This document presents two fault-tolerance system design approaches for CMOS/nano device digital memories using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. The first approach partitions memory into segments that each store one BCH codeword to correct defects within that segment. The second approach uses a three-level hierarchy to map coded data blocks across multiple segments when defects exceed a single segment's correction capability. Both aim to achieve high storage capacity while adapting to variations in defect statistics. The document also describes implementing a BCH decoder on a Spartan 3E FPGA, demonstrating the proposed approaches through successful synthesis and simulation.
An Efficient Fault Tolerance System Design for Cmos/Nanodevice Digital MemoriesIJERA Editor
Â
Targeting on the future fault-prone hybrid CMOS/Nanodevice digital memories, this paper present two faulttolerance
design approaches the integrally address the tolerance for defect and transient faults. These two
approaches share several key features, including the use of a group of Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH)
codes for both defect tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH code selection and dynamic
logical-to-physical address mapping. Thus, a new model of BCH decoder is proposed to reduce the area and
simplify the computational scheduling of both syndrome and chien search blocks without parallelism leading to
high throughput.The goal of fault tolerant computing is improve the dependability of systems where
dependability can be defined as the ability of a system to deliver service at an acceptable level of confidence in
either presence or absence falult.ss The results of the simulation and implementation using Xilinx ISE software
and the LCD screen on the FPGAâs Board will be shown at last.
Master's Degree Thesis on High Order Modulation and Coding Shemes for Satellite Transmitters
Advisors
Prof.dr. Roberto Garello
Eng.dr. Domenico Giancristofaro
Study of the operational SNR while constructing polar codes IJECEIAES
Â
Channel coding is commonly based on protecting information to be communicated across an unreliable medium, by adding patterns of redundancy into the transmission path. Also referred to as forward error control coding (FECC), the technique is widely used to enable correcting or at least detecting bit errors in digital communication systems. In this paper we study an original FECC known as polar coding which has proven to meet the typical use cases of the next generation mobile standard. This work is motivated by the suitability of polar codes for the new coming wireless era. Hence, we investigate the performance of polar codes in terms of bit error rate (BER) for several codeword lengths and code rates. We first perform a discrete search to find the best operational signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at two different code rates, while varying the blocklength. We find in our extensive simulations that the BER becomes more sensitive to operational SNR (OSNR) as long as we increase the blocklength and code rate. Finally, we note that increasing blocklength achieves an SNR gain, while increasing code rate changes the OSNR domain. This trade-off sorted out must be taken into consideration while designing polar codes for high-throughput application.
This document compares different watermarking schemes (Spread Spectrum, Scalar Costa scheme Quantization Index Modulation, and Rational Dither Modulation) and encryption techniques (RC4, RC5, RC6) for securing JPEG2000 images. It finds that RC5 is more secure than RC4 due to more rounds, and RC6 is used instead of RC5 due to greater use of registers. The watermarking schemes provide robustness while the encryption techniques secure the images for copyright protection and content authentication. Peak signal-to-noise ratio and mean square error are compared for different watermarked images.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF ITERATIVE LDPC-BASED SPACE-TIME TRELLIS CODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM...ijcseit
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This paper presents the bit error rate (BER) performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) based
space-time trellis coded 2Ă2 multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(STTC-MIMO-OFDM) system on text message transmission. The system under investigation incorporates
1/2-rated LDPC encoding scheme under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an
additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels for two transmit
and two receive antennas. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Minimum Mean-Square-Error
(MMSE) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without
enhancing noise power level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of BER with
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is observable from the Matlab based simulation study that the proposed
system outperforms with BPSK as compared to other digital modulation schemes at relatively low SNRs
under AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The transmitted text message is found to have
retrieved effectively at the receiver under implementation of iterative sum-product LDPC decoding
algorithm. It has also been anticipated that the performance of the LDPC-based STTC-MIMO-OFDM
system degrades with the increase of noise power.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using genetic algorithms and differential evolution to optimize the interleaver design for turbo codes. Turbo codes achieve performance close to the theoretical limit by using parallel concatenation of recursive systematic convolutional codes. The interleaver permutes the input bits, which affects turbo code performance. This research aims to use evolutionary algorithms to find higher performing turbo code interleavers compared to conventional designs. It compares the proposed approaches to the traditional genetic algorithm method and finds that differential evolution performs well for optimizing turbo code interleaver design.
In this paper, low linear architectures for analyzing the first two maximum or minimum values are of paramount importance in several uses, including iterative decoders. The min-sum giving out step is to that it produces only two diverse output magnitude values irrespective of the number of incoming bit-to check communication. These new micro-architecture structures would utilize the minimum number of comparators by exploiting the concept of survivors in the search. These would result in reduced number of comparisons and consequently reduced energy use. Multipliers are complex units and play an important role in finding the overall area, speed and power consumption of digital designs. By using the multiplier we can minimize the parameters like latency, complexity and power consumption. The decoding algorithms we propose generalize and unify the decoding schemes originally presented the product codes and those of low-density parity-check codes.
An Efficient Fault Tolerance System Design for Cmos/Nanodevice Digital MemoriesIJERA Editor
Â
Targeting on the future fault-prone hybrid CMOS/Nanodevice digital memories, this paper present two faulttolerance
design approaches the integrally address the tolerance for defect and transient faults. These two
approaches share several key features, including the use of a group of Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH)
codes for both defect tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH code selection and dynamic
logical-to-physical address mapping. Thus, a new model of BCH decoder is proposed to reduce the area and
simplify the computational scheduling of both syndrome and chien search blocks without parallelism leading to
high throughput.The goal of fault tolerant computing is improve the dependability of systems where
dependability can be defined as the ability of a system to deliver service at an acceptable level of confidence in
either presence or absence falult.ss The results of the simulation and implementation using Xilinx ISE software
and the LCD screen on the FPGAâs Board will be shown at last.
Master's Degree Thesis on High Order Modulation and Coding Shemes for Satellite Transmitters
Advisors
Prof.dr. Roberto Garello
Eng.dr. Domenico Giancristofaro
Study of the operational SNR while constructing polar codes IJECEIAES
Â
Channel coding is commonly based on protecting information to be communicated across an unreliable medium, by adding patterns of redundancy into the transmission path. Also referred to as forward error control coding (FECC), the technique is widely used to enable correcting or at least detecting bit errors in digital communication systems. In this paper we study an original FECC known as polar coding which has proven to meet the typical use cases of the next generation mobile standard. This work is motivated by the suitability of polar codes for the new coming wireless era. Hence, we investigate the performance of polar codes in terms of bit error rate (BER) for several codeword lengths and code rates. We first perform a discrete search to find the best operational signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at two different code rates, while varying the blocklength. We find in our extensive simulations that the BER becomes more sensitive to operational SNR (OSNR) as long as we increase the blocklength and code rate. Finally, we note that increasing blocklength achieves an SNR gain, while increasing code rate changes the OSNR domain. This trade-off sorted out must be taken into consideration while designing polar codes for high-throughput application.
This document compares different watermarking schemes (Spread Spectrum, Scalar Costa scheme Quantization Index Modulation, and Rational Dither Modulation) and encryption techniques (RC4, RC5, RC6) for securing JPEG2000 images. It finds that RC5 is more secure than RC4 due to more rounds, and RC6 is used instead of RC5 due to greater use of registers. The watermarking schemes provide robustness while the encryption techniques secure the images for copyright protection and content authentication. Peak signal-to-noise ratio and mean square error are compared for different watermarked images.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF ITERATIVE LDPC-BASED SPACE-TIME TRELLIS CODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM...ijcseit
Â
This paper presents the bit error rate (BER) performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) based
space-time trellis coded 2Ă2 multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(STTC-MIMO-OFDM) system on text message transmission. The system under investigation incorporates
1/2-rated LDPC encoding scheme under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an
additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels for two transmit
and two receive antennas. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Minimum Mean-Square-Error
(MMSE) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without
enhancing noise power level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of BER with
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is observable from the Matlab based simulation study that the proposed
system outperforms with BPSK as compared to other digital modulation schemes at relatively low SNRs
under AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The transmitted text message is found to have
retrieved effectively at the receiver under implementation of iterative sum-product LDPC decoding
algorithm. It has also been anticipated that the performance of the LDPC-based STTC-MIMO-OFDM
system degrades with the increase of noise power.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using genetic algorithms and differential evolution to optimize the interleaver design for turbo codes. Turbo codes achieve performance close to the theoretical limit by using parallel concatenation of recursive systematic convolutional codes. The interleaver permutes the input bits, which affects turbo code performance. This research aims to use evolutionary algorithms to find higher performing turbo code interleavers compared to conventional designs. It compares the proposed approaches to the traditional genetic algorithm method and finds that differential evolution performs well for optimizing turbo code interleaver design.
In this paper, low linear architectures for analyzing the first two maximum or minimum values are of paramount importance in several uses, including iterative decoders. The min-sum giving out step is to that it produces only two diverse output magnitude values irrespective of the number of incoming bit-to check communication. These new micro-architecture structures would utilize the minimum number of comparators by exploiting the concept of survivors in the search. These would result in reduced number of comparisons and consequently reduced energy use. Multipliers are complex units and play an important role in finding the overall area, speed and power consumption of digital designs. By using the multiplier we can minimize the parameters like latency, complexity and power consumption. The decoding algorithms we propose generalize and unify the decoding schemes originally presented the product codes and those of low-density parity-check codes.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
Â
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and AssessmentâŠ. And many more.
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis of LDPC Codes under Wi-Max IEEE 802.16eIJERD Editor
Â
The LDPC codes have been shown to be by-far the best coding scheme capable for transmitting message over noisy channel. The main aim of this paper is to study the behaviour of LDPC codes on under IEEE 802.16e guidelines. The rate- œ LDPC codes have been implemented on AWGN channel and the result shows that they can be used on such channels with low BER performance. The BER can be further minimized by increasing the block length.
Performance Analysis of Steepest Descent Decoding Algorithm for LDPC Codesidescitation
Â
Among various hard decision based Bit Flipping (BF)
algorithms for decoding Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC)
codes such as Weighted Bit Flipping (WBF), Improved
Reliability Ratio Weighted Bit Flipping (IRRWBF) etc., the
Steepest Descent Bit Flipping Algorithm (SDBF) achieves
better error performance. In this paper, the performance of
the Steepest Descent Algorithm for both single steepest
descent and Multi steepest descent modes is analysed. Also
the performance of IEEE 802.16e standard is analysed using
Steepest Descent Bit Flipping (SDBF) decoding algorithm.
SDBF requires fewer check node and variable node operations
compared to Sum Product Algorithm (SPA) and Min Sum
Algorithm (MSA). The SDBF achieves a coding gain of 0.1 ~
0.2 dB compared to Single-SDBF without requiring complex
log and exponential operations.
Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers IJECEIAES
Â
This document presents a study on the performance of a low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using space time block coding (STBC) under various digital modulations and channel conditions. The system incorporates a 3/4 rate convolutional encoder and a LDPC encoder. At the receiver, maximum ratio combining is implemented for channel equalization. Simulation results show that the LDPC coded OFDM system outperforms an uncoded system, and provides lower bit error rates under binary phase shift keying modulation in an additive white Gaussian noise channel.
A new efficient way based on special stabilizer multiplier permutations to at...IJECEIAES
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BCH codes represent an important class of cyclic error-correcting codes; their minimum distances are known only for some cases and remains an open NP-Hard problem in coding theory especially for large lengths. This paper presents an efficient scheme ZSSMP (Zimmermann Special Stabilizer Multiplier Permutation) to find the true value of the minimum distance for many large BCH codes. The proposed method consists in searching a codeword having the minimum weight by Zimmermann algorithm in the sub codes fixed by special stabilizer multiplier permutations. These few sub codes had very small dimensions compared to the dimension of the considered code itself and therefore the search of a codeword of global minimum weight is simplified in terms of run time complexity. ZSSMP is validated on all BCH codes of length 255 for which it gives the exact value of the minimum distance. For BCH codes of length 511, the proposed technique passes considerably the famous known powerful scheme of Canteaut and Chabaud used to attack the public-key cryptosystems based on codes. ZSSMP is very rapid and allows catching the smallest weight codewords in few seconds. By exploiting the efficiency and the quickness of ZSSMP, the true minimum distances and consequently the error correcting capability of all the set of 165 BCH codes of length up to 1023 are determined except the two cases of the BCH(511,148) and BCH(511,259) codes. The comparison of ZSSMP with other powerful methods proves its quality for attacking the hardness of minimum weight search problem at least for the codes studied in this paper.
Simulation of Turbo Convolutional Codes for Deep Space MissionIJERA Editor
Â
In satellite communication deep space mission are the most challenging mission, where system has to work at very low Eb/No. Concatenated codes are the ideal choice for such deep space mission. The paper describes simulation of Turbo codes in SIMULINK . The performance of Turbo code is depend upon various factor. In this paper ,we have consider impact of interleaver design in the performance of Turbo code. A details simulation is presented and compare the performance with different interleaver design .
Hardware implementation of (63, 51) bch encoder and decoder for wban using lf...ijitjournal
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Error Correcting Codes are required to have a reliable communication through a medium that has an
unacceptable bit error rate and low signal to noise ratio. In IEEE 802.15.6 2.4GHz Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN), data gets corrupted during the transmission and reception due to noises and
interferences. Ultra low power operation is crucial to prolong the life of implantable devices. Hence simple
block codes like BCH (63, 51, 2) can be employed in the transceiver design of 802.15.6 Narrowband PHY.
In this paper, implementation of BCH (63, 51, t = 2) Encoder and Decoder using VHDL is discussed. The
incoming 51 bits are encoded into 63 bit code word using (63, 51) BCH encoder. It can detect and correct
up to 2 random errors. The design of an encoder is implemented using Linear Feed Back Shift Register
(LFSR) for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on syndrome calculator, inversion-less
Berlekamp-Massey algorithm (BMA) and Chien search algorithm. Synthesis and simulation were carried
out using Xilinx ISE 14.2 and ModelSim 10.1c. The codes are implemented over Virtex 4 FPGA device and
tested on DN8000K10PCIE Logic Emulation Board. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time an
implementation of (63, 51) BCH encoder and decoder carried out.
1) The document compares the performance of coded and uncoded MC-DS-CDMA systems using linear block codes. BCH codes are used as the outer code and convolutional codes are used as the inner code in a concatenated coding scheme.
2) Simulation results show that the coded system significantly outperforms the uncoded system, with a coding gain of around 4dB. Using error correction codes is especially beneficial when the number of users is increased, as it is not as severely impacted by multiple access interference.
3) Performance is better when using a decorrelating detector compared to a maximum ratio combiner. However, the benefit of the decorrelating detector is smaller when there are more users.
Reduced Energy Min-Max Decoding Algorithm for Ldpc Code with Adder Correction...ijceronline
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In this paper, high linear architectures for analysing the first two maximum or minimum values are of paramount importance in several uses, including iterative decoders. We proposed the adder and LDPC. The min-sum processing step that it gives only two different output magnitude values irrespective of the number of incoming bit-to check messages. These new micro-architecture layouts would employ the minimum number of comparators by exploiting the concept of survivors in the search. These would result in reduced number of comparisons and consequently reduced energy use. Multipliers are complex units and play an important role in finding the overall area, speed and power consumption of digital designs. By using the multiplier we can minimize the parameters like latency, complexity and power consumption.
In OFDM-IDMA scheme, intersymbol interference (ISI) is resolved by the OFDM layer and multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed by the IDMA layer at low cost . However OFDM-IDMA scheme suffers high peakto-average power ratio (PAPR) problem. For removing high PAPR problem a hybrid multiple access scheme SC-FDM-IDMA has been proposed. In this paper, bit error rate (BER) performance comparison of SC-FDM-IDMA scheme, OFDM-IDMA scheme and IDMA scheme have been duly presented. Moreover, the BER performance of various subcarrier mapping methods for SC-FDM-IDMA scheme as well as other results with variation of different parameters have also been demonstrated. Finally simulation result for BER performance improvement has been shown employing BCH code. All the simulation results demonstrate the suitability of SC-FDMIDMA scheme for wireless communication under AWGN channel environment.
Error control coding using bose chaudhuri hocquenghem bch codesIAEME Publication
Â
Information and coding theory has applications in telecommunication, where error detection
and correction techniques enable reliable delivery of data over unreliable communication channels.
Many communication channels are subject to noise. BCH technique is one of the most reliable error
control techniques and the most important advantage of BCH technique is both detection and
correction can be performed. The technique aims at detecting and correcting of two bit errors in a
code-word of length 15 bits. A seven bit message was specifically chosen so that ASCII characters
can be easily transmitted.
A Low Power VITERBI Decoder Design With Minimum Transition Hybrid Register Ex...VLSICS Design
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This work proposes the low power implementation of Viterbi Decoder. Majority of viterbi decoder designs in the past use simple Register Exchange or Traceback method to achieve very high speed and low power decoding respectively, but it suffers from both complex routing and high switching activity. Here simplification is made in survivor memory unit by storing only m-1 bits to identify previous state in the survivor path, and by assigning m-1 registers to decision vectors. This approach eliminates unnecessary shift operations. Also for storing the decoded data only half memory is required than register exchange method. In this paper Hybrid approach that combines both Traceback and Register Exchange schemes has been applied to the viterbi decoder design. By using distance properties of encoder we further modified to minimum transition hybrid register exchange method. It leads to lower dynamic power consumption because of lower switching activity. Dynamic power estimation obtained through gate level simulation indicates that the proposed design reduces the power dissipation of a conventional viterbi decoder design by 30%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Reliability Level List Based Iterative SISO Decoding Algorithm for Block Turb...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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An iterative Reliability Level List (RLL) based soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding algorithm has been proposed for Block Turbo Codes (BTCs). The algorithm ingeniously adapts the RLL based decoding algorithm for the constituent block codes, which is a soft-input hard-output algorithm. The extrinsic information is calculated using the reliability of these hard-output decisions and is passed as soft-input to the iterative turbo decoding process. RLL based decoding of constituent codes estimate the optimal transmitted codeword through a directed minimal search. The proposed RLL based decoder for the constituent code replaces the Chase-2 based constituent decoder in the conventional SISO scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a clear advantage of performance improvement over conventional Chase-2 based SISO decoding scheme with reduced decoding latency at lower noise levels.
This document discusses estimating the performance of concatenated coding schemes. It introduces the Information Processing Characteristic (IPC) which can be used to lower bound the performance of any concatenated coding scheme. The IPC is obtained through asymptotic analysis using EXIT charts or the Approximate Message Passing Convergence Analyzer (AMCA). This provides a lower bound on the IPC that can be achieved with infinite interleaving and iterations. Estimates for realistic schemes with a limited number of iterations are also possible. The IPC can then be used to estimate the resulting bit error ratio.
S.A.kalaiselvan- robust video data hiding at forbidden zonekalaiselvanresearch
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This document summarizes a proposed video data hiding method that uses selective embedding and error correction coding to make the data hiding robust against attacks. The method uses forbidden zone data hiding to embed data in selected DCT coefficients of video frames. Adaptive coefficient selection is used to determine the best coefficients for embedding. Repeat accumulate codes are then used to encode the data bits and provide error correction against desynchronization caused by selective embedding or attacks. Frame synchronization markers are also embedded to detect attacks like frame dropping. The proposed method was found to successfully embed data in video and withstand various attacks through simulation tests.
Survey on Error Control Coding TechniquesIJTET Journal
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This document discusses various error control coding techniques used to ensure correct data transmission over noisy channels. It describes automatic repeat request and forward error correction as the two main approaches. Specific coding schemes covered include parity codes, Hamming codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, LDPC codes, convolutional codes, and turbo codes. Reed-Solomon codes can correct multiple burst errors with high code rates. LDPC codes provide performance close to the Shannon limit with lower complexity than turbo codes. The document provides an overview of the coding techniques and their encoding and decoding processes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a flexible LDPC decoder design implemented on an FPGA. The decoder uses a partially parallel approach that allows it to support different code rates and block sizes. It consists of processing blocks, a message permutation block, and control logic. The processing blocks perform variable and check node operations in parallel. The message permutation block connects the blocks according to the parity check matrix. This provides flexibility to implement different codes. The control logic stores the code configuration and manages the decoding process. Simulation results showed the decoder runs at 89.29MHz on a Spartan 6 FPGA, using 765 slices and providing a better throughput to area ratio than previous designs.
Performance Study of BCH Error Correcting Codes Using the Bit Error Rate Term...IJERA Editor
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The quality of a digital transmission is mainly dependent on the amount of errors introduced into the transmission channel. The codes BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) are widely used in communication systems and storage systems. In this paper a Performance study of BCH error correcting codes is proposed. This paper presents a comparative study of performance between the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes BCH (15, 7, 2) and BCH (255, 231, 3) using the bit error rate term (BER). The channel and the modulation type are respectively AWGN and PSK where the order of modulation is equal to 2. First, we generated and simulated the error correcting codes BCH (15, 7, 2) and BCH (255, 231, 3) using Math lab simulator. Second, we compare the two codes using the bit error rate term (BER), finally we conclude the coding gain for a BER = 10-4.
Error control coding using bose chaudhuri hocquenghem bch codesIAEME Publication
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This document discusses error control coding using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. It begins with an introduction to information and coding theory, describing how encoding and decoding are used to convey information reliably over noisy communication channels. It then provides details on BCH codes, including that they are a class of cyclic error-correcting codes constructed using finite fields that allow precise control over the number of errors corrected. The document presents the design and architecture of a specific (15,7) BCH code that can detect and correct up to two bit errors in a 15-bit codeword.
Lightweight hamming product code based multiple bit error correction coding s...journalBEEI
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In this paper, we present multiple bit error correction coding scheme based on extended Hamming product code combined with type II HARQ using shared resources for on chip interconnect. The shared resources reduce the hardware complexity of the encoder and decoder compared to the existing three stages iterative decoding method for on chip interconnects. The proposed method of decoding achieves 20% and 28% reduction in area and power consumption respectively, with only small increase in decoder delay compared to the existing three stage iterative decoding scheme for multiple bit error correction. The proposed code also achieves excellent improvement in residual flit error rate and up to 58% of total power consumption compared to the other error control schemes. The low complexity and excellent residual flit error rate make the proposed code suitable for on chip interconnection links.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
Â
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and AssessmentâŠ. And many more.
Chaos Encryption and Coding for Image Transmission over Noisy Channelsiosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analysis of LDPC Codes under Wi-Max IEEE 802.16eIJERD Editor
Â
The LDPC codes have been shown to be by-far the best coding scheme capable for transmitting message over noisy channel. The main aim of this paper is to study the behaviour of LDPC codes on under IEEE 802.16e guidelines. The rate- œ LDPC codes have been implemented on AWGN channel and the result shows that they can be used on such channels with low BER performance. The BER can be further minimized by increasing the block length.
Performance Analysis of Steepest Descent Decoding Algorithm for LDPC Codesidescitation
Â
Among various hard decision based Bit Flipping (BF)
algorithms for decoding Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC)
codes such as Weighted Bit Flipping (WBF), Improved
Reliability Ratio Weighted Bit Flipping (IRRWBF) etc., the
Steepest Descent Bit Flipping Algorithm (SDBF) achieves
better error performance. In this paper, the performance of
the Steepest Descent Algorithm for both single steepest
descent and Multi steepest descent modes is analysed. Also
the performance of IEEE 802.16e standard is analysed using
Steepest Descent Bit Flipping (SDBF) decoding algorithm.
SDBF requires fewer check node and variable node operations
compared to Sum Product Algorithm (SPA) and Min Sum
Algorithm (MSA). The SDBF achieves a coding gain of 0.1 ~
0.2 dB compared to Single-SDBF without requiring complex
log and exponential operations.
Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers IJECEIAES
Â
This document presents a study on the performance of a low density parity check (LDPC) coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using space time block coding (STBC) under various digital modulations and channel conditions. The system incorporates a 3/4 rate convolutional encoder and a LDPC encoder. At the receiver, maximum ratio combining is implemented for channel equalization. Simulation results show that the LDPC coded OFDM system outperforms an uncoded system, and provides lower bit error rates under binary phase shift keying modulation in an additive white Gaussian noise channel.
A new efficient way based on special stabilizer multiplier permutations to at...IJECEIAES
Â
BCH codes represent an important class of cyclic error-correcting codes; their minimum distances are known only for some cases and remains an open NP-Hard problem in coding theory especially for large lengths. This paper presents an efficient scheme ZSSMP (Zimmermann Special Stabilizer Multiplier Permutation) to find the true value of the minimum distance for many large BCH codes. The proposed method consists in searching a codeword having the minimum weight by Zimmermann algorithm in the sub codes fixed by special stabilizer multiplier permutations. These few sub codes had very small dimensions compared to the dimension of the considered code itself and therefore the search of a codeword of global minimum weight is simplified in terms of run time complexity. ZSSMP is validated on all BCH codes of length 255 for which it gives the exact value of the minimum distance. For BCH codes of length 511, the proposed technique passes considerably the famous known powerful scheme of Canteaut and Chabaud used to attack the public-key cryptosystems based on codes. ZSSMP is very rapid and allows catching the smallest weight codewords in few seconds. By exploiting the efficiency and the quickness of ZSSMP, the true minimum distances and consequently the error correcting capability of all the set of 165 BCH codes of length up to 1023 are determined except the two cases of the BCH(511,148) and BCH(511,259) codes. The comparison of ZSSMP with other powerful methods proves its quality for attacking the hardness of minimum weight search problem at least for the codes studied in this paper.
Simulation of Turbo Convolutional Codes for Deep Space MissionIJERA Editor
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In satellite communication deep space mission are the most challenging mission, where system has to work at very low Eb/No. Concatenated codes are the ideal choice for such deep space mission. The paper describes simulation of Turbo codes in SIMULINK . The performance of Turbo code is depend upon various factor. In this paper ,we have consider impact of interleaver design in the performance of Turbo code. A details simulation is presented and compare the performance with different interleaver design .
Hardware implementation of (63, 51) bch encoder and decoder for wban using lf...ijitjournal
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Error Correcting Codes are required to have a reliable communication through a medium that has an
unacceptable bit error rate and low signal to noise ratio. In IEEE 802.15.6 2.4GHz Wireless Body Area
Network (WBAN), data gets corrupted during the transmission and reception due to noises and
interferences. Ultra low power operation is crucial to prolong the life of implantable devices. Hence simple
block codes like BCH (63, 51, 2) can be employed in the transceiver design of 802.15.6 Narrowband PHY.
In this paper, implementation of BCH (63, 51, t = 2) Encoder and Decoder using VHDL is discussed. The
incoming 51 bits are encoded into 63 bit code word using (63, 51) BCH encoder. It can detect and correct
up to 2 random errors. The design of an encoder is implemented using Linear Feed Back Shift Register
(LFSR) for polynomial division and the decoder design is based on syndrome calculator, inversion-less
Berlekamp-Massey algorithm (BMA) and Chien search algorithm. Synthesis and simulation were carried
out using Xilinx ISE 14.2 and ModelSim 10.1c. The codes are implemented over Virtex 4 FPGA device and
tested on DN8000K10PCIE Logic Emulation Board. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time an
implementation of (63, 51) BCH encoder and decoder carried out.
1) The document compares the performance of coded and uncoded MC-DS-CDMA systems using linear block codes. BCH codes are used as the outer code and convolutional codes are used as the inner code in a concatenated coding scheme.
2) Simulation results show that the coded system significantly outperforms the uncoded system, with a coding gain of around 4dB. Using error correction codes is especially beneficial when the number of users is increased, as it is not as severely impacted by multiple access interference.
3) Performance is better when using a decorrelating detector compared to a maximum ratio combiner. However, the benefit of the decorrelating detector is smaller when there are more users.
Reduced Energy Min-Max Decoding Algorithm for Ldpc Code with Adder Correction...ijceronline
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In this paper, high linear architectures for analysing the first two maximum or minimum values are of paramount importance in several uses, including iterative decoders. We proposed the adder and LDPC. The min-sum processing step that it gives only two different output magnitude values irrespective of the number of incoming bit-to check messages. These new micro-architecture layouts would employ the minimum number of comparators by exploiting the concept of survivors in the search. These would result in reduced number of comparisons and consequently reduced energy use. Multipliers are complex units and play an important role in finding the overall area, speed and power consumption of digital designs. By using the multiplier we can minimize the parameters like latency, complexity and power consumption.
In OFDM-IDMA scheme, intersymbol interference (ISI) is resolved by the OFDM layer and multiple access interference (MAI) is suppressed by the IDMA layer at low cost . However OFDM-IDMA scheme suffers high peakto-average power ratio (PAPR) problem. For removing high PAPR problem a hybrid multiple access scheme SC-FDM-IDMA has been proposed. In this paper, bit error rate (BER) performance comparison of SC-FDM-IDMA scheme, OFDM-IDMA scheme and IDMA scheme have been duly presented. Moreover, the BER performance of various subcarrier mapping methods for SC-FDM-IDMA scheme as well as other results with variation of different parameters have also been demonstrated. Finally simulation result for BER performance improvement has been shown employing BCH code. All the simulation results demonstrate the suitability of SC-FDMIDMA scheme for wireless communication under AWGN channel environment.
Error control coding using bose chaudhuri hocquenghem bch codesIAEME Publication
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Information and coding theory has applications in telecommunication, where error detection
and correction techniques enable reliable delivery of data over unreliable communication channels.
Many communication channels are subject to noise. BCH technique is one of the most reliable error
control techniques and the most important advantage of BCH technique is both detection and
correction can be performed. The technique aims at detecting and correcting of two bit errors in a
code-word of length 15 bits. A seven bit message was specifically chosen so that ASCII characters
can be easily transmitted.
A Low Power VITERBI Decoder Design With Minimum Transition Hybrid Register Ex...VLSICS Design
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This work proposes the low power implementation of Viterbi Decoder. Majority of viterbi decoder designs in the past use simple Register Exchange or Traceback method to achieve very high speed and low power decoding respectively, but it suffers from both complex routing and high switching activity. Here simplification is made in survivor memory unit by storing only m-1 bits to identify previous state in the survivor path, and by assigning m-1 registers to decision vectors. This approach eliminates unnecessary shift operations. Also for storing the decoded data only half memory is required than register exchange method. In this paper Hybrid approach that combines both Traceback and Register Exchange schemes has been applied to the viterbi decoder design. By using distance properties of encoder we further modified to minimum transition hybrid register exchange method. It leads to lower dynamic power consumption because of lower switching activity. Dynamic power estimation obtained through gate level simulation indicates that the proposed design reduces the power dissipation of a conventional viterbi decoder design by 30%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Reliability Level List Based Iterative SISO Decoding Algorithm for Block Turb...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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An iterative Reliability Level List (RLL) based soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding algorithm has been proposed for Block Turbo Codes (BTCs). The algorithm ingeniously adapts the RLL based decoding algorithm for the constituent block codes, which is a soft-input hard-output algorithm. The extrinsic information is calculated using the reliability of these hard-output decisions and is passed as soft-input to the iterative turbo decoding process. RLL based decoding of constituent codes estimate the optimal transmitted codeword through a directed minimal search. The proposed RLL based decoder for the constituent code replaces the Chase-2 based constituent decoder in the conventional SISO scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a clear advantage of performance improvement over conventional Chase-2 based SISO decoding scheme with reduced decoding latency at lower noise levels.
This document discusses estimating the performance of concatenated coding schemes. It introduces the Information Processing Characteristic (IPC) which can be used to lower bound the performance of any concatenated coding scheme. The IPC is obtained through asymptotic analysis using EXIT charts or the Approximate Message Passing Convergence Analyzer (AMCA). This provides a lower bound on the IPC that can be achieved with infinite interleaving and iterations. Estimates for realistic schemes with a limited number of iterations are also possible. The IPC can then be used to estimate the resulting bit error ratio.
S.A.kalaiselvan- robust video data hiding at forbidden zonekalaiselvanresearch
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This document summarizes a proposed video data hiding method that uses selective embedding and error correction coding to make the data hiding robust against attacks. The method uses forbidden zone data hiding to embed data in selected DCT coefficients of video frames. Adaptive coefficient selection is used to determine the best coefficients for embedding. Repeat accumulate codes are then used to encode the data bits and provide error correction against desynchronization caused by selective embedding or attacks. Frame synchronization markers are also embedded to detect attacks like frame dropping. The proposed method was found to successfully embed data in video and withstand various attacks through simulation tests.
Survey on Error Control Coding TechniquesIJTET Journal
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This document discusses various error control coding techniques used to ensure correct data transmission over noisy channels. It describes automatic repeat request and forward error correction as the two main approaches. Specific coding schemes covered include parity codes, Hamming codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, LDPC codes, convolutional codes, and turbo codes. Reed-Solomon codes can correct multiple burst errors with high code rates. LDPC codes provide performance close to the Shannon limit with lower complexity than turbo codes. The document provides an overview of the coding techniques and their encoding and decoding processes.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a flexible LDPC decoder design implemented on an FPGA. The decoder uses a partially parallel approach that allows it to support different code rates and block sizes. It consists of processing blocks, a message permutation block, and control logic. The processing blocks perform variable and check node operations in parallel. The message permutation block connects the blocks according to the parity check matrix. This provides flexibility to implement different codes. The control logic stores the code configuration and manages the decoding process. Simulation results showed the decoder runs at 89.29MHz on a Spartan 6 FPGA, using 765 slices and providing a better throughput to area ratio than previous designs.
Performance Study of BCH Error Correcting Codes Using the Bit Error Rate Term...IJERA Editor
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The quality of a digital transmission is mainly dependent on the amount of errors introduced into the transmission channel. The codes BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) are widely used in communication systems and storage systems. In this paper a Performance study of BCH error correcting codes is proposed. This paper presents a comparative study of performance between the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes BCH (15, 7, 2) and BCH (255, 231, 3) using the bit error rate term (BER). The channel and the modulation type are respectively AWGN and PSK where the order of modulation is equal to 2. First, we generated and simulated the error correcting codes BCH (15, 7, 2) and BCH (255, 231, 3) using Math lab simulator. Second, we compare the two codes using the bit error rate term (BER), finally we conclude the coding gain for a BER = 10-4.
Error control coding using bose chaudhuri hocquenghem bch codesIAEME Publication
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This document discusses error control coding using Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. It begins with an introduction to information and coding theory, describing how encoding and decoding are used to convey information reliably over noisy communication channels. It then provides details on BCH codes, including that they are a class of cyclic error-correcting codes constructed using finite fields that allow precise control over the number of errors corrected. The document presents the design and architecture of a specific (15,7) BCH code that can detect and correct up to two bit errors in a 15-bit codeword.
Lightweight hamming product code based multiple bit error correction coding s...journalBEEI
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In this paper, we present multiple bit error correction coding scheme based on extended Hamming product code combined with type II HARQ using shared resources for on chip interconnect. The shared resources reduce the hardware complexity of the encoder and decoder compared to the existing three stages iterative decoding method for on chip interconnects. The proposed method of decoding achieves 20% and 28% reduction in area and power consumption respectively, with only small increase in decoder delay compared to the existing three stage iterative decoding scheme for multiple bit error correction. The proposed code also achieves excellent improvement in residual flit error rate and up to 58% of total power consumption compared to the other error control schemes. The low complexity and excellent residual flit error rate make the proposed code suitable for on chip interconnection links.
This document is a thesis for a Master's degree in Telecommunications Engineering from Politecnico di Torino. It discusses the design of an efficient BCH encoder for satellite transmitters using concatenated BCH-LDPC coding and high order modulations as specified in the DVB-S2 standard. The thesis focuses on developing a parallel BCH encoding architecture and algorithm that can operate at the high speeds required for the application while supporting the adaptive coding and modulation of DVB-S2. Simulation and verification of the design in hardware is also discussed.
This document describes a proposed high-speed linear feedback shift register (LFSR) design for a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquengham (BCH) encoder through the application of sample period reduction technique. Specifically:
1. The LFSR is used to generate parity bits that are concatenated with message bits to form a codeword for error detection and correction in the BCH encoder.
2. To increase throughput and speed, the LFSR is unfolded using parallel processing techniques like unfolding, which increases the number of message bits processed per clock cycle.
3. An unfolding factor is selected based on analyzing criteria like computational time and iteration bounds, to reduce the sampling period and thereby decrease
Design and implementation of log domain decoder IJECEIAES
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Low-Density-Parity-Check (LDPC) code has become famous in communications systems for error correction, as an advantage of the robust performance in correcting errors and the ability to meet all the requirements of the 5G system. However, the mot challenge faced researchers is the hardware implementation, because of higher complexity and long run-time. In this paper, an efficient and optimum design for log domain decoder has been implemented using Xilinx system generator with FPGA device Kintex7 (XC7K325T-2FFG900C). Results confirm that the proposed decoder gives a Bit Error Rate (BER) very closed to theory calculations which illustrate that this decoder is suitable for next generation demand which needs a high data rate with very low BER.
Error Detection and Correction in SRAM Cell Using Decimal Matrix Codeiosrjce
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The document proposes a decimal matrix code (DMC) to improve memory reliability against multiple cell upsets. DMC uses a decimal algorithm for error detection that maximizes detection capability. It also proposes an encoder-reuse technique to minimize area overhead by reusing the encoder as part of the decoder. Simulation results show the DMC provides better error correction compared to Hamming and Reed-Solomon codes, with lower delay but higher area than Hamming code and lower power than Reed-Solomon code.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR LOWER POWER DESIGN IN TURBO CODING SYSTEMVLSICS Design
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Low Power is an extremely important issue for future mobile communication systems; The focus of this paper is to implementat turbo codes for low power solutions. The effect on performance due to variation in parameters like frame length, number of iterations, type of encoding scheme and type of the interleave in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise is studied with the floating point model. In order to obtain the effect of quantization and word length variation, a fixed point model of the application is also developed.. The application performance measure, namely bit-error rate (BER) is used as a design constraint while optimizing for power and area coverage. Low power Optimization is Performed on Implementation levels by the use of Voltage scaling. With those Techniques we can reduced the power 98.5%and Area(LUT) is 57% and speed grade is Increased .This type of Power maneger is proposed and implemented based on the timing details of the turbo decoder in the VHDL model.
Low Power Parellel Chein Search Architecture using Two- Step ApproachMonalSarada
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This brief proposes a new power-efficient Chien search (CS) architecture for parallel Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. In the proposed architecture, the searching process is decomposed into two steps based on the binary matrix representation. Unlike the first step accessed every cycle, the second step is activated only when the first step is successful, resulting in remarkable power saving.
This document describes the implementation of a Viterbi decoder using VHDL. It begins with background on convolutional encoding, the Viterbi algorithm for decoding convolutional codes, and the basic structure of a Viterbi decoder. It then discusses the design and simulation of a rate 1/2 constraint length 3 Viterbi decoder in VHDL targeting the Spartan-3A FPGA. Simulation results and comparisons to other FPGA devices are presented.
Improving The Performance of Viterbi Decoder using Window System IJECEIAES
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An efficient Viterbi decoder is introduced in this paper; it is called Viterbi decoder with window system. The simulation results, over Gaussian channels, are performed from rate 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 joined to TCM encoder with memory in order of 2, 3. These results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the classical Viterbi by a gain of 1 dB. On the other hand, we propose a function called RSCPOLY2TRELLIS, for recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) encoder which creates the trellis structure of a recursive systematic convolutional encoder from the matrix âHâ. Moreover, we present a comparison between the decoding algorithms of the TCM encoder like Viterbi soft and hard, and the variants of the MAP decoder known as BCJR or forward-backward algorithm which is very performant in decoding TCM, but depends on the size of the code, the memory, and the CPU requirements of the application.
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Journals
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Abstract The design of Multi Carrier Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (MC-DS-CDMA) structure which generalizes serial and parallel concatenated code is investigated to this project. This model is ideal for designing various codes in the performance of both error floor and water floor region. We propose a concatenated code for transmitter block which is used for multi carrier direct sequence CDMA technique. Simulation results of MC-DS-CDMA uplink system using Cadence software shows the various parameters such as memory, Execution time and number of transient steps required for the Execution of MC-DS-CDMA uplink system was estimated and also power consumed was determined for each block in the transmitter. An improved concatenated code model is used for uplink mobile communication. Further system performance improvements can be obtained by concatenating inner code and outer code and the results of computer simulations demonstrate that the performance of the concatenated code was investigated. Keywords: Code Division Multiple Access, Concatenated code, inner code, outer code, interleaving and power analysis.
BCH codes, part of the cyclic codes, are very powerful error correcting codes widely used in the information coding techniques. This presentation explains these codes with an example.
BER Performance for Convalutional Code with Soft & Hard Viterbi DecodingIJMER
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Viterbi decoding has a fixed decoding time. It is well suited to hardware decoder. Hear we proposed Viterbi algorithm with Decoding rate 1/3. Which dynamically improve performance of the channel
An efficient reconfigurable code rate cooperative low-density parity check co...IJECEIAES
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In recent days, extensive digital communication process has been performed. Due to this phenomenon, a proper maintenance of authentication, communication without any overhead such as signal attenuation code rate fluctuations during digital communication process can be minimized and optimized by adopting parallel encoder and decoder operations. To overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks by using proposed reconfigurable code rate cooperative (RCRC) and low-density parity check (LDPC) method. The proposed RCRC-LDPC is capable to operate over gigabits/sec data and it effectively performs linear encoding, dual diagonal form, widens the range of code rate and optimal degree distribution of LDPC mother code. The proposed method optimize the transmission rate and it is capable to operate on 0.98 code rate. It is the highest upper bounded code rate as compared to the existing methods. The proposed method optimizes the transmission rate and is capable to operate on a 0.98 code rate. It is the highest upper bounded code rate as compared to the existing methods. the proposed method's implementation has been carried out using MATLAB and as per the simulation result, the proposed method is capable of reaching a throughput efficiency greater than 8.2 (1.9) gigabits per second with a clock frequency of 160 MHz.
This document presents research on implementing CRC and Viterbi error correction techniques on a DSP processor. CRC-32 and Viterbi decoding algorithms for convolutional codes with rate 1/2 and different generator polynomials are simulated and implemented on a TMS320C5416 DSP chip. Additionally, a concept of serially concatenated CRC-convolutional coding is proposed, using a lookup table at the decoder to potentially reduce computations compared to traditional Viterbi decoding. Simulation results demonstrating CRC-8, CRC-32, and Viterbi decoding with various generator polynomials and error scenarios are shown. The techniques are successfully implemented on the DSP hardware.
Capsulization of Existing Space Time TechniquesIJEEE
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1) The document discusses space-time coding techniques used in wireless communication systems to improve reliability of data transmission using multiple transmit antennas.
2) It describes space-time block codes (STBC) such as Alamouti codes and orthogonal designs which transmit redundant copies of data across antennas without loss of data rate.
3) It also discusses space-time trellis codes (STTC) which provide coding gain but have higher complexity than STBCs.
Fpga implementation of (15,7) bch encoder and decoder for text messageeSAT Journals
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Abstract In a communication channel, noise and interferences are the two main sources of errors occur during the transmission of the message. Thus, to get the error free communication error control codes are used. This paper discusses, FPGA implementation of (15, 7) BCH Encoder and Decoder for text message using Verilog Hardware Description Language. Initially each character in a text message is converted into binary data of 7 bits. These 7 bits are encoded into 15 bit codeword using (15, 7) BCH encoder. If any 2 bit error in any position of 15 bit codeword, is detected and corrected. This corrected data is converted back into an ASCII character. The decoder is implemented using the Peterson algorithm and Chineâs search algorithm. Simulation was carried out by using Xilinx 12.1 ISE simulator, and verified results for an arbitrarily chosen message data. Synthesis was successfully done by using the RTL compiler, power and area is estimated for 180nm Technology. Finally both encoder and decoder design is implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA. Index Terms: BCH Encoder, BCH Decoder, FPGA, Verilog, Cadence RTL compiler
The document discusses a study that implemented low density parity check (LDPC) decoding using a min sum algorithm with reduced complexity compared to existing methods. It used quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation to improve bit error rate over previous approaches that used binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The proposed method was able to achieve a lower bit error rate than other existing techniques using fewer iterations, improving performance flexibility by varying the code size. It implemented LDPC decoding on an irregular parity check matrix using a split row technique to reduce interconnect complexity and increase parallelism in the row processing stage compared to standard decoding algorithms.
Similar to BCH Decoder Implemented On CMOS/Nano Device Digital Memories for Fault Tolerance Systems Design (20)
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
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The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
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This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
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1) The document presents differential identities connecting velocities, pressure, and body force in two-velocity hydrodynamics equations where the pressure in each component is in equilibrium.
2) It summarizes previous work that derived conservation laws and differential equations for two-velocity hydrodynamic systems. Additional conservation laws are derived for these types of systems.
3) The key results are theorems that present differential identities relating the module and direction of a vector field. These identities can be considered additional conservation laws for two-velocity hydrodynamics equations with a single pressure.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
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Peopleâs lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employeesâ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
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The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous ÎČ -Form Nuclea...inventy
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The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of ÎČ-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the ÎČ-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of ÎČ-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the ÎČ-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the ÎČ-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of ÎČ-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
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In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene âABSâ by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennellyâmodel of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
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: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennellyâs model (Dlim = k tlim ï ï§ ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents ï§ of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; ï§ = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; ï§ = 0.984). Exponent ï§ can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent ï§ is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
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In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
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This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
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This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
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Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants âG, âH and âS were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
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The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
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This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
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Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Ît) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Ît), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with ÎČ=0.25 and Îł=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with â20-mode (reduced stiffness)â are comparable with that from the P-Î analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
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This summary provides an overview of the impacts of demand side management (DSM) techniques on power system reliability in Saudi Arabia:
1. DSM techniques like load shifting can improve power system reliability by transferring load from peak to off-peak periods, reducing peak demand and allowing generators to operate more efficiently.
2. The study models load shifting and adding renewable energy sources to the Riyadh power system and calculates reliability indices like loss of load probability (LOLP) and expected energy not served (EENS) to analyze the impacts on reliability.
3. Preliminary results show load shifting can reduce peak demand and renewable energy from solar and wind can further contribute to reliability by providing generation during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
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In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
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The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
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In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
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We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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An English đŹđ§ translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech đšđż version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power gridâs behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
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Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Donât worry, we can help with all of this!
Weâll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. Weâll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally weâll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
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Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations â Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their âmodern digital bankâ experiences.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 â CoE VisionDianaGray10
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In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
âą The role of a steering committee
âą How do the organizationâs priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
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This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
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Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind fĂŒr viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heiĂes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und LizenzgebĂŒhren zu kĂ€mpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklĂ€ren Ihnen, wie Sie hĂ€ufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu fĂŒhren können, dass mehr Benutzer gezĂ€hlt werden als nötig, und wie Sie ĂŒberflĂŒssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige AnsĂ€tze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben fĂŒhren können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins fĂŒr geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche FĂ€lle und deren Lösungen. Und natĂŒrlich erklĂ€ren wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt nĂ€herbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Ăberblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und ĂŒberflĂŒssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps fĂŒr hĂ€ufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-PostfĂ€cher, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
9 CEO's who hit $100m ARR Share Their Top Growth Tactics Nathan Latka, Founde...
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BCH Decoder Implemented On CMOS/Nano Device Digital Memories for Fault Tolerance Systems Design
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.5, Issue 5 (May 2015), PP 36-42
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com,
36
BCH Decoder Implemented On CMOS/Nano Device Digital
Memories for Fault Tolerance Systems Design
D. Karthikeyan1,
D. Kavitha2
1
PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Arasu Engineering College kumbakonam
2
Assistant professor, Department of ECE, Arasu Engineering College kumbakonam
ABSTRACTâ In this paper present two fault-tolerance systems design approaches. The fault tolerance value design for
CMOS/Nano device digital memories. Two faults identified that ones for intermittent fault another transient faults. These
two approaches share several key features, including the use of a group of Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH) codes for
both intermittent fault tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH code selection and dynamic logical-
to-physical address mapping. BCH codes invented in 1960s are powerful class of multiple error correction codes with well
defined mathematical properties, used to correct multiple random error patterns. The mathematical properties within which
BCH codes are defined are the Galois Field or Finite Field Theory. Thus, a new model of BCH decoder is proposed to
reduce the area and simplify the computational scheduling of both syndrome and chien search blocks without parallelism
leading to high throughput. For implementation Spartan 3E FPGA processor is used with VHDL and the simulation &
synthesis are performed using Xilinx ISE 12.1.
KeywordsâBose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH)codes, complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS),
Breklamp Massey Algorithm(BMA),very large scale integration circuits(VLSI), Field programmable gate
array(FPGA).
I. INTRODUCTION
This past few years experienced spectacular advances in the fabrication and manipulation of molecular
and other nano scale device [1]. Although these new devices show significant future promise to sustain Mooreâs
law beyond the CMOS scaling limit, there is a growing consensus [2], that at least in the short term, they cannot
completely replace CMOS technology. As a result, there is a substantial demand to explore the opportunities for
CMOS and molecular/nanotechnologies to enhance and complement each other.
This naturally leads to a paradigm of hybrid CMOS/nano device nano electronics, where any of array
of nano wire crossbars, with wires connected by simple nano devices at each cross point site on the top of a bulk
information processing and/or storage, while the CMOS circuit may some perform testing and fault tolerance,
global interconnect, and some other critical functions. It is almost evident that, compared with the current
CMOS technology, any emerging nano devices will have (much) worse reliability characteristics (such at the
probabilities of permanent defect and transient fault). There are four technologies used in the domain.
CMOS TECHNOLOGY
NANO TECHNOLOGY
BCH TECHNOLBMA
BMA TECHNOLOGY
Hence, fault tolerances have been well recognized as one of the biggest challenges in the emerging
hybrid nano electronics.
II. BCH DECODE
This work concerns the fault-tolerant system design for hybrid nano electronic digital memories.
Conventionally, defect and transient faults in CMOS digital memories are treated separately, i.e., defects are
compensated by using spare rows, columns, and/or words to repair (i.e., replace) the defective ones, while
transient faults are compensated by error correcting codes (ECC) such Hamming and Bose-Chaudhuri-
Hocquenghem (BCH) codes. The Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH) codes form a large class of powerful
random error-correcting cyclic codes. This class of codes is a remarkable generalization of the Hamming codes
for multiple-error correction. For any positive integerâs m (m â„ 3) and t (t< 2m
1), there exists a binary BCH
code with the following parameters:
Block length: n=2m
-1
Number of parity check digits: n- k †mt.
Minimum distance: d min â„ 2t
2. D.KARTHIKEYAN.BE, ME., Bch Decoder Implemented OnâŠ
37
Clearly, this code is capable of correcting any combination of t or fewer errors in a block of n = 2m
-1
digits. We call this code a t- error-correcting BCH code. The generator polynomial of this code is specified in
terms of its roots from the Galois field GF ( 2m
) using binary BCH code decoder structure figure(1). BCH
decoding stepping method. The basic idea of the BCH code decoder is to detect an erroneous sequence with few
words, who summoned the received data, gives rise to a valid code word. Several steps are required for
decoding these codes:
ï· Calculation of syndrome.
ï· Calculation of polynomials error localization and amplitude.
ï· Calculation of roots and evaluation of two polynomials.
ï· Sum of the polynomial consists of the polynomial and to reconstruct the received information.
ï· Start without error.
This can be summed in the upcoming figure for easier conception of the VHDL source-code that we
will be using in the conception of our BCH decoder. The BCH codes are implemented as cyclic codes, that is,
the digital logic implementing the encoding and decoding algorithms is organized into shift-register circuits that
mimic the cyclic shifts and polynomial arithmetic required in the description of cyclic codes. Using the
properties of cyclic codes, the remainder can be obtained in a linear stage shift register with feedback
connections corresponding to the coefficients of the generator polynomial as shown in the following figure(2),
Figure.1 Block diagram of Digital circuit for BCH decoder
Where:
R(x): received code word
S(x): the calculated syndrome
Ï(x): The error locating polynomial
C(x): Codeword after decoding.
III. BMA (BERKLAMP MASSEY ALGORITMS)
In this paper we used the algorithm of BERKLAMP-MASSEY from the fact that it was specially made
for the decoding of this type of codes. The four technologies: The BerlekampâMassey algorithm is
an algorithm that will find the shortest linear feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given binary output sequence.
The algorithm will also find the minimal polynomial of a linearly recurrent sequence in an arbitrary field. The
field requirement means that the BerlekampâMassey algorithm requires all non-zero elements to have a
multiplicative inverse.[1]
Reeds and Sloane offer an extension to handle a ring. James Massey recognized its
application to linear feedback shift registers and simplified the algorithm. The Massey termed the algorithm the
LFSR Synthesis Algorithm (Berlekamp Iterative Algorithm), but it is now known as the BerlekampâMassey
algorithm. Due to more complicated initial states, the number of iterations is decreased by one. In practice, this
causes only a slight increase in the hardware requirements but the BMA calculation time is significantly
reduced. The error location polynomial ïł(x) is obtained in the C registers after t-1 iterations. In some
applications it may be beneficial to implement the BMA without inversion.
3. D.KARTHIKEYAN.BE, ME., Bch Decoder Implemented OnâŠ
38
IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF BCH DECODER
(i) GALOIS FIELD GF (2m
)
Because of their strong random error correction capability, binary BCH codes[3] are among the best
ECC candidates for realizing fault tolerance in hybrid nano electronic digital memories where the faults(both
defects and transient faults) are most likely random and statistically independent. Binary BCH code construction
and encoding/decoding are based on binary Galois fields.
A binary Galois field with degree of m is represented as GF (2m
). For any mâ„3 and tâ€2m-1
, there exists
a primitive binary BCH code over GF (2m
), denoted as Cm
(t), that has the code length n=2m
-1 and information
bit length kâ„2m
-m.t and can correct up to (or slightly more than) t error. For most values of t, Cm
(t+1) requires
m more redundant bits than Cm
(t).
A primitive t-error-correcting (n, k, t) BCH code can be shortened (i.e., eliminate a certain number, say
s, of information bits) to construct a t-error-correcting (n-s, k-s, t) BCH code with less information bits and code
length but the same redundancy [3]. Although BCH encoding is very simple and only involves a Galois field
polynomial multiplication, BCH code decoding algorithms may lead to (slightly) different decoding
computational result, (n, k, t) binary BCH code under GF(2m
) , the product of the decoder silicon area and
decoding latency is approximately proportional to n .t . m2
.
Moreover, a group of binary BCH codes under the same GF (2m
) can share the same hardware encoder
and decoder that are designed to accommodate the maximum code length, maximum information bit length, and
maximum number of correctable errors among all the codes within the group. For a detailed discussion on BCH
codes and their encoding/decoding, readers are referred to [4] and [5]. In order to realize satisfactory
intermittent tolerance efficiency, the repair-only approach requires very low defect densities that can be readily
met by current CMOS technology.
V. NANO TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURES
The Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular,
and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular
technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macro scale products, also
now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was
subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the
manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-
realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of
all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given
size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nano scale
technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
More importantly, realization of fault tolerance and transient fault tolerance in hybrid nano electronic
memory will incur area, energy and operational latency overhead in CMOS domain, e.g., the overhead incurred
by the implementation of ECC decoder and reliable storage of certain nano device memory configuration
information in CMOS memory in figure 2.
Figure. 2 Nano device structure
4. D.KARTHIKEYAN.BE, ME., Bch Decoder Implemented OnâŠ
39
Such overhead in CMOS domain must be taken into account when investigating and evaluating hybrid
nano electronic digital memory fault-tolerant system design solution. Defect tolerances in hybrid nanoelectronic
digital memory have been addressed [6]. In the authors analysed the effectiveness of integrating Hamming
codes with spare tow/column repair only defect tolerance. The ECC-only defect tolerance has been used to
estimate the hybrid nano electronic memory storage capacity. This paper presents in hybrid nano electronic
digital memory fault-tolerant system design approaches using strong BCH codes, and evaluates the BCH coding
system implementation overhead in CMOS domain based on practical IC design. We understand that, at this
early stage of nano electronic when few preliminary experimental data under laboratory environments have been
ever reported, there is a large uncertainty of the defect and transient fault statistical characteristics (such as their
probabilities and temporal/spatial variations) in the future real-life hybrid CMOS/nano device digital memories
in table 1.
Table :1
Port Name Type Description
Data Input 16-bit data input to digital memory
Clock Input Clock
read address Input 8-bit read address input
write address Input 8-bit write address input
We Input Write enable input
Q Output 16-bit data output of digital memory
Table.1 Binary memory port pin allocation
Therefore, instead of attempting to provide a definite and complete fault-tolerant system design
solution, this work mainly concerns the feasibility and effectiveness of realizing memory fault tolerance under
as-worse-as-possible scenarios. In particular, we are interested in the fault-tolerant strategies with two features:
They should be high as possible of the defect probabilities and transient fault rates and 2) they can automatically
adapt to the variations of the defect statistics in digital memories (i.e., the on-chip fault-tolerant system can
automatically provide just enough defect tolerance capability for a wide range of defect[7].
VI. BCH DECODER IMPLEMENTED FPGA SPARTAN 3E KIT
In nano device memory, due to the high defect probabilities and their possibly large temporal/spatial
variations, different physical memory portions may have (largely) different physical memory cell hence demand
(largely) different error correcting capability. Therefore, other than using a single BCH code, we propose to use
a group of BCH codes in the group should be constructed under the same binary Galois field. A field-
programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer
after manufacturing â hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using
a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated
circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but
this is increasingly rare.
The FPGA Spartan 3E starter board in order to display the results on the LCD screen that exists on the
board. It has many others blocs distend to different areas of use in the world of micro-technology. The FPGA
Spartan 3E starter is shown in the following figure 3.
Figure.3 Spartan FPGA Starter Kit
5. D.KARTHIKEYAN.BE, ME., Bch Decoder Implemented OnâŠ
40
In this work, to demonstrate and evaluate the proposed fault- tolerance design approaches, we
constructed four BCH code groups as list [8]. While implementation of syndrome computational and Chine
search blocks are straightforward, the realization of error locator calculation is nontrivial and several algorithms
have been proposed in the regard. In this work, we use the inversion â free Brelekamp â Massey to realize the
error locator calculation. To minimize the decoders are fully serial, i.e., it receives 1 â bit input and generates 1-
bit output per clock cycle [9].
Figure. 4 Binary BCH code and test bench wave form
VII. PROPOSED FAULT â TOLERANT DESIGN APPROACHES
In this work, we assume the following fault model for nano device memory. In terms of defect, we only
consider static defects of nano wires and nano device memory cells. We assume a defective nano wire
(irrelevant to defect type) will make all the connected nano device memory cells un functional. A memory cell
may be subject to open or short two orthogonal nano wire defects. An open memory cell defect does not affect
the operation of any other are memory cells and any nano wires.
The Bit defect probability pbit that represents the probability of the open memory cell defect. Given the
BCH code group and memory defect map, a fault-tolerant system should determine.
1) Bit user data block and 2) how to physically map each BCH decoded data block onto the nanodevice
memory cell.
Figure. 5 simulation wave form fault analysis.
(i) Two Level Hierarchical Fault Tolerance
The basic idea of this design approach can be described as follows: we partition each nano device memory
cell array into a certain number of memory cell segments; each segment contains consecutive memory cells and
can store one BCH codeword that provide just enough coding redundancy to compensate all the defects in
present segment and ensure a target block error rate under a given transient fault rate in figure (4). This first
approach is simple and works well under relatively low and modest bit probabilities and/or transient fault rate in
figure 5&6.
6. D.KARTHIKEYAN.BE, ME., Bch Decoder Implemented OnâŠ
41
Figure. 6 Programming Operations Complete.
(ii) Three- Level Hierarchical Fault Tolerance
In the above two- level hierarchical design approach, we always attempt to locate a continuous memory
cell segment to store each coded data block. Hence, with high bit defect probabilities, the total number of
defective memory cells within a segment may accumulate very quickly and exceed the maximum error
correcting capability in figure 7.
Figure. 7 Simulation result output waveform of bch decoder.
VIII.CONCLUTION
A binary BCH decoder consists of three computational blocks and one first in first out (FIFO) buffer.
To accommodate the high intermittent probabilities and transient fault rates, the developed approaches have
several key features that have not been used in conventional digital memories, including the use of a group of
BCH codes for both intermittent tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH codes selection
and dynamic logical-to-physical address mapping. These two fault-tolerance design approaches seek different
tradeoffs among the achievable storage capacity, robustness to defect statistics variations, implementation
complexity, and operational latency and CMOS storage overhead. Simulation results demonstrated that the
developed approaches can achieve good storage capacity, while taking into account of the storage overhead in
CMOS domain, under high intermittent probabilities and transient fault rate, and can readily adapt to large
defect statistics variations. Also design of BCH decoder successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA hardware.
The Synthesis was successfully done by using the RTL compiler, power and area is estimated technology.
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42
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Laboratory of VLSI design, Faculty of Electronics and communication engineering. And the
Arasu Engineering College Kumbakonam,
D.KARTHIKYAN is doing ME degree in VLSI Design from ARASU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, Kumbakonam in knowledge institute of Technology; He received his BE degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering from ARASU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
kumbakonam in 2012. He has published 4(Four) papers in National conference. He has published
one international conference. He has published papers in one international journal for November
2014 issue of International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) has been published and also indexed in IJERAâs highly reputed libraries. His
research areas of interest are CMOS memory and VLSI technology especially in Wireless and
communcation Network.
Email. id:- arasukarthikeyand6@gmail.com. dkarthikeyand6@gmail.com.
D.KAVTIHA has completed ME Network Engineering in Arulmigu Kalasalingam college of
Engineering, Krishnan koil. She is having 5(five) years teaching experience. She has published
5(five) papers in National conference. Her research areas of interest are Network Security
especially in Network processor, cloud computing. She is currently working as a Asst.Professor in
the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at ARASU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, Kumbakonam.
Email.id:kavithadurairaj1984@gmail.com.