology that can greatly improve the system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of
wireless channels and the cooperation among multiple users is the Cooperative Multicast Scheduling
(CMS) technique. The simulation results show, Swapping Min-Max performs better with lesser number of
bursts, Zero jitter and with optimal throughput. The results with Cooperative Multicast Scheduling show
the enhanced throughput for each member in the Multicasting Scenario.
IMPROVING PSNR AND PROCESSING SPEED FOR HEVC USING HYBRID PSO FOR INTRA FRAME...ijma
High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the newest video codec to increase significantly the coding
efficiency of its ancestor H.264/Advance Video Coding. However, the HEVC delivers a highly increased
computation complexity. In this paper, a coding unit partitioning pattern optimization method based on
particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of hierarchical
quadtree-based coding unit partitioning. The required coding unit partitioning pattern for exhaustive
partitioning and the rate distortion cost are efficiently considered as the chromosome and the fitness
function of the PSO, respectively. To reduce the computational time, the cellular automata-based (CA)
rule based time limit is used in order to find out the best possible modes of operation. Compared to the
current state of the art algorithms, this scheme is computationally simple and achieves superior
reconstructed video quality (12% increase in PSNR compared to existing methods) at less computational
complexity (overall delay by 40%), Increasing the bandwidth and reducing the errors.
Rule-based Prosody Calculation for Marathi Text-to-Speech SynthesisIJERA Editor
This research paper presents two empirical studies that examine the influence of different linguistic aspects on
prosody in Marathi. First, we analyzed a Marathi corpus with respect to the effect of syntax and information
status on prosody. Second, we conducted a listening test which investigated the prosodic realisation of
constituents in the Marathi depending on their information status. The results were used to improve the prosody
prediction in the Marathi text-to-speech synthesis system MARY.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9 AND H.264/MPEGAVC VIDEO CODINGijma
This study evaluates the performance of the three latest video codecs H.265/MPEG-HEVC, H.264/MPEGAVC
and VP9. The evaluation is based on both subjective and objective quality metrics. The assessment
metric Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS) is used to evaluate the subjective quality of the
compressed video sequences. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metricis used for the objective
evaluation. Moreover, this work studies the effect of frame rate and resolution on the encoders’
performance. The extensive number of experiments are conducted with similar encoding configurations for
the three studied encoders. The evaluation results show that H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides superior bitrate
saving capabilities compared to H.264 and VP9. However, VP9 shows lower encoding time than
H.265/MPEG-HEVC but higher encoding time compared to H.264.
Error resilient for multiview video transmissions with gop analysisijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
ERROR RESILIENT FOR MULTIVIEW VIDEO TRANSMISSIONS WITH GOP ANALYSIS ijma
The work in this paper examines the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding bitstream
over an erroneous network with different error rates. The study considers analyzing the bitrate
performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the quality of the reconstructed
multiview video. However, by analyzing the multiview video content it is possible to identify an optimum
GOP size depending on the type of application used. In a comparison test, the H.264 data partitioning and
the multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP are evaluated in terms of
quality perception. The results of the simulation confirm that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows
a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have
shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences
Complexity Analysis in Scalable Video CodingWaqas Tariq
The scalable video coding is the extension of H.264/AVC. The features in scalable video coding, are the standard features in H.264/AVC and some features which is supporting the scalability of the encoder. Those features bring some more complexity in SVC encoder. In this paper, the evaluation of scalability and encoding time (complexity) has been performed. The encoder shows the scalability of the system and quality of the optimized scheme is acceptable.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
H.264/AVCis currently the most widely adopted video coding standard due to its high compression capability and flexibility. However, compressed videos are highly vulnerable to channel errors which may result in severe quality degradation of a video. This paper presentsa concealment aware Unequal Error Protection (UEP) scheme for H.264 video compression using Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The proposed UEP technique assigns a code rate to each Macroblock (MB) based on the type of concealment and a Concealment Dependent Index (CDI). Two interleaving techniques, namely Frame Level Interleaving (FLI) and Group Level Interleaving (GLI) have also been employed. Finally, prioritised concealment is applied in cases where error correction is beyond the capability of the RS decoder. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed framework provides an average gain of 2.96 dB over a scheme that used Equal Error Protection (EEP).
In this paper, an investigation of the effects of group of pictures on H.264 multiview video coding content over an error prone environment with varying packet loss rates is presented. We analyse the bitrate performance for different GOP and error rates to see the effects on the
quality of the reconstructed multiview video. However, by analysing the multiview video content
it is possible to identify an optimum GOP size depending on the type of application used. A comparison is demonstrated for the performances between widely known H.264 data partitioning error resilience technique and multi-layer data partitioning technique with different error rates and GOP in terms of their perceived quality. Our simulation results turned out that Multi-layer data partitioning technique shows a better performance at higher error rates with different GOP. Further experiments in this work have shown the effects of GOP in terms of visual quality and bitrate for different multiview video sequences.
Distributed Adaptation Decision-Taking Framework and Scalable Video Coding Tu...mgrafl
Existing and future media ecosystems need to cope with the ever-increasing heterogeneity of networks, devices, and user characteristics collectively referred to as (usage) context. The key to address this problem is media adaptation to various and dynamically changing contexts in order to provide a service quality that is regarded as satisfactory by the end user. The adaptation can be performed in many ways and at different locations, e.g., at the edge and within the network resulting in a substantial number of issues to be integrated within a media ecosystem. This paper describes research challenges, key innovations, target research outcomes, and achievements so far for edge and in-network media adaptation by introducing the concept of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling.
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION ALGORITHMS FOR QOS OPTIMIZATION IN MOBILE WIMAX NETWORKSijwmn
WiMAX is based on the standard IEEE 802.16e-2009 for wireless access in Metropolitan Area Networks. It
is one of the solutions for 4G IP based wireless technology. WiMAX utilizes Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access which also supports Multicast and Broadcast Service with appropriate
Modulation and Coding Scheme. Presently, Scheduling and Resource allocation algorithm in Opportunistic
Layered Multicasting provides multicasting of layered video over mobile WiMAX to ensure better QoS.
Initially, the knowledge based allocation of subcarriers is used for scheduling. In addition, to reduce the
burst overhead, delay and jitter, SWIM (Swapping Min-Max) algorithm is utilized. Another promising
technology that can greatly improve the system performance by exploring the broadcasting nature of
wireless channels and the cooperation among multiple users is the Cooperative Multicast Scheduling
(CMS) technique. The simulation results show, Swapping Min-Max performs better with lesser number of
bursts, Zero jitter and with optimal throughput. The results with Cooperative Multicast Scheduling show
the enhanced throughput for each member in the Multicasting Scenario.
IMPROVING PSNR AND PROCESSING SPEED FOR HEVC USING HYBRID PSO FOR INTRA FRAME...ijma
High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the newest video codec to increase significantly the coding
efficiency of its ancestor H.264/Advance Video Coding. However, the HEVC delivers a highly increased
computation complexity. In this paper, a coding unit partitioning pattern optimization method based on
particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of hierarchical
quadtree-based coding unit partitioning. The required coding unit partitioning pattern for exhaustive
partitioning and the rate distortion cost are efficiently considered as the chromosome and the fitness
function of the PSO, respectively. To reduce the computational time, the cellular automata-based (CA)
rule based time limit is used in order to find out the best possible modes of operation. Compared to the
current state of the art algorithms, this scheme is computationally simple and achieves superior
reconstructed video quality (12% increase in PSNR compared to existing methods) at less computational
complexity (overall delay by 40%), Increasing the bandwidth and reducing the errors.
Rule-based Prosody Calculation for Marathi Text-to-Speech SynthesisIJERA Editor
This research paper presents two empirical studies that examine the influence of different linguistic aspects on
prosody in Marathi. First, we analyzed a Marathi corpus with respect to the effect of syntax and information
status on prosody. Second, we conducted a listening test which investigated the prosodic realisation of
constituents in the Marathi depending on their information status. The results were used to improve the prosody
prediction in the Marathi text-to-speech synthesis system MARY.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
A Numerical study of Flow through Sigmoid DuctIJERA Editor
Curved diffusers are an integral component of the gas turbine engines of high-speed aircraft. These facilitate
effective operation of the combustor by reducing the total pressure loss. The performance characteristics of
these diffusers depend on their geometry and the inlet conditions. In the present investigation the distribution of
mean velocity, static pressure and total pressure are experimentally studied on a S-shape Diffusing Duct of
45°/45° angle of turn with an area ratio of 1.65 aspect ratio 3.95 keeping inlet width 55 mm with centre line
length 460 mm. The experimental results then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent. The velocity
distribution shows that generation of secondary motion in the form of counter rotating vortices within the 1st half
of the diffuser. The secondary motion changes their sense of rotation after the inflexion plane of the test
diffuser. The maximum values of the mass average static Pressure recovery and total pressure loss are 36% and
13% compared to the predicted results of 39% and 11% respectively, which shows a good agreement between
the experimental and predicted results.
Implementation of Text To Speech for Marathi Language Using Transcriptions Co...IJERA Editor
This research paper presents the approach towards converting text to speech using new methodology. The text to
speech conversion system enables user to enter text in Marathi and as output it gets sound. The paper presents
the steps followed for converting text to speech for Marathi language and the algorithm used for it. The focus of
this paper is based on the tokenisation process and the orthographic representation of the text that shows the
mapping of letter to sound using the description of language’s phonetics. Here the main focus is on the text to
IPA transcription concept. It is in fact, a system that translates text to IPA transcription which is the primary
stage for text to speech conversion. The whole procedure for converting text to speech involves a great deal of
time as it’s not an easy task and requires efforts.
Comparative analysis on an exponential form of pulse with an integer and non-...IJERA Editor
The theme of this paper is to make a fundamental comparative analysis on time-bandwidth product of a short
duration pulse, whose amplitude is varied with an exponent as an integer and non-integer. The time-bandwidth
product is the most significant factor in pulse compression techniques which is used very often in radar systems
for better detection of the target and resolving the ambiguities in the both range and velocity with the help of
ambiguity function. In this paper, different exponents have been used and it is observed that the non-integer
exponents are giving slightly better quantitative parameters like time-bandwidth product, relative sidelobe level
and main lobe widths. To improve these quantitative parameters, phase variations have been incorporated with
the differentiated pulses of the original exponential signal. Finally, the modulation has also been applied on the
pulses to observe the results in real practical applications. From all these analysis, it is concluded that the
differentiated non-integer exponential pulse with bi-polar variations is giving better pulse compression
requirements (time-bandwidth product, peak sidelobe level, 3-dB beamwidth and main lobe widths) compared
to all other pulse forms. The outputs of the matched filter are also observed for each pulse shape.
Detection and Tracking of Moving Object: A SurveyIJERA Editor
Object tracking is the process of locating moving object or multiple objects in sequence of frames. Object
tracking is basically a challenging problem. Difficulties in tracking of an object may arise due to abrupt changes
in environment, motion of object, noise etc. To overcome such problems different tracking algorithms have been
proposed. This paper presents various techniques related to object detection and tracking..The goal of this paper
is to present a survey of these techniques.
Micro CT settings for caries detection: how to optimizeIJERA Editor
Some important items that can influence micro CT image were reviewed in this study. Different settings were
optimized for the assessment of early caries lesions. There are several researches on bone using micro CT but not
too much on dental hard tissues when assessing mineral loss. Different kinds of micro CT devices and
technologies are taking place today, each requiring unique settings, and this consists one of the greatest obstacles
for the use of micro CT on dental hard tissues. Achieving the settings for an ideal dental image is therefore a
challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different micro CT settings to optimize the assessment of
early caries lesions aiming the integrity of the dental specimen thus, making possible to reuse it for further
studies. Three teeth with early caries lesions were submitted to different micro CT settings and different
reconstruction settings, aiming a better image. The final image was compared visually through different densities
and attenuation coefficients. The best setting for teeth tissues was achieved regarding contrast, definition, noise
reduction and the larger difference between sound enamel and early lesions attenuation coefficient.
Numerical Investigation of Forced Convection cooling of Electrical enclosure ...IJERA Editor
Electrical enclosures consist of high heat generating electrical components, so removal of heat generated
remains as our primary aim. To achieve this, cooling the electrical equipment is always an economical and
optimum solution to keep the electrical components to their operating temperature limits. Placing the cooling
components in the enclosure is another important parameter to be considered. This parameter can be judged
using a simple CFD analysis.
Therefore in the present work CFD simulation has been carried out by considering a typical Aluminum
Electrical enclosure of volume (300mm X 300mm X 300mm) with total internal heat dissipation of 150W. With
those values into consideration the surface area of enclosure, enclosure temperature rise, air flow requirement in
an enclosure is calculated and based on which the fan is selected.
Performance Analysis of WiMAX and LTE Using NS-2IJERA Editor
The increasing use of wireless devices and in particular smart phones has resulted the need for greater capacity
and higher speed than the existing network technologies. Hence, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoper- ability for Microwave Access) became the two leading technologies. Services are
increasingly shifting from voice to data and from circuit-switched to packet-switched ones. Battle between LTE
and WiMAX technologies is already heating up with WiMAX being ahead due to availability of standards
through IEEE 802.16 and is up and running but lacks in substantial roll out plans due to cost. The targets for
LTE indicate bandwidth increases as high as 100 Mbps on the downlink, and up to 50 Mbps on the uplink.
However, this potential increase in bandwidth is just a small part of the overall improvement LTE aims to
provide. This study illustrates the model and representation of LTE links and traffics using NS-2 network
simulator and observation of TCP performance investigated. The Evaluation of the network performance with
TCP is mainly based on congestion window behavior, throughput, average delay and lost packet.
Mechanical Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement StructureIJERA Editor
Generally, the Chinese designed life of the high- grade asphalt concrete pavement is required 15 years, however,
the designed life of the road in surface is often lower than the designed life, and even premature failure.
Especially in heavy traffic conditions, the early damage of some high grade-asphalt pavement in China is
serious. According to some investigations, we founded the main reason of the long-life asphalt pavement is
to determine the function of each structure layer. According to the stress of pavement structure layer, so as to
select the structure layer materials. Based on the viewpoint of mechanics, asphalt pavement damage mode is
divided into three categories, such as top-down crack, fatigue cracking and rutting. Therefore, this paper uses
ANSYS finite element software as calculation tool, the combination of road vehicle load and the primary
influence on asphalt pavement structure mechanics response characteristics were analyzed.
In this paper, the method of analysis is control variable: that means under different vehicle axle load, only
change surface layer modulus and observe the pavement structure mechanical response trends to compare the
effect. By using the same method, the response of the pavement base course parameters to the pavement
mechanical structure is analyzed.
Near Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for images using DCTIJERA Editor
Certain level of modifications to the original content can be acceptable. These schemes are called nearreversible.
It has emerging application in remote sensing. In remote sensing application the image is captured
while monitoring the damaged regions in the natural disasters such as tsunami, volcanic eruption, etc. Instead of
more alterations to the pixels or coefficients here we go for less alterations , low hiding capacity and
complexity that exhibit while reversible data hiding. There exist a few near reversible hiding schemes which
address the limitations to the triangular trade-off that exists between capacity, robustness and visual quality
characteristics. However, for achieving better vision of image, there is a need for near reversible data hiding
schemes. Therefore, the traditional metric
PSNR are not sufficient to assess the distorted image when the data is embedded in image for assessing the
better visual quality of the image with hidden data we present a HVS based metrics like PSNR-HVS, MSSIM.
Using DCT evaluates the overall image quality
Analyzing Adhesion of Epoxy/Steel Interlayer in Scratch TestIJERA Editor
The aim of this paper is to investigate use of an experimental technique to determine which parameters effects
on the interfacial durability performance of adhesive on the metallic adherends as zinc plated mild steel (S235)
by using Taguchi method. The experimental layout has been used four scratch force parameters using the L16
(41x23) orthogonal array. The statistical methods of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) were applied to examine effects of surface treatment, adhesive type, blade angle and thickness on
scratch force and scratch energy. Besides, the surface analysis was carried out the morphological modifications
as well as to perform elemental analyses of the pre-treated surfaces. Results of this study indicate that the
thickness and surface treatment are main parameters influencing scratch force (by 52.4% and 19.9%) and
scratch energy (by 44.0 % and 25.6%), respectively.
Seismic Fragility Analysis of Regular and Vertical Setback R/C Frame BuildingsIJERA Editor
The earthquake phenomenon represents one of the most devastating forces that causes not only loss to human
life but cripples the economy of a nation as well. Hence it is necessary to study the vulnerability characteristics
of structures subjected to such seismic excitations to reduce the socioeconomic impact of such a catastrophe.
The study of behavior of RC structures subjected to seismic loads has always been a subject of interest owing to
the large scale presence of such structures in the seismically prone areas.
In this report a brief review of seismic performance evaluation procedure of reinforced concrete buildings is
presented. Capacity spectrum method (CSM) is adopted for evaluating seismic performance of reinforced
concrete building for various parameters (hard, medium and soft soils) as per IS code 1893(Part 1):2002.
Further the methodologies for vulnerability assessment of different R.C buildings are presented. The
applicability of HAZUS drift ratio based damage state thresholds for building designed as per IS 456-2000 code
are also studied. Fragility curves were developed for buildings with setbacks on different stories and their
damage probability is compared. Fragility curves were also developed for the buildings with and without infill
walls and compared their damage states. The vulnerable characteristics of these buildings are analyzed and
compared by developing the damage probability matrix. Setback buildings were found to be more vulnerable
compared to regular building however setbacks building with provision of infill are found to perform as regular
RC buildings.
Design And Analysis Of Savonius Wind Turbine BladesIJERA Editor
There are two kinds of wind turbines according to the axis of rotation to the ground, horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). VAWTs include both a drag type configuration like
Savonius wind turbine and a lift-type configuration like Darrieus wind turbine. Savonius wind rotor has many
advantages such as low starting speeds and no need for external torque for its starting. Moreover it is cheaper in
construction and has low maintenance. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at
lower wind speeds. The experimental study conducted in this paper aims to investigate the effect of number of
blades and other criteria that can affect the performance of the model of Savonius type wind turbine. The
experiments used to compare 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines to show tip speed ratio, torque and power
coefficient related with wind speed. A simulation using ANSYS 13.0 software will show pressure distribution of
wind turbine. The results of study showed that number of blades influence the performance of wind turbine.
Savonius model with three blades has the best performance at high tip speed ratio.
Development of metallic rack packages for the metallurgical industry: Case StudyIJERA Editor
The companies that need partnership for pieces or components supply to compose their product, have concern
with the quality of their packings. Nowadays, the packings have a fundamental part in the life and process of the
product. The objective of this project was the development of industrial packings, like metallic racks, for
machine components so that they propitiate improvements in transportation and storage. The metallic racks must
assure the integrity of the components to be transported, ensuring their quality; especially they offer a system of
easy fixation and handling of the components to ease the loading and unloading in the packings. The
methodology consists in the following steps: recognition of the problem, detailing of the pieces and technical
drawing; creation and technical drawing of the rack; layout and presentation; approval and final testing.
Reduction trigged by the developed project was more than 50% of investments in packings, totaling almost
US$2,000.00 per year and 10 thousand in 5 years.
Starting of fluorescent tube light by using inverter circuit instead of choke...IJERA Editor
A fluorescent tube light generally starts glowing when a large voltage is applied across its terminals at the time
of starting for a very short period, once it starts glowing then it will be able to continue with normal supply
voltage. Conventionally this needed high voltage, at the time of starting, is provided by the use of choke starter
arrangement.On the other hand, the circuit which converts the dc into ac is called inverter circuit. This paper
will discuss about an inverter circuit which can be used in place of choke starter arrangement. This inverter
circuit develops high voltage at the time of starting and after that its output voltage will come down to the
normal rated voltage level. This inverter circuit arrangement not only make the tube light performance faster but
also economically preferable.
Two Level and Five Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Structure with Amplitude ...IJERA Editor
Inverters using pulse width modulation techniques generates common mode voltages in induction motor drives
which can cause shaft voltages and bearing currents resulting into failure of motor. A two level and five level
inverter topology with amplitude modulation technique is proposed in this paper which completely eliminates
the above problems. Also losses in switching devices and stress is reduced. Using proposed topology total
harmonic distortion (THD) is reduced and improved overall harmonic profile is achieved. The system is
modelled with the help of MATLAB Simulink software for two level and five level inverter with proposed AM
technique. Experimental results shown for the proposed topology which indicates lower total harmonic
distortion.
This project deals with the design and development of a robotic vehicle that is used to work as a SPY. This
robot is controlled by using a Touch Screen of Android mobile with the help of software and also by using
Voice control technique. It has a wireless camera which can rotate up and down, left and right and it will send
back real time video and audio inputs which can be seen on a remote monitor in the base station from where the
robot is being controlled and action can be taken accordingly. It also has sensors which senses the obstacles
found. if there is any obstacle it will stop and search for nearby easier way and if there is no easy way found
then it will fly to cross that obstacle. It can silently enter into an enemy area and send us all the information
through its camera eyes. This spy robot can be used in star hotels, shopping malls, jewellery show rooms, etc.,
where there can be threat from intruders or terrorists. Since human life is always precious, these robots are a
replacement for fighters against terrorist in war areas.
Evaluation, Categorization, Distribution and Methods of Reduction of Losses t...IJERA Editor
For any thermal design and improvements of the motor accurate evaluation of the losses and reasons for
existence of these losses because of which they occur is very important. Experimental techniques aiming at
determining total losses and temperature rise in squirrel cage induction motors (SCIM) are expensive and their
effectiveness is often limited to specific types of motors. Accurate estimation of these losses and how they are
distributed along with feasible techniques to reduce them will result a scope to optimize the thermal design of
the motor. In the present report evaluation, categorization, distribution and methods of reduction of all losses in
SCIM Motor are presented. This has been done with relevant mathematical expressions and presenting
properties of important materials.
Drilling Mud Formulation Using Potato Starch(Ipomoea Batatas)IJERA Editor
In the search for suitable local alternatives as additives in the manufacture of drilling muds which is an essential
entity in the exploration of oil and gas, some vital considerations must be put in place such as cost and
environmental effect. This study focuses on the suitability of locally processed potato starch as a viscosifier and
fluid loss agent in drilling mud. Comparative analysis of properties obtained from the prepared potato starch
mud and that formulated from Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) were carried out. Results from this investigation
showed that rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point) of the potato starch mud increased when
the content of both viscosifiers were equal at 1.0g/ 316.4ml of water. Plastic viscosity also increased by 13.6%
when potato starch concentration increased by 50%. Also, a combination of PAC and potato starch at a ratio of
1:1 to 0.5:1.5 gave a fluid loss of 7.1 - 7.7 ml which were very close to that of the standard mud at 6.8ml. the
pH, mud weight and specific gravity of the formulated mud samples ranged from 7.0 - 9.0, 7.0 - 9.1 and 0.83 -
1.09 respectively, which were all in line with the standard mud specifications.
Analyzing Video Streaming Quality by Using Various Error Correction Methods o...IJERA Editor
Transmission video over ad hoc networks has become one of the most important and interesting subjects of study for researchers and programmers because of the strong relationship between video applications and frequent users of various mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones in all aspects of life. However, many challenges, such as packet loss, congestion (i.e., impairments at the network layer), multipath fading (i.e., impairments at the physical layer) [1], and link failure, exist in transferring video over ad hoc networks; these challenges negatively affect the quality of the perceived video [2].This study has investigated video transfer over ad hoc networks. The main challenges of transferring video over ad hoc networks as well as types of errors that may occur during video transmission, various types of video mechanisms, error correction methods, and different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that affect the quality of the received video are also investigated.
Priority scheduling for multipath video transmission in wmsnsIJCNCJournal
In video data transmission over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), in which network
congestion and link failures are main characteristics, providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) is challenging. In
such situation, using multipath routing protocols along with efficient packet scheduling can improve the
performance of video delivery over sensor networks. In this paper we propose a new packet scheduling
mechanism for multipath video transmission over WMSN. Since, different video frame types in a
compressed video stream have different impact on the perceived video at the receiver; our proposed
scheme for video packet scheduling is content aware that schedules transmission of different video packets
over different paths. For this purpose, condition of each routing path is periodically evaluated and the high
priority video packets are transmitted through high quality paths. Simulation results show that our
proposed scheduling improves the quality of the perceived video at the receiver, considerably.
This paper deals with the overview of latest video coding standard High-Efficiency Video
Coding (HEVC). Also this work presents a performance comparison of the two latest video coding
standards H.264/MPEG-AVC and H.265/MPEG-HEVC. According to the experimental results, which
were obtained for a whole test set of video sequences by using similar encoding configurations,
H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides significant average bit-rate savings of around 40%.
Keywords: - CABAC, CAVLC, H.264/AVC, HEVC PSNR and SBAC.
Multi-View Video Coding Algorithms/Techniques: A Comprehensive StudyIJERA Editor
For scientific exploration and visualization, Multi-view display enables a viewer to experience a 3-D
environment via a flat 2-D screen. Visualization is the most effective and informative form for delivering any
information. In this paper the recent developments in the multi-view video coding are reviewed such as Motion
and Disparity Compensated coding, Wavelet based multi-view video coding, Spatial scalability coding etc.
Motion Vector Recovery for Real-time H.264 Video StreamsIDES Editor
Among the various network protocols that can be
used to stream the video data, RTP over UDP is the best to do
with real time streaming in H.264 based video streams. Videos
transmitted over a communication channel are highly prone
to errors; it can become critical when UDP is used. In such
cases real time error concealment becomes an important
aspect. A subclass of the error concealment is the motion
vector recovery which is used to conceal errors at the decoder
side. Lagrange Interpolation is the fastest and a popular
technique for the motion vector recovery. This paper proposes
a new system architecture which enables the RTP-UDP based
real time video streaming as well as the Lagrange
interpolation based real time motion vector recovery in H.264
coded video streams. A completely open source H.264 video
codec called FFmpeg is chosen to implement the proposed
system. Proposed implementation was tested against the
different standard benchmark video sequences and the
quality of the recovered videos was measured at the decoder
side using various quality measurement metrics.
Experimental results show that the real time motion vector
recovery does not introduce any noticeable difference or
latency during display of the recovered video.
Decision Making Analysis of Video Streaming Algorithm for Private Cloud Compu...IJECEIAES
The issue on how to effectively deliver video streaming contents over cloud computing infrastructures is tackled in this study. Basically, quality of service of video streaming is strongly influenced by bandwidth, jitter and data loss problems. A number of intelligent video streaming algorithms are proposed by using different techniques to deal with such issues. This study aims to propose and demonstrate a novel decision making analysis which combines ISO 9126 (international standard for software engineering) and Analytic Hierarchy Process to help experts selecting the best video streaming algorithm for the case of private cloud computing infrastructure. The given case study concluded that Scalable Streaming algorithm is the best algorithm to be implemented for delivering high quality of service of video streaming over the private cloud computing infrastructure.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Efficient and thorough data collection and its timely analysis are critical for disaster response and recovery in order to save people's lives during disasters. However, access to comprehensive data in disaster areas and their quick analysis to transform the data to actionable knowledge are challenging. With the popularity and pervasiveness of mobile devices, crowdsourcing data collection and analysis has emerged as an effective and scalable solution. This paper addresses the problem of crowdsourcing mobile videos for disasters by identifying two unique challenges of 1) prioritizing visual data collection and transmission under bandwidth scarcity caused by damaged communication networks and 2) analyzing the acquired data in a timely manner. We introduce a new crowdsourcing framework for acquiring and analyzing the mobile videos utilizing fine granularity spatial metadata of videos for a rapidly changing disaster situation. We also develop an analytical model to quantify the visual awareness of a video based on its metadata and propose the visual awareness maximization problem for acquiring the most relevant data under bandwidth constraints. The collected videos are evenly distributed to off-site analysts to collectively minimize crowdsourcing efforts for analysis. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed framework.
A Novel Resource Allocation Method For Multicasting Network Using Call Admiss...IJTET Journal
Abstract— WiMAX relay networks make resource allocation decisions once per frame. An IEEE 802.16j frame consists of a downlink sub frame and an uplink sub frame. This study focuses on the downlink multicast problems. The downlink sub frame can be divided into an access zone and a relay zone. In the access zone, the BS transmits the video data to its served RSs and SSs. In the relay zone, the RSs further relay the video data to their served SSs. To determine the data transmissions within each frame, the BS should make a scheduling decision at the beginning of each frame using an appropriate resource allocation scheme. WiMAX is generally used to reduce the delays and packet loss. It a wireless standard designed to provide data transfer. In this paper mainly focuses on implementing BGWA based algorithm in order to avoid unwanted intrusion occurrences in handoff time. The Mobile Motion Prediction algorithm generally keeps track of the positions of the mobile stations and their relevant connections. The task of motion prediction is to track the motion of the mobile station in different gateways. Then different prediction methods are applied according to the sensitivity of the range to gain high precision. CAC Approach can be used to the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a promising technology for last-mile Internet access, particularly in the areas where wired infrastructures are not available. Mainly this approach is used to transmitting the video/Audio sending from base station to relay station with transmitting or secretes code.
Machine learning-based energy consumption modeling and comparing of H.264 and...IJECEIAES
Advancement of the prediction models used in a variety of fields is a result of the contribution of machine learning approaches. Utilizing such modeling in feature engineering is exceptionally imperative and required. In this research, we show how to utilize machine learning to save time in research experiments, where we save more than five thousand hours of measuring the energy consumption of encoding recordings. Since measuring the energy consumption has got to be done by humans and since we require more than eleven thousand experiments to cover all the combinations of video sequences, video bit rate, and video encoding settings, we utilize machine learning to model the energy consumption utilizing linear regression. VP8 codec has been offered by Google as a free video encoder in an effort to replace the popular H.264 video encoder standard. This research model energy consumption and describes the major differences between H.264/AVC and VP8 encoders based on of energy consumption and performance through experiments that are machine learning-based modeling. Twentynine uncompressed video segments from a standard data-set are used, with several sizes, details, and dynamics, where the frame sizes ranging from QCIF(176x144) to 2160p(3840x2160). For fairness in comparison analysis, we use seven settings in VP8 encoder and fifteen types of tuning in H.264/AVC. The settings cover various video qualities. The performance metrics include video qualities, encoding time, and encoding energy consumption.
The intent of this paper is to put forth a novel technique for improvising the QoS of multimedia applications in by using Modified dynamic mapping algorithm and Multipath Transport (MPT) and Multi Description Coding (MDC). The improvement is attained by applying the MDC at application layer along with UDPLite in transport layer and multipath at network layer and Modified dynamic mapping in MAC Layer.Thismethod attains an increase of 30.84% in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and 18.57% decrease in delay in contrast to the conventional methods.
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QoS Constrained H.264/SVC video streaming over Multicast Ad Hoc Networks
1. Amit Chopra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 5) November 2015, pp.67-77
www.ijera.com 67 | P a g e
QoS Constrained H.264/SVC video streaming over Multicast Ad
Hoc Networks
Amit Chopra*, Dr. Rajneesh Kumar**
* PhD Research Scholar, CSE Department, M. M. Engineering College, M. M. University, Ambala, India
**Professor, CSE Department, M. M. Engineering College, M. M. University, Ambala, India
ABSTRACT
Support for QoS enabled multimedia transmission over multicast ad hoc network is necessary these days.
Researchers have developed various encoding/decoding schemes which can efficiently deliver the multimedia
contents over wireless networks. In case of ad hoc networks, performance of routing protocol depends upon
different factors i.e. traffic type being used for wireless transmission, dynamic network behavior, bandwidth and
computational power of nodes etc. It is essential to investigate the performance of multicast routing protocol
using various data types because they may consume huge network resources thus results in degradation of
transmission quality. In case of multicast group communication, Audio/Video data stream can cause extra
overhead on network performance and it is quite difficult to maintain Quality of Services for such type of data.
H.264 offers a rich codec library for Scalable Video Coding, to transfer SVC video traffic efficiently over
wireless networks. In this paper, we will analyze the performance of MAODV and PUMA routing protocols
using H.264/SVC video streaming traffic under the various QoS constraints such as Throughput, PDR, Delay,
Routing Load and Jitter etc.
Keywords- Ad Hoc, Multicast, QoS, MAODV, PUMA, H.264/SVC
I. INTRODUCTION
Real time data streaming over Multicast ad hoc
networks is essential but it may suffer due to
unpredictable behavior of network and the
performance of Multicast routing protocol. It is very
challenging to provide the QoS support for real time
communication because it consists of audio/video
streams. Any sort of delay in packet
transmission/forwarding may result in extra control
overhead and traffic load, delay etc. To enhance the
network efficiency for multicast group
communication, better Quality of Experience and
Quality of Services for end users, there is need to
analyze the behavior of Multicast routing protocol
using audio/video streaming. H.264/SVC (Scalable
video coding) standard library is often used to
maintain the quality of video compression [18][19].
H.264 library offers single layer non scalable
(H.264/AVC) video coding and layer scalable
(H.264/SVC) video coding which is the extension of
H.264/AVC that supports scalability in terms of
Temporal/ Spatial/Quality and maximum 128 layers
are supported. Temporal Scalability is achieved using
frame frequency of hierarchical B frame structure.
Spatial Scalability is achieved by introducing spatial
frame with different resolutions. Quality Scalability
is achieved by introducing eight quality layers those
can increase the signal to noise ratio related to each
frame and it can be further enhanced using
quantization methods [19].
Group of Picture (GoP)
In case of multimedia file, data is arranged into
number of frames as following:[21]
a. Intra Coded Picture (I-Frame): Independent
coding of a picture can be done
b. Predictive coded picture (P-Frame): It contains
prediction information and individual frame can be
used to refer a single picture only.
c. Bipredictive coded picture (B-Frame): It can
refer more than one I/P picture only at a time.
DC direct coded picture (D-Frame ): These are
used for frequent access and can be used only in
MPEG-1 standard [19].
Bi-directional Prediction (B frame) for H.264/SVC
H.264/SVC uses B frames which can be used to refer
another frame. Figure:1 shows the classical B-frame
that is used by MPEG and figure:2 shows
hierarchical B frame that is used in H.264/SVC [19].
Figure:1 Classical B frame prediction [19]
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Amit Chopra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 5) November 2015, pp.67-77
www.ijera.com 68 | P a g e
Figure:2 Hierarchical B frame prediction [19]
Figure:3 H.264/SVC Packetization Process[19]
Figure:3 above shows the Packetization process
followed by H.264/SVC. It uses network abstraction
layer units (NALU) and encapsulates the encoded
video in to NALU header and transmits data over
network and at receiver side video is displayed after
decoding process.
YUV Sequences
It is used to define a RGB color space and can be
denoted as YCbCr/YUV where Y used to represent
luminance, b and r are used for color information
coded in signals [22].
Common Intermediate Format (CIF)
It is used to define constraints for resolution (352
× 288) of the pixel data of YUV sequences.
Following Table: shows the various resolution
standards defined by CIF:[23]
Table:1 CIF standards [23]
This paper is organized in to different sections
(I-VI). Section-I contains introduction to the research
area. Section-II is related to the research work
proposed by other authors in the relevant field.
Section-III contains the basic configuration used for
simulation purpose. Section-IV contains the results
and discussion, Conclusion is discussed in Section-V.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Researchers have explored the various solutions
for H.264/SVC video streaming over wireless
networks but there is need to revise it further for
multicast mobile ad hoc networks. Now we will
discuss the efforts made by them. Jun-Li Kuo et al.
[1] presented a cross-layer design for P2P live
streaming over mobile ad hoc networks to improve
the performance of video streaming service. It
integrates the routing protocol with P2P protocol for
adapting real-time service to the dynamic network.
Results show that it effectively improves the
playback continuity under the impact of scalability,
mobility, churn with the reasonable overhead. Sha
Hua et al. [2] presented a scalable video
broadcast/multicast solution ((SVBCMCS)) that can
be used to integrate scalable video coding, 3G
broadcast and ad hoc forwarding etc. They studied
the optimal resource allocation problem in
SVBCMCS and developed practical helper discovery
and relay routing algorithms. Results show that SV-
BCMCS can improve the system-wide video quality
but it degrades the quality of few viewers that are
close to the boundary. Zhanwei Chen et al. [3]
proposed a reliable video multicast scheme for
wireless networks. In the method, the network layer
adopts the on-demand multicast routing protocol and
the application layer combines the Forward Error
Correction with Automatic Repeat Request to
effectively control errors, so it can provide the
reliable data transmission of the wireless video
multicast with almost no affecting the system
performance. Results show the effectiveness of the
method. Shujuan Wang et al. [4] presented a
retransmission method that can handle the clients’
requests at the cost of minimum retransmission
attempts. It uses a soft video reconstruction scheme
to improve the quality of reconstructed video and
finally clients receive more packets. Ruixiao Yao [5]
et al. proposed a priority-validity delivery scheme for
reliable SVC video streaming for wireless networks.
It can utilize the transmission history stored on server
side for transmission purpose over multiple channels.
It can arrange the data as per priority into to umber of
frames, called group of picture (GOP) and can
prepare a transmission schedule for queue buffer and
on the expiry of transmission schedule, further
transmission is not possible for that particular GOP.
They used various sequences such as foreman,
container, crew, tempete, mobile, soccer, waterfall
and football. They used JSVM 9.19.7 with a GOP
size of 16 for 2273 frames and did simulation using
NS-2. Simulation results show that proposed scheme
can maintain the quality of received video. Shenglan
Huang [6] et al. proposed a method which can
combine the SVC streamlining with P2P
transmission. It uses a allocation method which can
predict the various parameters such as traffic load
and link quality between sender and receiver. They
used Paris sequence encoded with H.264/SVC using
Medium Grain Scalability (MGS) at CIF (Common
Intermediate Format) resolution at bit rates streams of
42, 80, 116 KB per second with GOP size of 8
frames, for simulation and simulation results show
that resource estimation can manage the networks
Format Video Resolution
SQCIF 128 × 96
QCIF 176 × 144
SCIF 256 x 192
SIF(525) 352 x 240
CIF/SIF 352 × 288
4SIF 704 x 480
4CIF/4SIF 704 × 576
16CIF 1408 × 1152
DCIF 528 × 384
Capture Encode
Transport
Decode Display
3. Amit Chopra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 5) November 2015, pp.67-77
www.ijera.com 69 | P a g e
resources sufficiently and can deliver video with
quality. Mohammud Z [7] et al. proposed extension
of the H.264/AVC standard and developed a rate-
optimization method to deliver scalable video
sequences over wireless channels. This method can
calculate the optimal selection rate of video layers in
order to increase transmit rate. Simulation results
show that it is necessary to find out the optimal rate
for quality of transmission which suffers from
channel conditions, number of video layers,
granularity loss and encoding scheme etc. Dong
Zhang [8] et al. proposed a framework for SVC bit
stream transmission by combining both error resilient
(ER) coding and error concealment (EC). They
developed a ER coding scheme which can produced
redundant picture information (RPI) under rate-
distortion criteria and transmitted to media gateway
along with the SVC bit stream. ERS can be achieved
at the media gateway by introducing coded pictures
of various video coding layers as per RPI and
network link conditions. For decoding, they used
Wiener filtering method to recover missing
enhancement layer pictures. The proposed scheme
does not degrade coding efficiency because it
transmits RPIs only and it is able maintains coding
process, error resiliency, and operation complexity
etc. Simulation results show that the proposed
scheme performed well as compared to other ER
transmission methods. Hao Cui [9] et al. presented a
method to resolve temporal and spatial redundancy in
uncoded video signals and results show that quality
of video transmission can be achieved using receiver
side denoising. They also introduced a resource
allocation scheme using on variable-size L-shaped
chunk division, to optimize energy consumption.
Proposed work can be extended to support multicast
session in which receiver can customize the video
resolution as per the display configuration of mobile
devices. P.Kalaiselvi et al. [10] explored the resource
allocation and scheduling issues related to scalable
video multicast over wireless mesh cell. They defined
the maximization of video quality with minimization
of energy consumption under the constraints of
medium access. Each node share the data using a
centralized server and broadcast it at regular intervals
in order to reduce the access time, energy
consumption and complexity. C. P. Lau et al. [11]
cross-layer superposition coded multicast (SCM) for
scalable video transmission using superposition
coded (SPC) modulation method with IEEE 802.16e.
They used emulator for experiments and results show
that proposed scheme performs well under QoS
constraints. Sheng-Chieh Wang et al. [12] presented
cooperative multicast methods, OppCM and
CodedCM for SVC transmission. OppCM uses
opportunistic listening and conditional demodulating
and CodedCM delivers layer-encoded video with
multi-resolution modulation using cooperative
multicasting. Simulation results show that the
proposed methods performed well for SVC frame
transmission and it can be extended to adopt higher
layer video streams with various bit ratios. Jun Liu et
al. [13] proposed a low-complexity method for SVC
transmission, called Energy Opportunistic Scheduling
(EMOS) which can perform well under the
constraints of limited resources i.e. energy,
bandwidth and Qos etc. For experiments, they used
homogeneous and heterogeneous networks and
different scheduling methods such as MUSR, TMS
and MAX and compared the EMOS performance and
simulation results show that it can preserve energy
and can maintain QoS constraints and suitable for
homogeneous multicast operations. Olfa Ben Rhaiem
et al. [14] evaluated the performance of various ad
hoc routing protocols using H.264/SVC codec. They
considered different performance parameters such as
PSNR, delay, packet loss ratio, decoded image rate
etc. Simulation results show that node density affects
the performance of routing protocols. DSDV and
AOMDV performed well as compared to
AODV/DSR in terms of decoded image rate and
delay etc. Qing Xu et al. [15] proposed a flexible
allocation scheme for multimedia multicast
operations over mobile networks called F2R2M to
optimize resource allocation. They developed a
analytical cost function for resource estimation which
can fulfill the QoS constraints, energy consumption
and perform well using limited resources. Proposed
method uses different Model phases: (a) Parameter
Collect Phase is used to collect user information, (b)
Estimation Phase is used to optimize resources and
(c) Resource Allocation Phase is used allocate the
channel for selected users. Simulation results show
its performance in terms of QoS, fair channel
allocation and energy optimization etc. Basem
Almadani et al. [16] proposed a method based on
Data Distribution Service in order to enhance the
video transmission over wireless network. This
method can manage the upper and lower layers
streams for error free video transmission. Due to
packet drop at upper layers, lower layers can be
protected and quality of transmission can be
stabilized. Results show its performance in terms of
error free transmission, receive Video quality,
Throughput etc. Pengrui Duan et al. [17] developed a
algorithm to manage the length of payload by
exploring the impact of payload length over the
network performance considering various parameters
i.e. Bit error rate, frame reconstruction, code
duplicity and efficiency etc. To control the bit error
rate, they optimized the payload length to reduce the
BER. In case of packet loss and retransmission, they
used FEC coding method to regulate the frame
reconstruction rate. Simulation results show that all
these parameters are affected by adopted payload
length so this should selected as per the available
4. Amit Chopra Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 5) November 2015, pp.67-77
www.ijera.com 70 | P a g e
resources to keep the quality of video at acceptance
level. Fraser Cadger [18] developed a Geographic
Predictive Routing (GPR) based Neural Networks
which can adopt the dynamic behavior of the ad hoc
network and can perform under high mobile
environment. It uses prediction to estimate the
current location of the nodes and to build the routes
as per the mobility patterns. They performed the
analysis by varying node density and protocols with
multimedia traffic. They used a training method for
learning process and location services to collect the
real time positions. Training program adopts the
updates as per directed by location services.
Simulation results show its performance in terms of
Throughput, PDR and Delay as compared to other
protocols (AODV, GPSR, DSR and DSDV).
III. SIMULATION SETUP
Table: 2 Simulation Scenario
Nodes 30
Sender 1,5,10, 15
Receiver 1,5,10,15
MAC Protocol 802.11
Terrain 1200x1200
Ad Hoc Multicast Routing
Protocol
MAODV, PUMA
Simulation Time 600 Seconds
Group Size 1
Propagation Model TwoRayGround
Simulator NS-2.35
Table:2 above shows the simulation parameters
used for simulation purpose. In a network, total
number of mobile nodes are 30 out of which Sender
node’s density varies from 1 to 15 (nodes) and
density of receivers varies from 1 to 15 (nodes).
MAC layer protocol is IEEE 802.11, Ad Hoc
Multicast Routing Protocols are MAODV and
PUMA. Propagation model is TwoRayGround
model, Mobility model is Random Waypoint model
and network simulator NS-2 was used for simulation
purpose.
Table:3 Sender vs Receiver
Sender vs Receivers
Sender Node (s) Receiver Node (s)
1 1,5,10,15
5 1,5,10,15
10 1,5,10,15
Table:4 H.264/SVC video streaming configuration
We used NS-2 for simulation of H.264/SVC
video streaming using multicast routing protocols i.e.
MAODV and PUMA under the QoS constraints.
Sender/Receiver density varies from 1 to15 nodes.
We did the performance evaluation on the basis of
QoS parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery
Ratio, Jitter and End-to-End Delay. We used video
trace of foreman sequence [24] for input traffic that
consists of 300 frames having CIF format with the
resolution of 352x288. Following procedure was used
to initialize the agents for simulation:
1. Init_nodes(n=30)
2. Set Sender: Sn, Receiver:Rn {n=1,5,10,15}
3. init_Group ( Sn, Rn) {
Sn->set dst_addr_ 0xE000000
Sn->set set dst_port_ 100
Rn->set set dst_port_ 100
}
4. Init_App (Video) {
Sn->App=Video
Sn->Load_file(foreman)
Sn->Set_Trace(on)
}
5. Join ( group ) {
set group [group]
join-> group(Rn)
}
6. Leave ( group ) {
get group [group]
leave-> group(Rn)
}
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MULTICAST
PROTOCOLS
Performance Analysis-Sender Node=1
Table:5 Throughput- Sender Node-1
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S1 PUMA-S1
Throughput (Kbps)
1 111.74 399.86
5 299.57 620.82
10 89.27 662.57
15 324.65 691.22
Table:6 End-to-End Delay- Sender Node-1
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S1
PUMA-
S1
End-to-End Delay (ms)
1 8.64318 9.24323
5 9.11261 8.80541
10 8.67116 8.70883
15 9.23209 8.57816
Table:7 Jitter-Sender Node-1
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S1 PUMA-S1
Jitter (ms)
1 61.02 26.1
5 88.51 30.97
10 37.43 30
15 90.32 28.67
H.264/SVC video streaming Configuration
Input Video Foreman.yuv
Video Frame(s) 300
Frame Format CIF
Resolution 352x288
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Table:8 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Node-1
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S1 PUMA-S1
Packet
Delivery
Ratio
1 18.43251089 83.65384615
5 47.60522496 79.48717949
10 18.287373 76.6025641
15 55.87808418 73.3974359
Table:9 Routing Load-Sender Node-1
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S1 PUMA-S1
Routing
Load
1 6.42519685 2.195402299
5 3.100609756 2.258064516
10 6.468253968 2.305439331
15 2.78961039 2.362445415
Table no. 5-9 above show the simulation results
and performance comparison of MAODV and
PUMA protocols using QoS parameters. There is
only one sender and multiple receivers which vary
from 1 to 15 nodes. In case of MAODV, with single
receiver, Throughput is 111.74 Kbps, End-to-End
Delay is 8.64318ms, Jitter is 61.02ms, PDR is
18.43251089 and Routing Load is 6.42519685. With
5 receivers, Throughput is 299.57 Kbps, End-to-End
Delay is 9.11261 ms, Jitter is 88.51ms, PDR is
47.60522496 and routing load is 3.100609756. With
10 receivers, Throughput is 89.27 Kbps, End-to-End
Delay is 8.67116 ms, Jitter is 37.43 ms, PDR is
18.287373 and Routing Load is 6.468253968. With
15 receivers, Throughput 324.65 Kbps, End-to-End
Delay is 9.23209 ms, Jitter is 90.32 ms, PDR is
55.87808418 and Routing Load is 2.78961039.
In case of PUMA, with single receiver,
Throughput is 399.86 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is
9.24323 ms, Jitter is 26.1ms, Packet Delivery Ratio is
83.65384615 and Routing Load is 2.195402299.
Throughput is 620.82 Kbps, delay is 8.80541 ms,
Jitter is 30.97 ms, PDR is 79.48717949 and Routing
Load is 2.258064516 with 5 receivers. Throughput is
662.57 Kbps, End to End Delay is 8.70883 ms, Jitter
is 30 ms, PDR is 76.6025641 and Routing Load is
2.305439331 with 10 receivers. Throughput is 691.22
Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.57816ms, Jitter is 28.67
ms, PDR is 73.3974359 and Routing Load is
2.362445415 with 15 receivers.
Figure:4 Throughput-Sender Node-1
Figure:5 shows that Throughput of PUMA is
better than MAODV and it is gradually increasing
w.r.t. to the density of receivers which vary from 1 to
15 nodes with single sender but it is unstable for
MAODV.
Figure:5 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Node-1
Figure:5 above shows the PDR of PUMA and
MAODV. It is decreasing gradually for MAODV and
there are variations in PDR for PUMA.
Figure:6 Jitter-Sender Node-1
Figure:6 above shows that value of jitter is
approx. constant with little bit variations. In case of
MAODV, it is varying w.r.t. each receiver.
Figure:7 End-to-End Delay-Sender Node-1
Figure:7 above shows the End-to-End Delay
which is increasing for MAODV but gradually
decreasing for PUMA w.r.t. receiver density.
Figure:8 below shows that PUMA could manage
the routing load as per receiver density but there are
variation in routing load of MAODV.
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Figure:8 Routing Load-Sender Node-1
Performance Analysis-Sender Nodes-5, Receiver
Nodes=1-15
Table:10 Throughput-Sender Nodes-5
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S5 PUMA-S5
Throughput (Kbps)
1 388.13 451.84
5 212.53 1125.31
10 533.09 1455.12
15 552.39 1421.37
Table:11 End-to-End Delay-Sender Nodes-5
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S5 PUMA-S5
End-to-End
Delay (ms)
1 8.92078 9.08142
5 8.99029 8.55384
10 9.05211 10.2928
15 9.15993 10.7837
Table:12 Jitter-Sender Nodes -5
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S5 PUMA-S5
Jitter (ms)
1 59.83 32.35
5 37.54 51.13
10 82.19 64.8
15 82.11 54.97
Table:13 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes -5
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S5 PUMA-S5
Packet Delivery
Ratio
1 16.16161616 20.70512821
5 9.751359751 26.21794872
10 27.7000777 33.26923077
15 28.04972805 28.07692308
Table:14 Routing Load-Sender Nodes -5
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S5 PUMA-S5
Routing Load
1 7.1875 8.969040248
5 11.25498008 7.293398533
10 4.610098177 5.959537572
15 4.565096953 6.876712329
Table no. 10-14 above show the performance of
MAODV and PUMA protocols using QoS
parameters and there are 5 senders for multiple
receivers. We can observe that in case of PUMA,
variation in Throughput is directly proportional to the
number of receivers but if density of receivers and
senders are same, in that case, Throughput is slightly
decreased. For MAODV, it is slightly decreasing for
5 receivers. For MAODV, Throughput using single
receiver is 388.13 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is
8.92078 ms, Jitter is 59.83 ms, PDR is 16.16161616
and Routing Load is 7.1875.
With 5 receivers Throughput is decreased up to
212.53 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.99029 ms, Jitter
is 37.54 ms, PDR is 9.751359751 and Routing Load
is 11.25498008.
With 10 receivers, Throughput is 533.09 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 9.05211 ms, Jitter is 82.19 ms,
PDR is 27.7000777 and Routing Load is
4.610098177.
With 15 receivers, Throughput is 552.39 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 9.15993 ms, Jitter is 82.11 ms,
PDR is 28.04972805 and Routing Load is
4.565096953.
For PUMA, Throughput using single receiver is
451.84 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 9.08142 ms, Jitter
is 32.35 ms, PDR is 20.70512821 and Routing Load
is 8.969040248.
With 5 receivers Throughput is increased up to
1125.31 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.55384 ms,
Jitter is 51.13 ms, PDR is 26.21794872 and Routing
Load is 7.293398533. With 10 receivers, Throughput
is 1455.12 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 10.2928 ms,
Jitter is 64.8 ms, PDR is 33.26923077 and Routing
Load is 5.959537572.
With 15 receivers, Throughput is 1421.37 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 10.7837 ms, Jitter is 54.97 ms,
PDR is 28.07692308 and Routing Load is
6.876712329.
Figure:9 Throughput-Sender Nodes -5
Figure:9 above shows the Throughput of
MAODV with some variations as compared to the
Throughput of PUMA which is increasing w.r.t.
density of receiver.
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Figure:10 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes -5
Figure:10 above shows the PDR of MAODV and
PUMA which is increasing w.r.t. density of receivers.
Figure:11 Jitter-Sender Nodes -5
Figure:11 above shows variations in Jitter for
MAODV and PUMA. In case of MAODV, Jitter is
increasing rapidly w.r.t. density of receivers. In case
of PUMA, it is increasing gradually.
Figure:12 End-to-End Delay-Sender Nodes -5
Figure:12 above shows End-to-End Delay which
remains approx. constant for MAODV but having
some variations for PUMA w.r.t. receiver’s density.
Figure:13 Routing Load-Sender Nodes -5
Figure:13 shows that Routing Load of MAODV
is rapidly decreasing and it is also decreasing for
PUMA with some little bit variations.
Performance Analysis-Sender Nodes=10
Table:15 Throughput-Sender Nodes-10
Receiver
Node(s)
MAODV-
S10 PUMA-S10
Throughput (Kbps)
1 402.21 408.03
5 205.62 1681.14
10 237.11 2472.08
15 514.29 2840.33
Table:16 End-to-End Delay-Sender Nodes -10
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S10 PUMA-S10
End-to-End Delay (ms)
1 9.12459 9.96878
5 9.36847 8.51165
10 9.29884 9.44569
15 9.10105 12.7848
Table:17 Jitter-Sender Nodes -10
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S10 PUMA-S10
Jitter (ms)
1 56.01 26.86
5 28.44 73.45
10 34.31 108.97
15 79.56 119.29
Table:18 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes -10
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S10 PUMA-S10
Packet Delivery Ratio
1 8.772221299 8.58974359
5 4.136899817 18.81410256
10 5.050672869 27.94871795
15 11.3473999 30.51282051
Table:19 Routing Load-Sender Nodes -10
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S10 PUMA-S10
Routing Load
1 12.39962121 23.45895522
5 25.17269076 11.25383305
10 20.79934211 7.902522936
15 9.812591508 7.322478992
Table no. 15-19 above show the performance of
MAODV and PUMA with 10 Senders. For MAODV,
Throughput with single receiver is 402.21 Kbps, End-
to-End Delay is 9.12459 ms, Jitter is 56.01 ms, PDR
is 8.772221299 and Routing Load is 12.39962121.
With 5 receivers Throughput is decreased up to
205.62 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 9.36847 ms, Jitter
is 28.44 ms, PDR is 4.136899817 and Routing Load
is 25.17269076.
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With 10 receivers, Throughput is 237.11 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 9.29884 ms, Jitter is 34.31 ms,
PDR is 5.050672869 and Routing Load is
20.79934211. With 15 receivers, Throughput is
514.29 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 9.10105 ms, Jitter
is 79.56 ms, PDR is 11.3473999 and Routing Load is
9.812591508.
For PUMA, Throughput using single receiver is
408.03 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 9.96878 ms, Jitter
is 26.86 ms, PDR is 8.58974359 and Routing Load is
23.45895522.
With 5 receivers Throughput is increased up to
1681.14 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.51165 ms,
Jitter is 73.45 ms, PDR is 18.81410256 and Routing
Load is 11.25383305.
With 10 receivers, Throughput is 2472.08 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 9.44569 ms, Jitter is 108.97 ms,
PDR is 27.94871795 and Routing Load is
7.902522936.
With 15 receivers, Throughput is 2840.33 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 12.7848 ms, Jitter is 119.29 ms,
PDR is 30.51282051 and Routing Load is
7.322478992.
Figure:14 Throughput-Sender Nodes-10
Figure:14 above shows Throughput of MAODV
which is increasing with some variations but it is
rapidly increasing for PUMA w.r.t. receiver’s
density.
Figure:15 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes-10
Figure:15 above shows PDR of MAODV which
is increasing with little bit variations but it is rapidly
increasing for PUMA w.r.t. receiver’s density.
Figure:16 shows that variations in Jitter for
MAODV and PUMA. It is increasing at constant
level for PUMA and it has some variations for
MAODV w.r.t. receiver’s density.
Figure:16 Jitter-Sender Nodes-10
Figure:17 shows Routing Load of MAODV and
PUMA is decreasing with large scale variations.
Figure:18 shows End-to-End-Delay of MAODV
which remains approx. constant as compared to delay
of PUMA which has some variations w.r.t. receiver’s
density.
Figure:17 Routing Load-Sender Nodes-10
.
Figure:18 End-to-End-Delay-Sender Nodes-10
Performance Analysis-Sender Nodes-15
Table:20 Throughput-Sender-15
Receiver Node(s) MAODV-S15
PUMA-
S15
Throughput
(Kbps)
1 191.18 375.81
5 321.98 1582.09
10 284.85 2769.85
15 340.59 2911.18
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Table:21 End-to-End Delay-Sender Nodes-15
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S15
PUMA-
S15
End-to-End Delay (ms)
1 9.18632 8.27665
5 8.92694 12.7847
10 8.73005 13.1847
15 8.70667 13.9543
Table:22 Jitter-Sender Nodes-15
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S15 PUMA-S15
Jitter (ms)
1 33.44 23.02
5 47.51 72.7
10 42.45 113.83
15 51.08 121.37
Table:23 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes-15
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S15 PUMA-S15
Packet
Delivery
Ratio
1 2.261200338 4.914529915
5 4.57523246 12.43589744
10 4.247675402 19.44444444
15 5.082417582 20.64102564
Table:24 Routing Load-Sender-15
Receiver
Node(s) MAODV-S15 PUMA-S15
Routing Load
1 45.22429907 42.14782609
5 22.85681293 17.26116838
10 24.54228856 11.4
15 20.67567568 10.79710145
Table no. 20-24 above show the performance of
MAODV and PUMA with 15 Senders. For MAODV,
Throughput with single receiver is 191.18 Kbps, End-
to-End Delay is 9.18632 ms, Jitter is 33.44 ms, PDR
is 2.261200338 and Routing Load is 45.22429907.
With 5 receivers Throughput is increased up to
321.98 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.92694 ms, Jitter
is 47.51 ms, PDR is 4.57523246 and Routing Load is
22.85681293.
With 10 receivers, Throughput is 284.85 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 8.73005 ms, Jitter is 42.45 ms,
PDR is 4.247675402 and Routing Load is
24.54228856.
With 15 receivers, Throughput is 340.59 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 8.70667 ms, Jitter is 51.08 ms,
PDR is 5.082417582 and Routing Load is
20.67567568.
For PUMA, Throughput with single receiver is
375.81 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 8.27665 ms, Jitter
is 23.02 ms, PDR is 4.914529915 and Routing Load
is 42.14782609.
With 5 receivers Throughput is increased up to
1582.09 Kbps, End-to-End Delay is 12.7847 ms,
Jitter 72.7 ms, PDR is 12.43589744 and Routing
Load is 17.26116838.
With 10 receivers, Throughput is 2769.85 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 13.1847 ms, Jitter is 113.83 ms,
PDR is 19.44444444 and Routing Load is 11.4.
With 15 receivers, Throughput is 2911.18 Kbps,
End-to-End Delay is 13.9543 ms, Jitter is
20.64102564 ms, PDR is and Routing Load is
10.79710145.
Figure:19 Throughput-Sender Nodes-15
Figure:19 above shows Throughput of MAODV
which is quite less as compared to PUMA. In case of
MAODV, it remains low with little bit variations. In
case of PUMA, it is improving w.r.t. receiver’s
density.
Figure:20 Packet Delivery Ratio-Sender Nodes -15
Figure:20 above shows PDR of MAODV which
is less as compared to PUMA. PDR of MAODV has
some variations but it is increasing for PUMA w.r.t.
receiver’s density.
Figure:21 below shows variations in Jitter for
MAODV and PUMA. In case of MAODV, there are
lot of variations but it remains less as compared to
PUMA. In case of PUMA, it is increasing rapidly
w.r.t. receiver’s density which is quite higher than
Jitter of MAODV.
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Figure:21 Jitter-Sender Nodes -15
Figure:22 below shows Routing Load of
MAODV and PUMA and for both protocols it is
decreasing in a constant manner but MAODV has
higher load as compared to PUMA w.r.t. receiver’s
density.
Figure:22 Routing Load-Sender Nodes -15
Figure:23 below shows End-to-End Delay of
MAODV which is constantly decreasing as compared
to PUMA w.r.t. receiver’s density.
Figure:23 End-to-End Delay-Sender Nodes -15
V. CONCLUSION
In this research work, we investigated the
performance of multicast routing protocols
(MAODV, PUMA) using H.264/SVC video traffic
under the QoS constraints. We used different
simulation scenarios by varying the density of
senders and receivers (1 to 15 nodes) and simulation
results show the impact of these variations over the
different QoS parameters i.e. Throughput, PDR,
Delay, Jitter and Routing Load etc. In case of single
sender, Throughput and PDR of PUMA is higher
than MAODV w.r.t. receiver’s density that varies
from 1 to 15 nodes. Routing Load, Jitter and End-to-
End Delay of PUMA is quite less as compared to
MAODV. In case of 5 senders, there are variations in
QoS parameters but still performance of PUMA is
better than MAODV.
In case of 10 and 15 sender nodes,
Throughput/PDR increases, Jitter and Delay both are
compromised but routing load is reduced for PUMA
as compared to MAODV. As per the simulation
results, we can observe that PUMA protocol
performed well because PUMA can reduce the extra
control overhead and does not depend on any unicast
protocol unlike MAODV. In case of MAODV,
routing is affected by various factors i.e. high traffic
load, maintenance of large multicast tree, frequent
link breakages etc.
To encounter all these factors, scope of this
research work can be extended to improve the
performance of MAODV for high quality video
transmission over multicast ad hoc networks. We will
also consider the impact of Mobility and scalability
over multicast routing protocols using multimedia
streaming.
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