Effective Nutrition Promotion within Agricultural Extension
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Presentation given by Edye Kyper at University of California, Davis Program in International & Community Nutrition March 30, 2016 The presentation describes food systems for nutrition, and the role for agricultural extension through overview of INGENAES concept and its approach to nutrition promotion.
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Effective Nutrition Promotion within Agricultural Extension
- 1. INGENAES Effective Nutrition Promotion within Agricultural Extension Photo credit: CGAP
- 2. Outline • Food systems for nutrition, and the role for agricultural extension • Overview of INGENAES concept • INGENAES approach to nutrition promotion • Nutrition-related activities underway • Discussion
- 3. Why Agriculture for Nutrition? Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Nutrition-specific interventions, if implemented at 90% coverage, would address 20% of global stunting burden nutrition-sensitive interventions from other key sectors that address the key determinants of malnutrition are essential to reaching the other 80% agriculture produces food, and plays an important role in partnership with other sectors in ensuring good nutrition for all
- 7. Food Systems for Nutrition
- 8. What we stand for Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab IN GE N A E S
- 10. Who we are – UCD Team Mark Bell Amanda Crump Nikki Grey Rutamu Liz Hohenberger Edye Kuyper Laina Schneider
- 11. How Agricultural Extension Operates Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Agricultural extension staff forge strong trust relationships in the communities where they work • Agricultural advisory services influence production and management decisions, support farmer association• Many services rely on the “old” model: male agents advise male farmers on how to grow more staples and/or cash crops • Agents have introduced crops that have displaced crops traditionally grown and/or marketed by women, may be less
- 12. Why INGENAES? Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Women comprise 43% of the global agricultural labor force, yet: – They are not well represented in agricultural extension services, – Women farmers are infrequently reached by extension, – Services are not tailored to the unique needs of women
- 13. Why INGENAES? Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Despite decades of investment, agricultural development has not improved nutrition at the micro level. – Agricultural interventions often negatively impact nutrition – Agricultural projects positively impact child nutrition when: • nutrition is planned for, • women are empowered, and • nutrition education is included
- 14. What Make INGENAES Different? Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • AES is solidly situated in the agricultural sector; – Many other agriculture-nutrition projects add agricultural components to health-focused projects • Women’s empowerment is an end unto itself – Not just a facilitator of improved child nutrition • Nutrition objectives consider entire family
- 15. How INGENAES Operates Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Activities underway in Bangladesh, Zambia, Nepal, and Honduras • Demand-driven: – in-country partners are engaged to understand what we can offer, – plan to address local needs created in partnership with local partners • Context-specific, addressing pluralistic extension
- 16. Challenges to Nutrition Promotion in AES Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Competing demands, priorities for AES staff – Extension for production, income? – Or for food & nutrition security, family well- being? – Other “extras”: conservation ag, market linkages… • Limited nutrition knowledge – What do staff need to know? – What should be left to health frontline workers? • General capacity limitations – Poor coverage, high vacancy rates, etc. – Didactic approach to training/knowledge transfer
- 17. Nutrition Promotion in INGENAES Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Support year-round food & nutrition security • Diversify production • Improve postharvest handling (storage, processing, transport to market…) • Improve water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) especially as it’s impacted by agriculture • Empower women and engage men to improve household nutrition
- 18. Nutrition Promotion in INGENAES: the How Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Understand AES staff roles, responsibilities • Identify openings for nutrition: – To the extent possible, integrate with existing activities • Motivate, convict staff to act on nutrition • Model participatory, 2-way learning: – AES staff have something to learn from farmers, and vice versa; training-of-trainers models approach
- 19. Steps in the Process Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • What are the nutrition objectives? – Refer to national, int’l nutrition goals (more on this later) – Understand local nutrition concerns • E.g. stunting prevalence? Micronutrient deficiency? Overweight/obesity? Food security situation? • What locally-available foods can address these objectives? • Farm families’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices: – What do farm families already know? – What do they do? – If knowledge ≠ practices, what keeps families from doing what they know? • Identify actions that AES can undertake to address gaps in knowledge, practice
- 20. Reinforce Other Evidence-Based Messages Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, when they exist • Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) – Zambia, Malawi, other African countries promote platform of specific activities (related to ENA/EHA) • 1,000 Days • Adolescent girls’ nutrition • Sustainable diets, biodiversity • All while focusing on food-based nutrition for the whole family
- 22. Next Steps: Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • The “what” and the “how” presented here will feed into the competency framework • The competency framework will provide a foundation for training efforts • Potential nutrition training development workshop to be held in summer 2016 • Resulting “canned” training can be fine-tuned to address needs of local context
- 23. Harmonizing Nutrition Information Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab Challenge: • Rural households receive different and sometimes contradictory nutrition information from one NGO or government entity to the next • Farmers are confused and less likely to act on recommendations; dietary behaviors are unlikely to change Response: • Support capacity of MoA to develop strong nutrition-sensitive trainings, national FBDG Photo: K. Cook, Zambia 2016
- 24. Context-specific monitoring & evaluation tools Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab Challenge: • No clear “M&E toolbox” available for understanding how and whether AES is contributing to gender equity, improved nutrition Response: • IAPRI to survey, field test, disseminate M&E tools appropriate for AES in Zambia Dr Rhoda Mofya- Mukuka, lead researcher
- 25. Developing Simple Tip, Fact Sheets Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab Challenge: • AES staff need basic, straightforward information • Many existing nutrition training materials are in manual format, or intended for health implementers Response: • UC Davis producing “tip sheets” (summarize an issue, give advice, and provide tangible activities) • and “fact sheets” (brief explanation of a concept or a framework) • “Eating Well, Staying Well”, “How Foods Help”,
- 26. Process Evaluation Throughout Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab – Fidelity: Are trainings implemented as intended? – Dose Delivered: are all training components delivered? – Dose Received : • instructors incorporate content into existing efforts • trainee satisfaction, comprehension – Reach: participation of both trainers and trainees – Recruitment – Context: organizational issues facilitating, impeding delivery & uptake of training
- 27. How to preserve content integrity when paring information back to the very basics?
- 28. DISCLAIMER: This presentation was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development, USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Photo: Mark Bell
- 29. Example: Promoting production diversity Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Attitudes/perceptions required: – Conviction that nutrition is important – Confidence that farmers will act (in contrast to belief that farmers are ignorant or won’t change) • Skills required: – Can conduct participatory nutrition assessment – Can support farmers in identifying, growing, marketing, buying, • Knowledge required: – Functions of foods, food-based dietary guidelines (where available) – the role that local foods can play to address nutrient gaps Malawi food groups
- 30. Example: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • Relevant actions: – Practice safe irrigation (limit run- off, etc.) – Manage manure appropriately – Wash hands with soap after working with animals, agrichemicals, other pollutants – Treat and store drinking water safely • Knowledge: – In addition to food, nutrition is impacted by health status – Infection resulting from unsanitary environments undermines nutrition – Agricultural practices have implications for environmental health Photo: E. Kuyper, Haiti 2012
- 31. Example: Plan for year-round food & nutrition security Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovation Lab • With farmers, consider times of seasonal food & nutrition insecurity – Consider availability of all the food groups • Use seasonal calendars to plant, harvest foods that will address shortfalls • Support farmers with access to seeds, markets for foods not • Consider livestock/husbandry practices, implications for food, micronutrient availability Photo: E. Kuyper, Nepal
Editor's Notes
- Presentation given by Edye Kyper at University of California Davis Program in International & Community Nutrition March 30, 2016 _____________ We realize it’s misspelled, but we choose to pronounce this acronym, “ingenious”. Today I’ll present some of the content that will be included in a technical note that is still in draft form. My objectives for this presentation are to share with you what aspects of nutrition are relevant to AES, and what extension and INGENAES need to do to support better nutrition. I also seek your feedback and support for this process and will share opportunities for collaboration at the end.
- This presentation follows up one I made at PICN seminar 2 years ago, when Steve Vosti & I described the burgeoning conversation about nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Amanda Crump, my colleague in the INGENAES project and in the Horticulture Innovation Lab, also introduced the INGENAES project in PICN seminar last year It builds on the framework developed by other researchers to describe how agriculture can support nutrition, The INGENAES project is designed to address several of these pieces by testing and describing approaches to contextualize the abstract, and thereby identify whether, how, and in what circumstances agricultural extension can support better nutrition and gender outcomes. For today, I’ll be focusing primarily on the nutrition-related aspects of the project, with the understanding that gender is an imperative objective on its own, and that gender equity can facilitate better nutrition.
- 2013 Lancet series (specifically the paper by Zulfi Bhutta) showed that…
- How many of you have seen this, or another conceptual framework for how agriculture can impact nutrition? (if not, talk through) This framework developed by the SPRING project (Strengthening Partnerships, Results and Innovation for Nutrition Globally) is similar to others that build on the UNICEF framework to identify the role/s that agriculture can play in improving child nutrition What I’d especially like to draw attention to is the first green column of boxes, what’s become known as the pathways from ag to nutrition, often referred to as, “own consumption”, “income for purchase & consumption”, and “women’s empowerment”.
- The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is the prime awardee, and partners with the University of California-Davis, the University of Florida, and Cultural Practice, LLC.
- Why would agricultural extension services benefit from better integration of gender & nutrition? Efforts to date have not been effective in improving gender equity and nutrition; reviews of the evidence suggest that in order to be effective, Stunting improves at macro level with increased income, but not in farming households; obesity also increases The “development case” and the “business case”
- Why would agricultural extension services benefit from better integration of gender & nutrition? Efforts to date have not been effective in improving gender equity and nutrition; reviews of the evidence suggest that in order to be effective, Stunting improves at macro level with increased income, but not in farming households; obesity also increases The “development case” and the “business case”
- Pluralistic extension = gov’t & NGO, theoretically includes commercial agricultural extension but they have been a lesser priority in our efforts.
- This is not an exhaustive list, but rather a snapshot of issues that especially make it hard for AES to address nutrition (don’t need to be experts)
- Since AES is engaged in the production, processing, marketing of food, it is best positioned to increase the supply of healthy foods for families’ own consumption as well as for the marketplace I would say that there is growing consensus around these actions, but they may not be exhaustive and the local context will determine which ones are most important Also important to consider the degree to which AES can support the demand side, potentially in cooperation with health & education sector colleagues
- The “how” is not necessarily specific to efforts to improve nutrition, and most translate well to efforts to improve gender equity. But they are essential: decades of experience and research demonstrate that didactic sharing of information is ineffective in changing people’s dietary (and other) behaviors
- HANDS Framework developed by Lydia Clemmons at the Manoff Group, and implemented in Ethiopia and Tanzania (to date) Accompanying products include a decision-making game
- As nutrition has become a priority for more & more funders and projects, (SLIDE) To address this challenge, Zambian MoA and INGENAES convened 37 stakeholders (>20 organizations) January 28 to discuss challenges, and highlight promising practices INGENAES, MoA will maintain momentum by: field testing nutrition messages aligned with extension guidelines Facilitating communication Ultimately, providing strong guidance from MoA on nutrition messages that are relevant to agriculture, and disseminate broadly among stakeholders
- At the beginning, I mentioned how agricultural development hasn’t historically led to improvements in nutrition, particularly among young children. Part of that may be due to inadequate measurement tools, and a there is growing interest in ensuring that ag projects are measuring the right things as they seek to impact nutrition, but (bullet 1). Each funder has different priorities, requires different indicators
- so that we can answer the “why?” Tweaked from health services/delivery to health promotion very relevant to INGENAES training activities in particular Can provide publication upon request “reach” includes barriers to participation, consideration of those reaches as well as those NOT reached For discussion: how can these measures be incorporated at field level?
- I’m open to answering any questions, but would particularly like to discuss now and in the future how (SLIDE TEXT) Considering the audience (busy field staff, moderate education) how to make info concise without losing
- Presentation given by Edye Kyper at University of California Davis Program in International & Community Nutrition March 30, 2016